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1. Second-Harmonic Generation in Suspended AlGaAs Waveguides: A Comparative Study

Author

Iännis Roland, Marco Ravaro, Stéphan Suffit, Pascal Filloux, Aristide Lemaître, Ivan Favero, and Giuseppe Leo

Subjects
second-harmonic generation, waveguide, algaas, Mechanical engineering and machinery, TJ1-1570
Abstract

Due to adjustable modal birefringence, suspended AlGaAs optical waveguides with submicron transverse sections can support phase-matched frequency mixing in the whole material transparency range, even close to the material bandgap, by tuning the width-to-height ratio. Furthermore, their single-pass conversion efficiency is potentially huge, thanks to the extreme confinement of the interacting modes in the highly nonlinear and high-refractive-index core, with scattering losses lower than in selectively oxidized or quasi-phase-matched AlGaAs waveguides. Here we compare the performances of two types of suspended waveguides made of this material, designed for second-harmonic generation (SHG) in the telecom range: (a) a nanowire suspended in air by lateral tethers and (b) an ultrathin nanorib, made of a strip lying on a suspended membrane of the same material. Both devices have been fabricated from a 123 nm thick AlGaAs epitaxial layer and tested in terms of SHG efficiency, injection and propagation losses. Our results point out that the nanorib waveguide, which benefits from a far better mechanical robustness, performs comparably to the fully suspended nanowire and is well-suited for liquid sensing applications.

Published
2020
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2. Harmonic generation with multi-layer dielectric metasurfaces

Author

Carlo Gigli, Giuseppe Marino, Stéphan Suffit, Giuseppe Leo, Konstantinos Pantzas, Costantino De Angelis, Pascal Filloux, Isabelle Sagnes, Davide Rocco, and G. Beaudoin

Subjects
Materials science, QC1-999, Nanophotonics, Physics::Optics, 02 engineering and technology, Dielectric, Fourier imaging, 01 natural sciences, 010309 optics, nonlinear metasurfaces triplet, all-dielectric nanophotonics, Mie resonances, nanophotonics, second-harmonic generation, 0103 physical sciences, High harmonic generation, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Multi layer, fourier imaging, business.industry, Physics, Second-harmonic generation, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, Optoelectronics, mie resonances, 0210 nano-technology, business, Biotechnology
Abstract

Metasurfaces have recently gained extensive interest because of their extraordinary optical behavior as artificial material interfaces with ultrahigh compactness. In this framework, dielectric platforms have newly become very promising for nonlinear nanophotonics, providing opportunities, especially for ultrafast optical switching, and high harmonic generation, opening the research field of nonlinear metaoptics. Up to now, nonlinear metaoptics have been mostly explored using single metasurfaces. However, in a long-term vision, the stacking of optical metasurfaces, very challenging in terms of fabrication, is one key goal of this research field. Here, we demonstrate a three-layer metasurface in the AlGaAs-on-insulator platform, which improves the second harmonic generation efficiency by more than one order of magnitude with respect to its one-layer counterpart. Our achievement paves the way toward phase-shaping multilayer and multifunctional all-dielectric metasurfaces.

Published
2021
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4. Shaping the spontaneous emission of extended incoherent sources into composite radial vector beams

Author

Stéphan Suffit, Emmanuel Lhuillier, Pascal Filloux, Domitille Schanne, Aloyse Degiron, Laboratoire Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques (MPQ (UMR_7162)), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP), Physico-chimie et dynamique des surfaces (INSP-E6), Institut des Nanosciences de Paris (INSP), and Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Diffraction, Physics, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-OPTICS]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Optics [physics.optics], Physics and Astronomy (miscellaneous), business.industry, Isotropy, Physics::Optics, 02 engineering and technology, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Polarization (waves), 01 natural sciences, 010309 optics, Superposition principle, [SPI.ELEC]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Electromagnetism, Optics, 0103 physical sciences, [SPI.OPTI]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Optics / Photonic, Spontaneous emission, Light emission, [SPI.NANO]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Micro and nanotechnologies/Microelectronics, 0210 nano-technology, business, Diffraction grating, Plasmon
Abstract

International audience; It is well known that concentric diffraction gratings are capable of beaming the spontaneous emission of large extended incoherent light sources (e.g. hot radiating surfaces and luminescent materials). Here, we reveal additional properties of such beams using layers of colloidal PbS nanocrystals coated onto metallic spiraling gratings as an example. We observe and explain with a simple model the formation of multiple beams when the spirals are deformed. We also point out an aspect of the light emission that does not seem to have been discussed so farnamely, that the polarization of the directional beams has a radial distribution. These findings are not restricted to our experimental configuration, suggesting a simple way to build incandescent and electroluminescent sources with non-trivial polarization states. The price to pay is an isotropic emission background due to the composite nature of the beams, which result from the incoherent superposition of a continuum of diffracted plasmons everywhere above the surface.

