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This study was conducted to determine the standardized ileal digestible amino acid (AA) and nitrogen-corrected apparent metabolizable energy (AMEn) contents of a high-protein sunflower meal (HiSFM) fed to broiler chicks. A total of 144 broiler chicks were randomly allotted to one of three dietary treatments with eight replicate cages of six birds. Birds were fed the experimental diets from day 14 to day 21 of age. The results showed that gross energy, crude protein, nonphytate phosphorus, lysine (Lys), methionine (Met), threonine (Thr), and total nonstarch polysaccharide contents of HiSFM were 4178 kcal kg−1, 48.7%, 0.86%, 1.59%, 0.75%, 1.45%, and 14.6%, as-fed basis, respectively. The standardized ileal digestible Lys, Met, and Thr of HiSFM were 12.6, 6.8, and 11.6 g kg−1(dry matter basis), respectively. In addition, the AMEncontent of HiSFM fed to broiler chicks was 1785 kcal kg−1. In conclusion, compared with literature values for sunflower meal, HiSFM had lower standardized ileal digestibility of indispensable AA and higher AMEncontent. The standardized ileal digestible AA and AMEnvalues of HiSFM obtained from the current study could be used when formulating poultry diets and to obtain predictable bird performance.

The effects of reducing dietary omega (n)-6 to n-3 fatty acid (FA) ratios on body fat mobilization in lactating sows (n = 100) were investigated. Treatments consisted of a control (tallow, low polyunsaturated FA, 8:1 n-6:n-3 ratio), 3 diets with plant oil based ratios (9:1P, 5:1P, and 1:1P), and a 5:1 fish oil diet (5:1F). An epinephrine [1.6 μg kg−1body weight (BW)] challenge was used to measure adipose tissue lipolytic activity (glycerol, NEFA, and leptin) on d 5 of lactation from a subset of sows (9:1P and 1:1P groups) fitted with jugular catheters. Lactation feed intake was greatest for control and 5:1P-fed sows (8.3 kg d−1), lowest for 1:1P-fed sows (7.4 kg d−1), and intermediate for 9:1P- and 5:1F-fed sows (7.7 kg d−1; P = 0.047). Piglet average daily gain (ADG) and estimated milk output were unaffected by diet (P > 0.10). The 1:1P-fed sows had (P

A meta-analysis was performed on eight trials, which included a total of 992 parity 1 to 8 lactating sows, to evaluate the effects of feeding xylanase which is the main enzyme activity present in the enzymatic complex (Rovabio Excel, Adisseo, France) supplement throughout lactation on the following sow performance factors: BW loss, feed intake, backfat depth, and piglet growth. Even a short period of enzyme supplementation during lactation led to a reduction in BW loss of approximately 3 kg per sow (P = 0.003). This reduction represented 1–2% of the BW of sows. This effect could be explained by an increase in feed energy intake and enhanced feed digestibility. Sows fed enzyme-supplemented diets exhibited greater DM, OM, and GE digestibilities (3.4, 3.9, and 4.2% increases, respectively; P < 0.001) than sows fed control diets. During lactation, sows lost from 19 to 25 kg of BW (i.e., approximately 10% of their BW), with a difference between parity groups (P < 0.001). Body reserve mobilization was decreased in sows fed enzyme-supplemented diets (−2.9 kg, P = 0.003), with a more pronounced effect in primiparous than multiparous sows when BW loss is expressed relative to total BW (−2.27 vs. −0.59%, respectively; P = 0.058). Enzyme supplementation also increased litter weight gain up to weaning, with a greater effect in litters from multiparous sows than those from primiparous sows (5.4 vs. 0.6 kg, respectively; P = 0.009). These results could be explained in part by the relationship between their NE intake and either variations in BW or litter weight gain (R(2) = 0.51 and 0.49, respectively; P < 0.001). Finally, the meta-analysis suggests that there are differences in the partitioning of the NE intake between growth and milk production and in relation to the sow’s parity or physiological status. Extra energy released by enzyme is used for one of these functions (i.e., body mobilization reduction or greater milk export for litter gain).

This experiment tested the hypothesis that reducing the omega-6 (n-6) to omega-3 (n-3) fatty acid (FA) ratio in sow diets will improve performance, characterized by increased litter size, decreased preweaning mortality, and improved growth performance. Second, we determined if the FA profile in sow and piglet blood, colostrum, and milk are altered when sows are fed diets with varied n-6:n-3 ratios and if the dietary FA ratio impacts circulating concentrations of IgG, IgA, eicosapentaenoic (EPA), or docosahexaenoic (DHA) acid. Sows (n=150) were assigned to 1 of 5 treatments (each divided into gestation and lactation diets) on d 80 of gestation. Period 1 (P1) is defined as d 80 of gestation to weaning and Period 2 (P2) refers to the subsequent breeding to weaning. Diets were wheat and barley based (5% crude fat) and treatments consisted of a control (tallow), 3 diets with plant oil-based n-6:n-3 ratios (9:1P, 5:1P, and 1:1P), and a 5:1 fish oil diet (5:1F). Litter size was unaffected by treatment during P1 and P2 (P>0.10). In P1, birth weight was unaffected by diet (P>0.10); however, weaning weight (P=0.019) and ADG from birth to weaning (P=0.011) were greatest for piglets born to 9:1P and 5:1P sows. During P2, 5:1F sows consumed 10% less feed during lactation (P=0.036), tended to have reduced piglet birth weights (P=0.052), and piglet weaning weight was reduced by 0.8 kg (P=0.040) relative to the other diets. Colostrum and piglet serum IgA and IgG concentrations were unaffected by diet (P>0.10). Serum n-3 FA were greatest in sows (P 0.10). Relative to piglets of sows consuming the control diet, EPA was 2.5-fold greater in the 1:1P group and 4-fold greater in 5:1F group (P

An experiment was conducted to determine the relative bioavailability (RBV) of P in high-protein sunflower meal (HP-SFM) fed to broiler chickens based on bone traits and to determine the effects of dietary phytase supplementation and increasing levels of HP-SFM as a P source on bone traits, growth performance, and apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of DM and nutrients. In total, 240 broiler chicks were randomly allotted to 1 of 10 experimental diets with 6 replicate cages of 4 birds each and fed experimental diets from day 14 to 21 of age. Diets included a corn-soybean meal-based basal diet (0.35% total P; P-deficient diet), or the basal diet supplemented with 0.05, 0.10, or 0.15% P from either monosodium phosphate (MSP) or HP-SFM. Another 3 diets were formulated by supplementing the HP-SFM-containing diets with 500 phytase unit/kg of phytase. The bone mineral content (BMC), bone area (BA), and bone mineral density (BMD) of femur and tibia and tibia ash content increased (linear, P < 0.01) with increasing dietary P content from MSP. A linear increase in femur and tibia BMC, femur BA, and tibia BMD was also observed (P < 0.01) with increasing level of dietary P from HP-SFM. The RBV of P in HP-SFM based on femur and tibia BMC were 41 and 44%, respectively. Dietary phytase supplementation increased (P < 0.01) most of bone traits of the birds except for femur BMD. In addition, birds fed the diets supplemented with dietary phytase had greater (P < 0.05) BW gain, feed efficiency, and AID of P than those fed the diets without dietary phytase. In conclusion, the estimated RBV of P in HP-SFM to P in MSP were 41 and 44% based on femur and tibia BMC, respectively. Also, dietary phytase supplementation increased AID of P, growth performance, and bone traits of the birds fed P-deficient diets containing increasing inclusion level of HP-SFM as a P source.