Published
2021
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5. Identification of Two Regimes of Carrier Thermalization in PbS Nanocrystal Assemblies

Author

Augustin Caillas, Aloyse Degiron, Pascal Filloux, Emmanuel Lhuillier, Stéphan Suffit, Laboratoire Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques (MPQ (UMR_7162)), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP), Physico-chimie et dynamique des surfaces (INSP-E6), Institut des Nanosciences de Paris (INSP), and Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Materials science, Photoluminescence, Carrier thermalization, Exciton, FOS: Physical sciences, 02 engineering and technology, 010402 general chemistry, 01 natural sciences, Molecular physics, symbols.namesake, Condensed Matter::Materials Science, Stokes shift, Phenomenological model, General Materials Science, Spontaneous emission, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Condensed Matter - Materials Science, business.industry, Fourier Transform Photocurrent Spectroscopy, Materials Science (cond-mat.mtrl-sci), 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Condensed Matter::Mesoscopic Systems and Quantum Hall Effect, 0104 chemical sciences, Semiconductor, Nanocrystal, PbS nanocrystals, Quantum dot, symbols, [PHYS.COND.CM-MS]Physics [physics]/Condensed Matter [cond-mat]/Materials Science [cond-mat.mtrl-sci], 0210 nano-technology, business
Abstract

International audience; We bring fresh insight into the ensemble properties of PbS colloidal quantum dots with a critical review of the literature on semiconductors followed by systematic comparisons between steady-state photocurrent and photoluminescence measurements. Our experiments, performed with sufficiently low powers to neglect nonlinear effects, indicate that the photoluminescence spectra have no other noticeable contribution beside the radiative recombination of thermalized photocarriers (i.e. photocarriers in thermodynamic quasi-equilibrium). A phenomenological model based on the local Kirchhoff law is proposed that makes it possible to identify the nature of the thermalized photocarriers and to extract their temperatures from the measurements. Two regimes are observed: for highly compact assemblies of PbS quantum dots stripped from organic ligands, the thermalization concerns photocarriers distributed over a wide energy range. With PbS quantum dots cross-linked with 1,2-ethanedithiol or longer organic ligand chains, the thermalization concerns solely the fundamental exciton and can quantitatively explain all the observations, including the precise Stokes shift between the absorbance and luminescence maxima.

Published
2021
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6. Spontaneous Emission of Vector Vortex Beams

Author

Domitille Schanne, Pascal Filloux, Aloyse Degiron, Stéphan Suffit, Emmanuel Lhuillier, Laboratoire Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques (MPQ (UMR_7162)), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP), Physico-chimie et dynamique des surfaces (INSP-E6), Institut des Nanosciences de Paris (INSP), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and European Research Council Grant FORWARD (grant agreement 771688)

Subjects
Angular momentum, Photon, Holography, FOS: Physical sciences, General Physics and Astronomy, 02 engineering and technology, 01 natural sciences, law.invention, Optics, law, 0103 physical sciences, Spontaneous emission, [SPI.NANO]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Micro and nanotechnologies/Microelectronics, 010306 general physics, Quantum, Physics, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-OPTICS]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Optics [physics.optics], business.industry, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Polarization (waves), Optical tweezers, [SPI.OPTI]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Optics / Photonic, Physics::Accelerator Physics, 0210 nano-technology, business, Optics (physics.optics), Coherence (physics), Physics - Optics
Abstract

International audience; Harnessing the spontaneous emission of incoherent quantum emitters is one of the hallmarks of nano-optics. Yet, an enduring challenge remains—making them emit vector beams, which are complex forms of light associated with fruitful developments in fluorescence imaging, optical trapping and high-speed telecommunications. Vector beams are characterized by spatially varying polarization states whose construction requires coherence properties that are typically possessed by lasers—but not by photons produced by spontaneous emission. Here, we show a route to weave the spontaneous emission of an ensemble of colloidal quantum dots into vector beams. To this end, we use holographic nanostructures that impart the necessary spatial coherence, polarization and topological properties to the light originating from the emitters. We focus our demonstration on vector vortex beams, which are chiral vector beams carrying non-zero orbital angular momentum, and argue that our approach can be extended to other forms of vectorial light.