Two experiments were conducted to determine the effect of replacing soybean meal (SBM) with a high-protein sunflower meal (HiSFM) without or with multi-enzyme mixtures on growth performance, nutrient utilization, jejunal digesta viscosity, and excreta moisture in broiler chickens. In experiment 1, 400 chicks were divided into 40 replicates of 10 birds and fed for 35 d a corn-soybean meal (CSBM) control diet or CSBM with 25 (HiSFM25), 50 (HiSFM50), 75 (HiSFM75), or 100% (HiSFM100) of total SBM replaced by HiSFM. During d 0 to 35, increasing HiSFM content in diets linearly reduced (P 0.0001) BW, FI, and BW gain (BWG). Feeding HiSFM25 or HiSFM50 resulted in similar growth performance as CSBM (P 0.05). In experiment 2, 120 chicks were divided into 24 replicates of 5 birds and fed CSBM or HiSFM75 diet without or with enzyme A (supplying 4,000, 500, and 8,000 U/kg of xylanase, alpha-amylase, and protease, respectively) or enzyme B (supplying 1,700, 1,100, 240, 30, 1,200, 360, 1,500, and 120 U/kg of cellulase, pectinase, mannanase, galactanase, xylanase, glucanase, amylase, and protease, respectively) for 21 days. Excreta moisture content was determined weekly, and birds were euthanized on d 22 to collect jejunal and ileal digesta for viscosity and apparent ileal digestibility (AID) measurements, respectively. Compared with CSBM, feeding HiSFM75 reduced (P 0.05) BWG and G: F, enzymes A and D alleviated BWG and G: F reduction (P 0.05), and enzyme A reduced (P = 0.037) the excreta moisture content, whereas the treatments did not influence AID or jejunal digesta viscosity measurements. In conclusion, experiment 1 results show that HiSFM can replace up to 50% of SBM without depressing growth performance in either the starter or finisher phase, whereas experiment 2 shows that enzymes A and B supplementation can alleviate the growth depression associated with feeding HiSFM75. These results suggest that enzyme supplementation can enhance HiSFM inclusion in broiler diets without affecting productivity or barn hygiene management.

The present study aimed to validate an in vitro enzymatic technique that estimates the coefficient of apparent ileal digestibility (CAID) of the starch and amino acids of eight varieties of field peas ( Pisum sativum ) in adult pigs. Eight adult pigs (132 ± 6.9 kg) with a ileal T-cannula were fed for seven days with a synthetic diet containing one of the field peas as the only protein source in an incomplete Latin Square design ( n = 6 pigs/treatment). Ileal digesta were collected for the last three days of each period. The in vitro degree of starch hydrolysis of all pea samples was determined after a sequential hydrolysis carried out by pepsin (120 min) and a mixture of pancreatin, isomaltase and maltase (240 min). A high linear relationship was observed between the in vitro and in vivo starch digestion ( Y = 1.12 X − 0.052; adjusted r 2 = 0.76, P r = −0.71, P r = 0.48, P in vitro technique used in this study as well as the pea composition can be used to predict in vivo ileal starch digestibility of peas in adult pigs.

To study the fermentation characteristics of different non-conventional dietary fibre (DF) sources with varying levels of indigestible CP content and their effects on the production of fermentation metabolites and on faecal nitrogen (N) excretion, an experiment was conducted with 40 growing pigs (initial BW 23 kg) using wheat bran (WB), pea hulls (PH), pea inner fibres (PIF), sugar beet pulp (SBP) or corn distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS). The diets also contained soya protein isolate, pea starch and sucrose, and were supplemented with vitamin-mineral premix. Faecal samples were collected for 3 consecutive days from day 10, fed with added indigestible marker (chromic oxide) for 3 days from day 13 and pigs were slaughtered on day 16 from the beginning of the experiment. Digesta from the ileum and colon were collected and analysed for short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) and ammonia (NH3) content. The apparent total tract N digestibility was the lowest (P < 0.001) in diets based on DDGS (74%), medium in diets with WB and SBP (76% each) and highest in those with PIF and PH (79% and 81%, respectively). Expressed per kg fermented non-starch polysaccharides (NSP), faecal N excretion was higher with DDGS and WB diets (130 and 113 g/kg NSP fermented, respectively) and lower with PIF, PH and SBP diets (42, 52 and 55 g/kg NSP fermented, respectively). The PH-based diets had the highest (P < 0.05) SCFA concentrations, both in the ileum and the colon (27 and 122 mMol/kg digesta, respectively). The highest NH3 concentration was also found in the colon of pigs fed with PH (132 mMol/kg digesta). Loading plot of principle component analysis revealed that the CP : NSP ratio was positively related with faecal N excretion and NH3 concentration in colon contents, whereas negatively related with SCFA concentration in colon contents. In conclusion, pea fibres and SBP increased SCFA and reduced NH3 concentration in the pig's intestine and reduced faecal N excretion, which makes pea fibres and SBP an interesting ingredient to use in pig diet to improve the positive effect of DF fermentation on the gastrointestinal tract and reduce faecal N excretion.

A study was conducted to determine the effect of particle size of field peas on (1) the digestible energy (DE) content in growing pigs of 11 field pea varieties and (2) the kinetics of starch hydrolysis of five of these field pea varieties measured in vitro. Each field pea variety was ground with three screen opening-sizes: 5.4, 3.28 and 0.74 mm, resulting in a geometric mean particle size (GMPS) of 1035, 649 and 156 μm, respectively. A total of 204 growing pigs (28 ± 2 kg; 34 treatments with 6 pigs/treatment) were fed for 13 d with a basal diet composed of cereals, soybean meal and a premix or 33 pea-based diets (0.3 field pea and 0.7 basal diet) supplemented with Celite (indigestible marker). Faeces were collected by grab sampling for the last 3 d. A sequential in vitro hydrolysis of the starch of five of these field pea varieties at the three GMPS was conducted with pepsin (120 min) and a mixture of pancreatin, isomaltase and maltase enzymes (240 min). The DE concentration of the field peas varied from 13.38 to 16.05 MJ/kg DM (P

An in vitro experiment was carried out using the gas technique to study the fermentation characteristics of different feed ingredients differing in their fermentable carbohydrate and protein composition by colonic bacteria isolated from pigs. The effect on in vitro bacterial protein synthesis was also evaluated. The ingredients used were wheat bran (WB), wood cellulose (Solka-floc ® , SF), peas, pea hulls (PH), pea inner fibre (PIF), sugar beet pulp (SBP), flax seed meal (FSM) and corn distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS). The samples were pre-treated with pepsin and pancreatin and the hydrolyzed substrates were then incubated with pig faeces in a buffered mineral solution. The nitrogen source in the buffer solution (NH 4 HCO 3 ) was replaced by an equimolar quantity of 15 N-labeled NH 4 Cl, used for the determination of the rate of bacterial protein synthesis. Gas production, proportional to the amount of fermented carbohydrate, was recorded for 48 h and modelled. The fermented product was subjected to short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) analysis. The source of fibre affected the in vitro dry matter degradability ( IVDMD ), the fermentation kinetics and the gas production profile (P IVDMD values were observed for peas (0.80) and FSM (0.70), whereas SF was essentially undegraded (0.06). The fractional rate of degradation appeared to be lower (P T /2) was achieved sooner for PIF (8.4 h) and was the longest for DDGS (19.8 h). The total gas production was the highest for PH, followed by SF, PIF and peas (276, 266, 264 and 253 ml/g DM incubated, respectively) and the lowest for FSM and WB (130 and 124 ml/g DM incubated, respectively). There was no difference (P>0.05) in SCFA production after the fermentation of SF, P, PH, PIF and SBP (ranging from 3.8 to 4.5 mmol/g DM incubated) while WB and FSM yielded lowest (P T /2 and after 48 h of fermentation was the highest (P