Published
2020
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7. Ultrafast gain switching of THz quantum cascade lasers: THz pulse amplification and injection seeding

Author

J. Maysonnave, Sukhdeep Dhillon, Stefano Barbieri, Pascal Filloux, Julien Madéo, Carlo Sirtori, P. Cavalié, Jérôme Tignon, Xavier Marcadet, Dimitri Oustinov, R. Rungsawang, Nathan Jukam, Laboratoire Pierre Aigrain (LPA), Fédération de recherche du Département de physique de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure - ENS Paris (FRDPENS), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques (MPQ (UMR_7162)), Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Thales Research and Technology [Palaiseau], THALES [France], Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Fédération de recherche du Département de physique de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure - ENS Paris (FRDPENS), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), THALES, and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Physics, 0303 health sciences, business.industry, Terahertz radiation, Physics::Optics, 02 engineering and technology, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Laser, law.invention, Gain-switching, 03 medical and health sciences, Optics, law, [PHYS.COND.CM-MS]Physics [physics]/Condensed Matter [cond-mat]/Materials Science [cond-mat.mtrl-sci], Optoelectronics, Spontaneous emission, Laser power scaling, 0210 nano-technology, Quantum cascade laser, business, Ultrashort pulse, Lasing threshold, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 030304 developmental biology
Abstract

Laser action normally is initiated by the amplification of spontaneous emission. As spontaneous emission is a random process, the carrier phase of a laser is different each time a laser is turned on. As a consequence, it is not possible to measure the time-resolved field of a free-running laser using coherent detection techniques [1, 2]. Here we show [3] that it is possible to fix the carrier phase of a quantum cascade laser (QCL) by using injection seeding. Terahertz (THz) pulses with a fixed phase are injected into the QCL cavity and coincide with the gain of the QCL being turned on rapidly to avoid gain clamping. The externally injected THz pulses are greatly amplified through multiple passes [4] and initiate laser action instead of the spontaneous emission and set the carrier-phase. Consequently, as well as the generation of large THz fields, this enables the electric field of the laser emission to be measured as a function of time, from initiation of lasing to the steady-state lasing regime using coherent sampling techniques. The phased-resolved field of the QCL is thus directly measured in the time-domain.

Published
2011
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8. Phase seeding of a terahertz quantum cascade laser

Author

Julien Madéo, Nathan Jukam, Pascal Filloux, Stefano Barbieri, Jérôme Tignon, J. Maysonnave, R. Rungsawang, Xavier Marcadet, P. Cavalié, Sukhdeep Dhillon, Carlo Sirtori, Dimitri Oustinov, Laboratoire Pierre Aigrain (LPA), Fédération de recherche du Département de physique de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure - ENS Paris (FRDPENS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques (MPQ (UMR_7162)), Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Thales Research and Technology [Palaiseau], THALES, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), THALES [France], Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Fédération de recherche du Département de physique de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure - ENS Paris (FRDPENS), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Amplified spontaneous emission, Materials science, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, business.industry, Terahertz radiation, Phase (waves), Physics::Optics, 02 engineering and technology, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Laser, 01 natural sciences, law.invention, Pulse (physics), 010309 optics, Optics, Terahertz quantum cascade laser, law, 0103 physical sciences, [PHYS.COND.CM-MS]Physics [physics]/Condensed Matter [cond-mat]/Materials Science [cond-mat.mtrl-sci], Computer Science::Programming Languages, Optoelectronics, Seeding, Spontaneous emission, 0210 nano-technology, business
Abstract

The QCL carrier phase is set by coherent injection seeding with a THz pulse. This enables the phase-resolved laser emission to be measured in the time-domain and the QCL to be used directly for time-domain-spectroscopy.