An in vitro experiment was carried out to assess how nonstarch polysaccharide (NSP)-degrading enzymes influence the fermentation of dietary fiber in the pig large intestine. Seven wheat and barley products and cultivars with differing carbohydrate fractions were hydrolyzed using pepsin and pancreatin in the presence or not of NSP-degrading enzymes (xylanase and β-glucanase) and the filter retentate was subsequently fermented with sow fecal bacteria. Dry matter, starch, crude protein and β-glucan digestibilities during hydrolysis were measured. Fermentation kinetics of the hydrolyzed ingredients were modelled. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) production and molar ratio were compared after 12, 24 and 72 h. Microbial communities were analyzed after 72 h of fermentation using terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism. The results showed an increase of nutrient digestibility (P

An in vitro model was used to study the fermentation characteristics of carbohydrate fractions of hulless barley (hB), in comparison to hulled barley (HB), hulled oat and oat groats (OG) in the pig intestine. For this purpose, 6 hulless barley cultivars (hB), varying in β-glucan content (36–99 g/kg DM), were compared to 3 HB cultivars, 2 oat groat samples (OG), 3 oat varieties and a reference sample of wheat. The residue of a pepsin–pancreatin hydrolysis was incubated in a buffered mineral solution inoculated with pig faeces. Gas production, proportional to the amount of fermented carbohydrates, was measured for 48 h and kinetics modelled. The fermented solution was subsequently analyzed for microbial production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) and ammonia. In vitro dry matter degradability varied according to ingredient (P 0.05) for total gas production but differences (P

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of cereal carbohydrate form (isolated v. cereal matrix) and level, especially mixed-linked β-glucan (hereafter referred to as β-glucan) and starch amylase/amylopectin ratio on nutrient digestibility and fermentation parameters in the intestines of weaned pigs. Four hulless barley cultivars containing varying β-glucan levels (41 to 84 g/kg) were compared with hulled barley, supplemented or not with a β-glucan concentrate (BBG; 270 g/kg β-glucan) and two oat cultivars for digestibility and fermentation metabolites. Seventy-two weaned piglets (BW = 12.8 ± 1.9 kg) were assigned to one of nine diets composed of 815 g/kg cereal, 60 g/kg whey, 90 g/kg soy protein isolate and 35 g/kg minerals. After 15 days, the pigs were killed, and digesta collected from ileum and colon were analyzed for proximate nutrients, short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), lactic acid (LA) and ammonia. Ileal and total tract digestibility of proximate nutrients and non-starch polysaccharides (NSPs) were determined using HCl-insoluble ash as a marker. Organic matter (OM) ileal digestibility was greater (P < 0.05) for diets based on hulless barley (77% ± 1.1% on average), as compared with hulled barley (64% ± 1.4%) and oat (58% ± 1.5%). Similar trends were found for total tract OM digestibility, varying from 90% ± 0.3% for hulless barley to 67% ± 0.4% for oat, on average. NSP digestibility differed (P < 0.05) within and between cereal types, ranging from 20% (hulled barley plus 163 g/kg BBG or ∼40 g/kg β-glucan) to 51% (SB94893 hulless barley cultivar with high β-glucan and high amylose ratio) at the ileum and from 44% (hulled barley) to 84% (SB94893 cultivar) at the total tract level. No dietary effect (P > 0.05) was found for SCFA concentration in ileal contents, whereas in colonic contents, SCFA was lower in pigs fed oat (P < 0.001). LA concentration was greater (P < 0.001) in the colon of pigs fed hulless barley than in pigs fed hulled barley and oat. Expressed per kg carbohydrate (NSP + starch) fermented, the ammonia concentration at the colon was lowest for hulled barley diets (supplemented with β-glucan) and the highest for oat diets. In conclusion, the interaction of both form and level of β-glucan impacted nutrient digestibility and fermentation. Hulless barleys with high soluble NSP such as β-glucan and resistant starch yielded, in general higher SCFA and LA and lower ammonia. Hulless barleys may, therefore, have potential for use in feeding strategies designed to improve gut health in pigs.

Aquatic ferns (AFs) such as Azolla filiculoides and Salvinia molesta are grown on swine lagoons in the tropics and used in diets for pigs. The present work is aimed at evaluating their potential as feed ingredients for sows. When presented with ad libitum AFs, gilts weighing 110 ± 14 kg (mean ± SD), were able to ingest 9.1–9.7 kg fresh AF per day (from 597 to 630 g dry matter (DM) per day) and from 1240 to 1428 g DM per day when presented in a dry, ground form. A digestibility study was conducted, using sows weighing 213 ± 9 kg (mean ± SD), which were fed diets containing maize, soybean meal and 0, 150 or 300 g AF kg−1 diet. The presence of AFs had a negative impact on the faecal digestibility of the crude protein, NDF and energy content of the whole diet (P 0.05) but increased the weight of the rest of the gastrointestinal tract (P

The study aimed to compare the digestible and net energy (DE and NE) contents of three canola meals (CM) toasted (95°C) or not after desolventization from yellow Brassica junceae (YBJ) and yellow and black Brassica napus (YBN and BBN) in growing pigs. A basal diet and six CM-based diets (2/3 basal diet and 1/3 CM) supplemented with acid-insoluble ash (indigestible marker) were prepared. The growing pigs (28 kg; six per treatment) were kept in metabolic cages for 18 d and their faeces were collected for the last 10 d. The digestibilities and DE content of the CM were determined based on the total faecal excretion and the indigestible marker method. NE was estimated with a prediction equation. The DE and NE contents of the YBN meal (3.98 and 2.73 Mcal kg-1 DM) were higher (P = 0.007) than that of the YBJ (3.76 and 2.59 Mcal kg-1 DM) and BBN (3.64 and 2.43 Mcal kg-1 DM) meals. Toasting had no effect (P > 0.05) on the DE and NE contents. Inconsistent values were obtained with the indigestible marker, as compared with the total faecal collection method. In conclusion, YBN canola presents the highest energy content, and toasting of CM does not affect its energy values in growing pigs.Key words: Canola meal, growing pigs, toasting, digestible energy, net energy

The influence of the carbohydrate (CHO) composition of cereal cultivars on microbial ecophysiology was studied using an in vitro model of the porcine gastrointestinal tract. Ten hull-less barley cultivars, six barley cultivars with hulls, six oat cultivars, and six oat groats that differed in β-glucan, nonstarch polysaccharide (NSP), and starch contents and starch type were hydrolyzed enzymatically and incubated for 72 h with pig feces. Fermentation kinetics were modeled, and microbial compositions and short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) profiles were analyzed using terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism and gas chromatography. Cluster analysis and canonical ordination revealed different effects on fermentation and microbial ecology depending on the type of CHO and cultivar. First, in cultivars of barley with hulls and oats, the cellulose and insoluble NSP contents (i) increased Ruminococcus flavefaciens -like and Clostridium xylanolyticum -like phylotypes, (ii) increased acetate production, and (iii) decreased fermentation activity. Second, in hull-less barley cultivars the β-glucan, amylose, amylopectin, crude protein, and soluble NSP contents determined the microbial community composition and activity as follows: (i) the amylose contents of the hull-less barley varieties increased the butyrate production and the abundance of Clostridium butyricum -like phylotypes, (ii) the β-glucan content determined the total amounts of SCFA, and (iii) the amylopectin and starch contents affected the abundance of Clostridium ramosum -like phylotypes, members of Clostridium cluster XIVa, and Bacteroides -like bacteria. Finally, the effect of CHO on proliferation of Salmonella enterica in the model was determined. Salmonella cell counts were not affected, but the relative proportion of Salmonella decreased with hull-less barley cultivars and increased with oat cultivars as revealed by quantitative PCR. Our results shed light on the complex interactions of cereal CHO with intestinal bacterial ecophysiology and the possible impact on host health.

Aquatic ferns (AFs) such as Azolla filiculoides and Salvinia molesta are grown on swine lagoons in the tropics and used to feed pigs. The present work aimed to determine their nutritional value. Azolla samples collected in Colombian pig farms contained from 184 to 317 g crude protein/kg DM, 469–620 g NDF and 98–145 g ash. Those of Salvinia contained from 112 to 169 g crude protein/kg DM, 518–629 g NDF and 161–232 g ash. The content in all macro- and micro-minerals were high and exceeded the pig's requirements expressed per kg diet. The proteins of the two species presented a similar amino acid profile and contained from 47 to 53 g lysine/kg protein, 11–17 g methionine, 53–55 g threonine and 14–15 g tryptophan. A digestibility study in 60 kg pigs was carried out with diets containing maize, soybean meal, minerals and 0, 125 or 250 g AF/kg diet. The weight and length of the digestive organs was also measured. The presence of AF decreased the faecal digestibility of crude protein, NDF and gross energy of the diet (P

The inclusion of dietary fiber (DF) in diets has been suggested as a way to reduce NH(3) emission in pig barns because it contributes to a shift in N excretion from urine to feces owing to enhanced bacterial growth in the intestines. This study compared an in vitro method to measure bacterial protein synthesis during fermentation with an in vivo N excretion shift induced by diets differing in DF concentrations and solubility. The first experiment measured the effect of graded concentrations of sugar beet pulp (SBP; 0, 10, 20, and 30%) in corn- and soybean meal-based diets on in vivo N excretion partitioning between the urine and feces. A second experiment investigated the replacement of SBP, rich in soluble DF, with oat hulls (OH), rich in insoluble DF (20:0, 10.5:10.5, and 0:22%, respectively). In parallel, the fermentation characteristics of the dietary carbohydrates not digested in the small intestine were evaluated in an in vitro gas test, based on their incubation with colonic microbiota, using a mineral buffer solution enriched with (15)N. The N originating from the buffer solution incorporated into the bacterial proteins (BNI) was measured when half the final gas volume was produced (8.5 to 14.5 h of fermentation) and after 72 h of fermentation. Short-chain fatty acids were determined in the liquid phase. In the first experiment, the inclusion of SBP linearly decreased urinary N excretion from 0.285 to 0.215 g of N excreted in the urine per gram of N ingested and decreased the urinary-N:fecal-N excretion ratio from 2.171 to 1.177 (P < 0.01). In the second experiment, substituting SBP with OH linearly increased the urinary-N:fecal-N excretion ratio (P = 0.009). Unlike short-chain fatty acid production, BNI was greater at half-time to asymptotic gas production than at 72 h of fermentation. Sugar beet pulp enhanced BNI linearly (P < 0.001), 2.01, 2.06, and 2.35 mg g(-1) of diet with 10, 20, and 30% SBP, respectively, as compared with 1.51 mg for the control diet. The substitution of SBP with OH decreased BNI (P < 0.01). With the exception of final gas production, all in vitro kinetic characteristics and BNI were correlated with in vivo N excretion parameters, and regression equations for the prediction of N excretion pathways from in vitro data were identified. Even if the presence of resistant starch in the diet might alter the composition of the fibrous residue that is fermented, the in vitro method is a possible useful tool for the formulation of diets, reducing the effects of pig production on the environment.

This experiment was aimed at comparing the intestinal microbial community composition in pigs fed hulled common barley supplemented with isolated barley mixed-linked beta-glucan, four hulless barley varieties and breeding lines with mixed-linked beta-glucan contents ranging from 41 to 84 g kg(-1) and different amylose/amylopectin ratios as well as two oat varieties. Seventy-two weaned piglets were allocated to one of nine diets composed of 81.5% cereal, 6% whey, 9% soy protein isolate and 3.5% minerals. After 15 days, pigs were sacrificed and ileum and colon contents were collected for quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis to evaluate microbial communities. Shifts in intestinal microbial communities were observed with the hulless barley cultivars with a normal to high beta-glucan content and from normal starch toward either high-amylopectin or high-amylose starch. These hulless barleys had the lowest (P

Publication Inra prise en compte dans l'analyse bibliométrique des publications scientifiques mondiales sur les Fruits, les Légumes et la Pomme de terre. Période 2000-2012. http://prodinra.inra.fr/record/256699; International audience; Experiments were conducted to study whether phaseolin type could influence proteolysis susceptibility and nutritional value of total bean protein. The DOR-390 bean cultivar was genetically modified to express different phaseolin types (S, T or I). Beans were soaked and autoclaved. A sequential hydrolysis was carried out in vitro with pepsin and pancreatin. Differences in the degree of protein hydrolysis among bean lines started at 30 min and remained until 240 min, with the S bean proteins presenting lower values (P < 0.05). Subsequently, rats were fed with diets containing beans expressing different phaseolin types as the only source of protein for N digestibility and nutritional value determination. No differences (P > 0.05) in ileal protein digestibility and rat growth were observed. In conclusion, the differences in in vitro hydrolysis between bean lines expressing different phaseolin types had no consequences on growth and N retention in rats. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of bovine colostrum supplementation on the immune Th1/Th2 response in weaned piglets. After weaning at 21 d, 3 groups of 7 piglets were fed ad libitum with a starter diet and received daily 0, 1 or 5 g of spray-dried bovine colostrum. Spleen and gut-associated lymphoid tissues (GALT): ileal Peyer's patch (iPP), jejunum wall (M) and mesenteric lymph node (MLN)) biopsies were collected on each piglet after 3 wk of treatment and analysed for their cytokine mRNA expression (IL-2, IL-4, IL-10, IL-12 and IFN gamma) by RT-PCR. The supplementation with bovine colostrum induced an increase (P < 0.05) in IL-12 in the JW, in IL-2, IL-10 and IL-12 in the MLN and in IL-4, IL-10 and IL-12 in the iPP. In the latter, bovine colostrum also decreased IFN gamma production (P < 0.01). Finally, no effect of the treatments was recorded in the spleen. These results suggest an immunomodulatory effect of bovine colostrum on the GALT, which responded by producing at different levels both Th1 pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-2, IFN-gamma and IL-12) and Th2 anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4 and IL-10). This Th1 Th2 bipolar response protects the weaned piglets from both allergic (food) and infectious (pathogens) diseases. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V All rights reserved.

Two experiments were undertaken to investigate the influence of (1) pig bodyweight and (2) dietary fibre content of the diet on the in vitro gas production of sugar beet pulp fibre using faecal inoculum. In the first experiment, inocula prepared from young pigs (Y; 16–50 kg), growing pigs (G; 62–93 kg) and sows (S; 216–240 kg) were compared. Sugar beet pulp, hydrolysed in vitro with pepsin and then pancreatin, was used as the fermentation substrate. The cumulated gas productions over 144 h were modelled and the kinetics parameters compared. Lag times (Y: 4.6 h; G: 6.4 h; S: 9.2 h) and half-times to asymptote (Y: 14.7 h; G: 15.9 h; S: 20.8 h) increased with pig bodyweight (P In the second experiment hydrolysed sugar beet pulp was fermented with four inocula prepared from pigs fed diets differing in their total and soluble dietary fibre contents, i.e. low fibre diet rich in soluble fibre (LOW-S) or in insoluble fibre (LOW-I) or high fibre diet rich in soluble fibre (HIGH-S) or in insoluble fibre (HIGH-I). The total and the soluble dietary fibres influenced the kinetics of gas production. The presence of soluble fibres decreased the lag times, whatever the total dietary fibre content (2.7 h for LOW-S versus 3.5 h for LOW-I, 4.0 h for HIGH-S versus 4.4 h for HIGH-I; P In conclusion, the bodyweight of the faeces donors and the dietary fibre composition of the pig diet influence the in vitro fermentation kinetics of hydrolysed sugar beet pulp, but not the final gas production.