Published
2011

9. Injection-locking of terahertz quantum cascade lasers up to 35 GHz using RF amplitude modulation

Author

Suraj P. Khanna, Jean-Francois Lampin, P. Gellie, A. Giles Davies, Edmund H. Linfield, H. E. Beere, Carlo Sirtori, Pascal Filloux, David A. Ritchie, Isabelle Sagnes, Stefano Barbieri, Christophe Manquest, Institut d’Électronique, de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologie - UMR 8520 (IEMN), and Centrale Lille-Institut supérieur de l'électronique et du numérique (ISEN)-Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambrésis (UVHC)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF)

Subjects
Optics and Photonics, Time Factors, Terahertz radiation, Physics::Optics, 02 engineering and technology, 01 natural sciences, Semiconductor laser theory, 010309 optics, Amplitude modulation, Photomixing, Optics, 0103 physical sciences, Phase noise, Microwaves, Physics, Terahertz Spectroscopy, Models, Statistical, Fourier Analysis, business.industry, Lasers, Far-infrared laser, Equipment Design, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, Injection locking, Metals, Optoelectronics, Lasers, Semiconductor, 0210 nano-technology, business, Phase modulation
Abstract

We demonstrate that the cavity resonance frequency - the round-trip frequency - of Terahertz quantum cascade lasers can be injection-locked by direct modulation of the bias current using an RF source. Metal-metal and single-plasmon waveguide devices with roundtrip frequencies up to 35GHz have been studied, and show locking ranges above 200MHz. Inside this locking range the laser round-trip frequency is phase-locked, with a phase noise determined by the RF-synthesizer. We find a square-root dependence of the locking range with RF-power in agreement with classical injection-locking theory. These results are discussed in the context of mode-locking operation.

Published
2010
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10. A semiconductor ridge microcavity source of quantum light at room temperature

Author

Sara Ducci, Adeline Orieux, Aristide Lemaître, Ivan Favero, Xavier Caillet, Pascal Filloux, and Giuseppe Leo

Subjects
Quantum optics, Physics, Bell state, Photon, business.industry, Physics::Optics, Nonlinear optics, law.invention, Semiconductor, Optics, Spontaneous parametric down-conversion, law, Optoelectronics, Emission spectrum, business, Waveguide
Abstract

We demonstrate an integrated semiconductor ridge microcavity source of counterpropagating twin photons at room temperature in the telecom range. Based on type II parametric down conversion in a counterpropagating phase matching scheme with transverse pump, the device generates around 10-11 pairs/pump photons having a 0.3 nm bandwidth for a 1 mm long waveguide. The emission spectrum shows the existence of two equally probable processes, which is a preliminary step to the direct generation of Bell states. The twin character of the photons of each pair is demonstrated via a temporal correlation measurement. These results open the way to the demonstration of several interesting features associated to the counterpropagating geometry, such as the control of the frequency correlation degree via the spatial and spectral properties of the pump beam.

Published
2010
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11. Integrated Terahertz pulse generation and amplification in quantum cascade lasers

Author

Stefano Barbieri, Jérôme Tignon, Julien Madéo, R. Rungsawang, S. Sawallich, Dimitri Oustinov, Sukhdeep Dhillon, Pascal Filloux, Nathan Jukam, Carlo Sirtori, Xavier Marcadet, Laboratoire Pierre Aigrain (LPA), Fédération de recherche du Département de physique de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure - ENS Paris (FRDPENS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques (MPQ (UMR_7162)), Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Thales Research and Technology [Palaiseau], THALES, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Fédération de recherche du Département de physique de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure - ENS Paris (FRDPENS), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Manijeh Razeghi, Rengarajan Sudharsanan, Gail J. Brown, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and THALES [France]

Subjects
Materials science, business.industry, Terahertz radiation, Far-infrared laser, Physics::Optics, Laser, law.invention, Terahertz spectroscopy and technology, Photomixing, Optics, law, Cascade, [PHYS.COND.CM-MS]Physics [physics]/Condensed Matter [cond-mat]/Materials Science [cond-mat.mtrl-sci], Optoelectronics, business, Quantum cascade laser, Ultrashort pulse, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract

Integrated terahertz (THz) pulse generation and amplification in a THz quantum cascade laser (QCL) is demonstrated. Intra-cavity THz pulses are generated by exciting the facet of the quantum cascade laser with an ultrafast Ti:Sapphire laser (~100fs) and detected using electro-optic sampling. Maximum THz field emission is found with an interband transition of 1.535eV (809nm) and by narrowing the excitation laser bandwidth to ~3THz. These resonance conditions correspond to the narrowband excitation of the quantum cascade miniband, indicating that the THz pulse is generated by the photo-excited carriers that are accelerated by the applied field. The generated pulse is subsequently amplified by the narrowband gain of the laser as it propagates through the QCL cavity. As an integrated THz generator-amplifier, the technique avoids the issues associated with the coupling of external THz pulses into sub-wavelength dimensioned cavities.