Two experiments were undertaken to adapt the in vitro gas production technique in syringes, used for ruminants, to fibre fermentation studies in the large intestine of pigs. In a first experiment, two inocula (faeces and large intestine content) were compared at four dilution levels in a buffer solution (0.025, 0.05, 0.1 and 0.2 g ml−1) with two substrates: wheat bran and sugar–beet pulp. The accumulated gas produced over 72 h was modelled and the kinetics parameters compared. The time to half asymptote was lower for the intestinal inoculum (5.5 versus 8.0 h, P 0.05) was observed between inocula and substrates. The dilution of the samples in the buffer solution increased (P A second experiment aimed to study the effect of an in vitro pepsin–pancreatin hydrolysis of the sample prior to the gas test. Six substrates were tested: maize, wheat bran, sugar–beet pulp, lupins, peas and soybean meal. The enzymatic hydrolysis affected (P In conclusion, the method using faeces as a source of microbial inoculum is reliable to characterise the fermentation kinetics of ingredients in the large intestine of pigs. However, it is important to hydrolyse the substrates with pepsin and pancreatin before the gas tests.

Two in vitro experiments were carried out to quantify the incorporation of nitrogen (N) by pig colonic bacteria during the fermentation of dietary fibre, including non-starch polysaccharides and resistant starch. In the first experiment, five purified carbohydrates were used: starch (S), cellulose (C), inulin (I), pectin (P) and xylan (X). In the second experiment, three pepsin–pancreatin hydrolysed ingredients were investigated: potato, sugar-beet pulp and wheat bran. The substrates were incubated in an inoculum, prepared from fresh faeces of sows and a buffer solution providing 15 N-labelled NH4Cl. Gas production was monitored. Bacterial N incorporation (BNI) was estimated by measuring the incorporation of 15 N in the solid residue at halftime to asymptotic gas production (T/2). The remaining substrate was analysed for sugar content. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) were determined in the liquid phase. In the first experiment, the fermentation kinetics differed between the substrates. P, S and I showed higher rates of degradation (P , 0.001), while X and C showed a longer lag time and T/2. The sugar disappearance reached 0.91, 0.90, 0.81, 0.56 and 0.46, respectively, for P, I, S, C and X. Among them, S and I fixed more N per gram substrate (P , 0.05) than C, X and P (22.9 and 23.2 mg fixed N per gram fermented substrate v. 11.3, 12.3 and 9.8, respectively). Production of SCFA was the highest for the substrates with low N fixation: 562 and 565 mg/g fermented substrate for X and C v. 290 to 451 for P, I and S (P , 0.01). In the second experiment, potato and sugar-beet pulp fermented more rapidly than wheat bran (P , 0.001). Substrate disappearance at T/2 varied from 0.17 to 0.50. BNI were 18.3, 17.0 and 10.2 fixed N per gram fermented substrate, for sugar-beet pulp, potato and wheat bran, respectively, but were not statistically different. SCFA productions were the highest with wheat bran (913 mg/g fermented substrate) followed by sugar-beet pulp (641) and potato (556) (P , 0.05). The differences in N uptake by intestinal bacteria are linked to the partitioning of the substrate energy content between bacterial growth and SCFA production. This partitioning varies according to the rate of fermentation and the chemical composition of the substrate, as shown by the regression equation linking BNI to T/2 and SCFA (r 2 5 0.91, P , 0.01) and the correlation between BNI and insoluble dietary fibre (r 52 0.77, P , 0.05) when pectin was discarded from the database.

A total of 68 species of starchy foods, tropical fruits, leaves and tubers (101 samples), were collected on the foothills of the Colombian Andes and in the rain forests of the Colombian Pacific coast. Their edible portion was analyzed for mineral content (Ca, P, Mg, K, Na, Cl, S, Mn, Zn, Fe, Cu, Se, Co, Ni). The foods were generally high in K (36–1.782 mg K/100 g edible portion) and low in sodium (

Tree leaf meals (TLM) are increasingly used in the tropics to feed pigs. The nutritive value of the TLM of cocoyam (Xanthosoma saggitifolium), mulberry (Morus alba) and Trichanthera gigantea, their effect on the digestive tract and their fermentation rate in the large intestine, were determined in adult sows given diets containing 150 or 300 g TLM per kg. The TLM contained from 8·5 to 12·0 MJ digestible energy per kg dry matter (DM) and from 60 to 125 g digestible protein per kg DM. The digestibility was not affected ( P>0·05) by their rate of incorporation in the diet. The apparent ileal protein digestibility of the diets containing 300 g TLM per kg was also determined by the slaughtering method. It reached 80% for the basal diet and 54, 70 and 74% for the Trichanthera-, mulberry- and cocoyam-based diets, respectively. No diet effect ( P>0·05) was observed on the weight and length of the gastro-intestinal tract, with the exception of a heavier caecum in sows given the Trichanthera-based diet ( PTrichanthera

A questionnaire-based survey was conducted in small-scale pig farms in the rain forest of the Colombian Pacific coast in order to study aspects of reproduction, nutrition and productivity. A total of 124 farmers was interviewed. They owned, on average, 13.6 pigs, including 2.3 sows, mainly of the Zungo breed. Pigs are reared in extensive systems and are allowed to wander freely in search of food. The sows produce, on average, 9.6 piglets/litter but, owing to poor sanitary conditions, 1.5 are born dead and only 6.3 are weaned alive. Two-thirds of the sows have five litters or more and the boars are also kept for a long time. This leads to high consanguinity rates within the herd and low productivity. Diets are based on maize, banana, tubers (taro, cassava) and fruits (peach palm, among others), and are rich in energy but poor in protein and minerals. The lack of protein and mineral sources appears to be the main limiting factor of these extensive production systems. Tree forages could partially solve the problem but are used by only 2% of the farmers. It is concluded that decreasing inbreeding, better piglet management and provision of balanced diets are areas that require immediate improvement.

The peach palm (Bactris gasipaes Kunth) is the starchy fruit of a palm tree widely cultivated in Central and South America. The present study aimed at determining its chemical composition and its nutritive value in rats. The average chemical composition of 17 samples was as follows: 410 g kg−1 water and, in g kg−1 of dry matter (DM), 54 g crude protein, 114 g oil, 39 g neutral detergent fibre, 716 g starch, 21 g sugars and 18 g ash. The main variability was observed for the oil (60–180 g kg−1 DM) and starch (590–780 g DM) contents. The proteins contained, on average, in g kg−1 of proteins, 49 g lysine, 13 g methionine, 19 g cysteine, 39 g threonine and 7 g tryptophan. The mineral fraction contained, per kg DM: 1.0 g Ca, 0.8 g P, 0.6 g Mg, 0.3 g Na, 44 mg Fe, 4 mg Cu and 10 mg Zn. The digestibility of four peach palm genotypes was determined in rats fed a diet composed of 350 g kg−1 of peach palm and 650 g of a control diet based on maize and soybean meal. The digestibility of DM, energy, starch and protein of peach palm alone reached, on average 91, 87, 96 and 95%, respectively. No difference was observed between varieties, except for starch (p < 0.05). On average, peach palm contained 51 g of truly digestible protein kg−1 DM and 3.691 kcal digestible energy kg−1 DM. A growth trial was also carried out for 1 month on rats (initial weight: 78 g) fed a diet containing 0, 200, 400, 600 or 800 g peach palm kg−1, at the expense of a diet composed of maize starch and casein. The growth rate of the rats decreased (p < 0.05) as the peach palm concentration increased. The growth decrease was due to a decrease (p < 0.05) in DM intake and to the lower quality of the peach palm protein. It is concluded that peach palm is mainly an energy source for humans and animals. It is poor in protein and minerals but can be consumed in large amounts. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry

The composition of the leaves of cocoyam (Xanthosoma sagittifolium) and of two trees (Trichanthera gigantea and mulberry, Morus alba), their nutritive value in pigs and voluntary intake by pigs were determined. The average protein content ranged from 170 to 240 g kg−1 dry matter (DM) and that of neutral detergent fibres from 218 to 398 g kg−1 DM. The leaves are interesting sources of calcium (up to 69 g kg−1 DM), potassium, iron and manganese. The proteins are well balanced in essential amino acids, with lysine ranging from 43 to 57 g kg−1 proteins. The apparent faecal digestibility was determined by difference in 35 kg pigs fed a diet containing 35% leaf meal. The digestibility coefficients of DM, N and energy were, respectively, 47–57, 33–36 and 51–53%. The digestible energy value ranged from 1.674 to 2.037 kcal kg−1 DM. The voluntary intake of Trichanthera and Xanthosoma was measured in sows weighing 100 kg on average. The intake reached 3.4 kg fresh leaves day−1 (0.51 kg DM) and 1.0–1.1 kg dry leaf meal/day. It is concluded that low energy density is the main limiting factor of tree foliage for pig nutrition but that they are good sources of minerals and well-balanced proteins. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry

The influence of variation in carbohydrate (CHO) composition within the same type of cereal on intestinal fermentation patterns and microbial community composition in the pig is unknown. Ten hulless barleys (HLB), 6 hulled barleys (HB), 6 oats (O) and 6 oat groats (OG) differing in CHO composition were studied in vitro . They were hydrolyzed enzymatically, inoculated with pig feces and fermented for 72 h. Multivariate analysis revealed that microbial profiles analyzed using TRFLP, short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) and fermentation parameters were affected by CHO composition but differently according to the grain type (HLB, HB, O or OG). Members of Clostridium cluster XIVa were associated to higher amylose contents and butyrate production in HB cultivars and in HLB cultivars. Several clostridia phylotypes increased with β-glucan content in HLB and HB. Cellulolytic Ruminococcus -like bacteria tended to increase acetate concentration and were increased with cellulose content in HB, HLB and OG. Bacteroides -like bacteria were increased by amylopectin and starch content of barley cultivars. Cereal cultivars differing in CHO composition can alter the pig intestinal microbial ecophysiology to possibly improve gut health.

Oat groats with high-fat (HFOG) content for weaned pigs were evaluated. The HFOG contained 95 g fat, 159 g crude protein and 5.4 g of apparently digestible lysine per kilogram DM. Weaned pigs (8.5 kg) were fed diets containing 0, 150, 300 or 450 g HFOG kg-1 DM for 4 wk. No difference in overall average daily gain, feed intake or gain-to-feed ratio was observed between treatments. In conclusion, HFOG can replace a mixture of wheat, canola oil and soybean meal (84:7:9) in diets for nursery pigs. Key words: Weaned pig, oat groats, nutritional value, digestibility, growth

Ileal endogenous N losses (ENL) were measured, using the 15 N isotope dilution technique, in piglets (17 kg) fed different barley genotypes (naked, spring, winter with low/high beta -glucan content) or diets containing 330, 530, 730 or 930 g of a blend of barleys/kg diet. The apparent protein and amino acid digestibilities of the naked variety and the winter variety with a high beta -glucan content were, on average, significantly higher than those for the other two varieties. The ENL were inversely correlated ( p p >0·05). The ENL increased linearly with the inclusion level of barley in a N-free basal diet (2 mg endogenous N/g barley). Isolated hulls added to a N-free diet at the rate of 100 or 200 g/kg diet exerted no significant effect on the ENL (1·80 g endogenous N/kg diet in both cases vs. 1·76 g for the basal level). On the contrary, the effect of isolated bran, measured under similar conditions, was significantly higher and dependent on fibre intake (2·59 and 3·31 g N/kg diet, respectively). It is concluded that the ENL are affected by the insoluble bran fibre but not by the hulls, nor by the level of beta -glucan.

Pigs were fed protein-free diets containing different pea inner fiber (PIF) isolates (from wrinkled or smooth peas, unprocessed or micronized) or different PIF levels (from 50 to 200 g/kg diet), and the flows of endogenous N and amino acids were measured at the ileum level. The flows were better correlated to the water-holding capacity (WHC) of the diet than to fiber intake (R2 = 0.996 vs 0.76, respectively). The relationship with WHC was of the exponential type, with a high increase when the WHC exceeded 3 g of water/g diet. A similar pattern and correlation (R2 = 0.98) was obtained for the ileal flow of nucleobases (markers of epithelial cells and bacteria), whereas the relationships with crude mucus (R2 = 0.96) and diaminopimelic acid (marker of bacteria, R2 = 0.55) were linear. N retention by pigs fed with 0, 30, 60, or 90 g/kg of dry matter (DM) of the same protein isolates did not differ significantly in pigs receiving a 40 or 160 g of PIF/kg diet, despite significant differences in ileal N and amin...

Pea starch, hulls and cotyledon inner fibres, isolated from pea seeds, were incorporated in N-free diets, on a NDF-content basis, in order to study their effect on the ileal endogenous amino acid (AA) excretion in the growing pig. Maize starch and wood cellulose were selected as references. The inner fibre-containing diet was also supplemented with enzymatically hydrolysed casein (EHC) in order to test the peptide alimentation method on a diet containing a fibre source with a high water-holding capacity (WHC = 10.9 g water g-1 DM). The fibres were also analyzed by different methods (crude fibre, NDF, ADF, enzymatic gravimetric method, Englyst method). The fibre content of the inner fibre fraction varied widely from one method to another and ranged from 109 g crude fibre to 480 g AOAC fibre kg-1 DM. Compared to the 'maize starch + wood cellulose' diet (11.0 g AA excreted kg-1 DM intake), pea starch had no effect on ileal AA losses (9.6 g), whereas pea hulls slightly increased them (14.2 g). The AA excretion dramatically increased with the incorporation of inner fibres (28.0 g), because of their very high WHC. The addition of EHC increased the output (48.0 g) further, at a level that can hardly be explained only by an increase of the endogenous secretions. The results suggest that the NDF content of grain legume products is not indicative of their effect on the ileal endogenous AA losses in pigs and that the physiological effects of fibres along the gastrointestinal tract are due to both their chemical and physical properties.

Two methods were tested for suppressing the depressive effect of N-free diets on the digestive secretions in pigs : the blood perfusion of amino acids (AA) or the peptide alimentation method. In the latter, enzymically hydrolysed casein (EHC), composed of oligopeptides and free AA, was used as the source of nitrogen. The unabsorbed dietary N molecules were discarded from the ileal digesta by ultrafiltration or gel filtration, assuming that the endogenous fraction did not contain significant amounts of small molecules. The AA supply by blood perfusion had no effect on the ileal endogenous AA losses (8.0 g AA kg -1 DM intake) in growing pigs (±50 kg), compared with the N-free diet alone (8.3 g), whereas the EHC supplementation significantly increased them (18.0 g). The increase was due to both endogenous and dietary N. The presence of unabsorbed dietary AA in the ileal digesta was confirmed by the AA profile of the soluble molecules with a very low molecular mass ( < 3 kDa), which was close to that of EHC. Both ultrafiltration (cut-offs of 3 or 10 kDa) and gel filtration methods, utilised to discard the remaining dietary molecules, also eliminated a significant proportion of endogenous AA.

Item does not contain fulltext Based on previously performed in vitro studies, which showed that hulless barley varieties could reduce large intestinal Salmonella Typhimurium var. Copenhagen proliferation in pigs, two in vivo experiments were conducted to prove these observations. In Experiment (Exp.) 1, 126 weaning piglets were randomly allocated into pens of seven animals each and fed one of six experimental diets. Three diets contained (75% as-fed) one of three hulless barley varieties with beta-glucan (BG) contents ranging from 5 to 11% and amylose from 5 to 40%, and two diets contained a low BG and amylose hulless barley supplemented with isolated barley BG or raw potato starch. A hulled barley diet served as a control. Two piglets per pen ("Trojan" pigs) were orally infected with Salmonella Typhimurium var. Copenhagen (ST). The remaining five pigs per pen were designated "Contact" pigs. The ST shedding was determined over one week after infection. On day 6, the two Trojans and two random Contacts from each pen were euthanised and intestinal contents and mesenteric lymph nodes cultured for ST. Intestinal volatile fatty acids and microbial composition were determined. In Exp. 2, 126 piglets were assigned to one of three diets based on hulled or hulless barleys. The timeline, infection, sampling and analyses were similar as in Exp. 1 except samples were taken from four Contact pigs. Hulless barley varieties with high BG and amylose tended to decrease ST persistence in Exp. 1. Clostridia from cluster I in the colon were reduced with high amylose hulless barley or diets supplemented with potato starch (p < 0.05), whereas other microbial groups were not. Propionate increased (p < 0.05) and acetate decreased (p < 0.05) with hulless barley inclusion. Exp. 2 revealed a reduced ST shedding and reduced number of clostridia for high BG hulless barley as compared to common hulled barley and a low BG variety (p < 0.05). In conclusion, high BG hulless barley do not prevent ST colonisation but might help to reduce transmission in pigs, likely by supporting an intestinal environment limiting growth of this zoopathogen. 01 juni 2012

An in vitro experiment was carried out to assess how nonstarch polysaccharide (NSP)-degrading enzymes influence the fermentation of dietary fiber in the pig large intestine. Seven wheat and barley products and cultivars with differing carbohydrate fractions were hydrolyzed using pepsin and pancreatin in the presence or not of NSP-degrading enzymes (xylanase and β-glucanase) and the filter retentate was subsequently fermented with sow fecal bacteria. Dry matter, starch, crude protein and β-glucan digestibilities during hydrolysis were measured. Fermentation kinetics of the hydrolyzed ingredients were modelled. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) production and molar ratio were compared after 12, 24 and 72 h. Microbial communities were analyzed after 72 h of fermentation using terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism. The results showed an increase of nutrient digestibility (P0.001), whereas fermentability and SCFA production decreased (P0.001) with addition of the enzyme. SCFA and bacterial community profiles also indicated a shift from propionate to acetate and an increase in cellulolytic Ruminococcus- and xylanolytic Clostridium-like bacteria. This is explained by the increase in slowly fermentable insoluble carbohydrate and the lower proportion of rapidly fermentable β-glucan and starch in the retentate when grains were incubated with NSP-degrading enzymes. Shifts were also different for the four barley varieties investigated, showing that the efficiency of the enzymes depends on the structure of the carbohydrate fractions in cereal products and cultivars.

Dietary protein might modulate mucin flow and intestinal mucin gene expression. Since unheated phaseolin fromPhaseolus vulgarisbean is resistant to digestion and increases gut endogenous protein losses, we hypothesised that unheated phaseolin influences mucin flow and gene expression, and that phaseolin heat treatment reverses these effects. The hypothesis was tested using a control diet containing casein as the sole protein source and three other diets with casein being replaced by 33 and 67 % of unheated and 67 % of heated phaseolin. The rats were fed for 6 d and euthanised. Digesta and faeces were collected for determining digestibility and mucin flow. Gut tissues were collected for mucin (Muc1,Muc2,Muc3andMuc4) and Trefoil factor 3 (Tff3) gene expressions. Colonic mucin flow decreased linearly with increasing the dietary level of unheated phaseolin (P P P P MucmRNA in gut tissues were influenced by dietary phaseolin level (ileum and colon:Muc3andMuc4) and thermal treatment (ileum:Muc2; colon:Muc2,Muc3,Muc4andTff3) (P Mucgene expression along the intestines differentially.

Publication Inra prise en compte dans l'analyse bibliométrique des publications scientifiques mondiales sur les Fruits, les Légumes et la Pomme de terre. Période 2000-2012. http://prodinra.inra.fr/record/256699; International audience; This article proposes a new way to improve the protein quality Of the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris). it is based on the natural variability found in the different types of phaseolin, its main storage protein (40-50% of the total protein). Despite the fact that it is deficient in methionine content, phaseolin still represents the main source of that amino acid in the seed. More than 40 genetic variants, differing in subunit number (2-6) and molecular weight (40-54 kDa) have been analyzed. The similarity of the amino acid composition among phaseolins, suggests that a nutritional improvement cannot be expected from that side. Conversely, important variation in phaseolin Susceptibility to proteolysis (ranging from 57% to 96% after cooking) has been observed, increasing the theoretical availability of methionine by up to 37%. Therefore, breeding programs based oil highly-digestible phaseolin types could lead to the production of beans with higher protein quality. (C) 2009 Published by Elsevier Ltd.

The feasibility of ensiling pressed sugar-beet pulp alone or supplemented with molasses and urea or laying hen excreta (LHE) was evaluated by measuring fermentation characteristics of the silages. The volatile fatty acids, lactic acid and NH3 contents were significantly higher (P < 0.05) for pulp supplemented with LHE. All pathogens (coliforms, Streptococci, Staphylococci, yeasts and moulds) were eliminated after ensiling, except Clostridia but these germs were present in very small quantities (less than 100 germs g−1). A second experiment was carried out with 12 adult wethers in a complete random block scheme in order to determine the apparent digestibility of the main constituents of three diets consisting of pressed pulp supplemented with molasses and urea (P-MU), LHE (P-LHE) or soybean meal (P-SM). The diets were supplemented with 10% hay of known digestibility and this latter value was deducted from the measured digestibilities in order to obtain those of the studied diets alone. The crude protein digestibility was significantly higher for P-MU (P < 0.05), and that of organic matter significantly lower for P-LHE (P < 0.05). Crude fibre digestibilities significantly differed for the three diets (P < 0.05) in the following order: P-LHE < P-SM < P-MU. In a third experiment, three wethers fitted with rumen and duodenal cannulas were given, in a Latin-square design, one of the three studied diets. The NH3 contents and pH of the rumen fluids were significantly higher (P< 0.05) for P-LHE whereas the volatile fatty acid profile was the same for the three diets. The yield in bacterial N synthesis, estimated with the diaminopimelic acid method, was significantly higher (P < 0.01) for P-MU: 45.3 g bacterial N kg−1 organic matter digested in the rumen versus 36.5 g and 33.9 g for P-SM and P-LHE, respectively. The proportion of bacterial N at the duodenal level was significantly lower (P < 0.01) for P-SM (58% versus 75% and 73%, respectively for P-MU and P-LHE). The duodenal flow of amino acids was significantly lower (P < 0.001) for P-LHE: 113 g day−1 versus 147 g day−1 and 148 g day−1 for P-SM and P-MU, respectively. It was concluded that pulp is very easy to conserve by ensiling, even when mixed with LHE and, thanks to the high degradability of its fibre in the rumen, it is a very good energy source that may be supplemented by non-protein nitrogen. The bacterial protein synthesis is optimised by supplementation with urea and molasses.

Determination of the trypsin inhibitor activity (TIA) of 83 pea varieties allowed the distinction of two groups of peas having a high TIA (greater than 6 TIU mg−1 DM), these being the French winter varieties and several British pea varieties. Analysis of the genetic origin of these varieties and that of their descendants showed that the hereditary transmission is not systematic. Moreover, some cultivars presented a higher activity than one of their parents. Finally, some varieties derived from the same cross differ in activity.

Fibers from flaxseed and co-products from ethanol production could be potential sources of dietary fiber in human diet. In vitro fermentation and bile acid binding models were used to investigate the metabolic effects of lignaMax (Bioriginal Food and Science Corp., Saskatoon, SK, Canada) flax meal, spent flax meal, soluble flax gum, wheat insoluble fiber (WIF), and rye insoluble fiber (RIF). Wheat and rye bran were used as reference samples. Bile acid binding of substrates was analysed at taurocholate ([(14)C]taurocholate) concentration of 12.5 mM. Soluble flax gum showed the highest bile acid binding (0.57 micromol/mg of fiber) (Por= .05). There was no difference in bile acid binding between wheat bran (0.2 micromol/mg of fiber) and WIF (0.26 micromol/mg of fiber). RIF had higher (Por= .05) bile acid binding (0.20 micromol/mg of fiber) than rye bran (0.13 micromol/mg of fiber). Substrates were hydrolyzed and incubated with pig fecal samples. Short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) profile and gas accumulation (G(f)) were compared. Soluble flax gum generated the highest amount of acetic and propionic acids. SCFA profiles of wheat/rye brans and WIF/RIF were similar (except for butyric acid). G(f) for soluble flax gum was greater (P.001) than that of spent flax meal. G(f) values of the wheat samples were similar, whereas the G(f) of the rye bran was higher (P.001) than that of RIF. Fractional degradation rate (micro(t = T/2)) (P.001) was also recorded. The highest mu(t = T/2) was observed for the soluble flax gum. Oil-depleted flaxseed fractions and WIF/RIF (co-products from ethanol production) could be potential sources of dietary fiber in human nutrition.

Eight samples of triticale (six varieties) were evaluated by digestibility trials using pigs. Relationships between the energy and digestibility values and the concentration of the main chemical constituents of the seeds were established. The most accurate correlations were obtained between the crude fibre content and the digestibility values (0.99 for digestible energy vs. 0.88 and 0.92 for crude protein and organic matter, respectively). Neither the crude protein nor the protein fraction profile had any significant relationship with digestibility. It was concluded that, for equivalent chemical compositions, the digestibility of triticale cultivars in pigs is mainly dependent on their crude fibre content, irrespective of the variety.

A comparison was made between the rate of passage of digesta through the digestive tract of pigs with an ileo-rectal anastomosis (IRA) or an Heal T-cannula according to the single marker dose method by using polyethylene glycol (PEG) as liquid marker, Cr2O3 as solid phase marker and Yb2O3-mordantedcell walls as fibre marker. The rate of passage was slightly faster with IRA than with cannulated pigs.

This experiment was aimed at comparing the intestinal microbial community composition in pigs fed hulled common barley supplemented with isolated barley mixed-linked beta-glucan, four hulless barley varieties and breeding lines with mixed-linked beta-glucan contents ranging from 41 to 84 g kg(-1) and different amylose/amylopectin ratios as well as two oat varieties. Seventy-two weaned piglets were allocated to one of nine diets composed of 81.5% cereal, 6% whey, 9% soy protein isolate and 3.5% minerals. After 15 days, pigs were sacrificed and ileum and colon contents were collected for quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis to evaluate microbial communities. Shifts in intestinal microbial communities were observed with the hulless barley cultivars with a normal to high beta-glucan content and from normal starch toward either high-amylopectin or high-amylose starch. These hulless barleys had the lowest (P0.05) microbial diversity, whereas oats had intermediate diversity compared with low-beta-glucan hulless cultivars and hulled varieties. Furthermore, hulless varieties favoured xylan- and beta-glucan-degrading bacteria whereas mixed-linked beta-glucan-supplemented hulled barley favoured lactobacilli. Numbers of lactobacilli decreased in the ileum of pigs fed hulless/high mixed-linked beta-glucan barley-based diets. Thus, cultivar differences in both the form and the quantity of carbohydrates affect gut microbiota in pigs, which provides information for future feeding strategies.

Publication Inra prise en compte dans l'analyse bibliométrique des publications scientifiques mondiales sur les Fruits, les Légumes et la Pomme de terre. Période 2000-2012. http://prodinra.inra.fr/record/256699; International audience; A study was conducted to investigate the amino acid (AA) composition and the susceptibility to in vitro proteolysis (pepsin, 120 min and pancreatin, 240 min) of a collection of purified phaseolins (n = 43) in unheated or heat-treated form. The AA composition of phaseolin varied little across bean varieties. At 360 min of in vitro proteolysis, the degree of hydrolysis varied from 11 to 27% for unheated and from 57 to 96% for heated phaseolins (P < 0.001). Heat treatment markedly increased the susceptibility of phaseolin to proteolysis (P < 0.001). The AA scores (AAS) and the protein digestibility corrected for AAS indicated S-containing AA as the limiting AA (39 +/- 3 and 30 +/- 5%, respectively). In conclusion, susceptibility to proteolysis of heat-treated phaseolin rather than its AA composition affects the nutritional value of phaseolin estimated in vitro. Therefore, it should be the criterion of choice in breeding programs aimed at improving the nutritional value of common beans for humans.

Publication Inra prise en compte dans l'analyse bibliométrique des publications scientifiques mondiales sur les Fruits, les Légumes et la Pomme de terre. Période 2000-2012. http://prodinra.inra.fr/record/256699; The study aimed to investigate the in vivo digestion of Phaseolus vulgaris phaseolin types differing in their subunit pattern composition. Diets contained either casein as the sole source of protein or a mixture (1:1) of casein and pure Sanilac (S), Tendergreen (T) or Inca (I) phaseolin either unheated or heated. Rats were fed for 11 d with the experimental diets. Their ileal content and mucosa were collected and prepared for electrophoresis, Western blotting, densitometry and MS. Differences in digestion among native phaseolin types were observed for intact phaseolin at molecular weights (MW) of 47-50*5 kDa and for an undigested fragment at MW of 19-21*5 kDa in ileal digesta. In both cases, the concentration of these protein bands was lower for I phaseolin than for S or T phaseolin (P,0*05). In the mucosa, the concentration of a protein band at MW of 20*5-21*5 kDa was lower for S phaseolin as compared to T or I phaseolin (P,0*001). The presence of phaseolin subunits and their fragments was confirmed by Western blotting. MS analysis revealed the presence of undigested a and b subunit fragments from phaseolin and endogenous proteins (anionic trypsin I and pancreatic a-amylase) in ileal digesta. Thermal treatment improved digestion (P,0*01), acting on both dietary and endogenous protein components. In conclusion, this study provides evidence for differences in intestinal digestion among phaseolin types, S phaseolin being more resistant and I phaseolin more susceptible. These differences were affected by the origin of the phaseolin subunit precursor. Heat treatment enhanced phaseolin digestion.

The trypsin inhibitor activity (TIA) of 33 European spring pea varieties was determined. The TIA ofthe varieties Maro, Progreta, Consort and Radley ranged from 6.1 to 8.4 trypsin inhibited units per mg dry matter (TIU mg−1 DM), whereas all the other varieties had ⩽ 3 TIU mg−1 DM. Maro, Progreta and Consort are British varieties of the ‘marrowfat’ type which have classically a high activity. The French winter varieties had a high TIA (mean, 9.1 TIU mg−1 DM), but the varieties arising from a cross between a winter and a spring variety, such as Frilene, Amac, Laser and Santon, had a lower activity. The results were compared with those obtained for six other legume seeds: faba beans, vetches, lentils, pigeonpeas, chickpeas and haricot beans. Finally, a comparison of the TIA of samples of the variety Finale originating from different fields showed that growth conditions influenced the pea TIA. The apparent digestibility of the main constituents of two spring pea varieties (Finale, 2.35 and Progreta, 7.48 TIU mg−1 DM) was determined, by the difference method, using growing pigs with diets consisting of 40% peas. The apparent digestibility of organic matter, crude fibre and crude energy was similar for the two varieties, whereas the apparent digestibility of the crude protein of Progreta was significantly lower (P

The apparent ileal digestibility of the main constituents of a diet based on peas (Pisum sativum L) and of the amino acids of these peas was determined with three pigs which were surgically modified to create an ileo-rectal anastomosis with complete isolation of the large intestine, and three pigs surgically fitted with a T-cannula at the terminal ileum. The animals first received a diet containing ground peas as the sole protein source and then a protein-free diet which permitted the estimation of the excretion of endogenous amino acids at the level of the ileum and the calculation of the true digestibility of pea amino acids. The apparent digestibility of organic matter, crude protein, cell walls, starch and energy was systematically higher in cannulated pigs, but the difference was only significant for cell walls (P 0.05).