Published
2010

12. Injection-locking of terahertz quantum cascade lasers up to 35GHz via RF amplitude modulation

Author

Suraj P. Khanna, J-F. Lampin, Harvey E. Beere, Stefano Barbieri, Christophe Manquest, David A. Ritchie, P. Gellie, Isabelle Sagnes, Pascal Filloux, Edmund H. Linfield, Carlo Sirtori, Institut d’Électronique, de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologie - UMR 8520 (IEMN), and Centrale Lille-Institut supérieur de l'électronique et du numérique (ISEN)-Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambrésis (UVHC)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF)

Subjects
Physics, Terahertz radiation, business.industry, Far-infrared laser, Physics::Optics, 02 engineering and technology, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Injection locking, Photomixing, Amplitude modulation, 020210 optoelectronics & photonics, Phase noise, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, Optoelectronics, Radio frequency, 0210 nano-technology, business, Frequency modulation
Abstract

We demonstrate that the cavity resonance frequency — the round-trip frequency — of terahertz quantum cascade lasers can be injection-locked by direct modulation of the bias current using an RF source. Metal-metal and single-plasmon waveguide devices with roundtrip frequencies up to 35GHz have been studied, and show locking ranges above 200MHz. Inside this locking range the laser round-trip frequency is phase-locked, with a phase noise determined by the RF-synthesizer. We find a square-root dependence of the locking range with RF-power in agreement with classical injection-locking theory. These results are discussed in the context of mode-locking operation.

Published
2010
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13. Phase seeding of a terahertz quantum cascade laser

Author

Xavier Marcadet, R. Rungsawang, Julien Madéo, Sukhdeep Dhillon, Jérôme Tignon, Pascal Filloux, Carlo Sirtori, Nathan Jukam, Dimitri Oustinov, Stefano Barbieri, Laboratoire Pierre Aigrain (LPA), Fédération de recherche du Département de physique de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure - ENS Paris (FRDPENS), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques (MPQ (UMR_7162)), Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Thales Research and Technology [Palaiseau], THALES [France], Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Fédération de recherche du Département de physique de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure - ENS Paris (FRDPENS), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), THALES, and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Materials science, Active laser medium, General Physics and Astronomy, Physics::Optics, 02 engineering and technology, Laser pumping, 01 natural sciences, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Article, Round-trip gain, law.invention, 010309 optics, Laser linewidth, Optics, law, 0103 physical sciences, Laser power scaling, Physics::Atomic Physics, Distributed feedback laser, Multidisciplinary, business.industry, Far-infrared laser, General Chemistry, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Laser, [PHYS.COND.CM-MS]Physics [physics]/Condensed Matter [cond-mat]/Materials Science [cond-mat.mtrl-sci], 0210 nano-technology, business
Abstract

The amplification of spontaneous emission is used to initiate laser action. As the phase of spontaneous emission is random, the phase of the coherent laser emission (the carrier phase) will also be random each time laser action begins. This prevents phase-resolved detection of the laser field. Here, we demonstrate how the carrier phase can be fixed in a semiconductor laser: a quantum cascade laser (QCL). This is performed by injection seeding a QCL with coherent terahertz pulses, which forces laser action to start on a fixed phase. This permits the emitted laser field to be synchronously sampled with a femtosecond laser beam, and measured in the time domain. We observe the phase-resolved buildup of the laser field, which can give insights into the laser dynamics. In addition, as the electric field oscillations are directly measured in the time domain, QCLs can now be used as sources for time-domain spectroscopy., The phase of a laser pulse is usually random, which prevents its use for phase-resolved measurements. Here, the authors seed a quantum cascade laser with coherent terahertz pulses, forcing laser action to start on a fixed phase. This kind of laser could be used as a source in time-domain spectroscopy.

Published
2010
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14. Terahertz plasmonic antennas for Quantum Cascade Lasers

Author

Pascal Filloux, Tahsin Akalin, Alessio Andronico, David A. Ritchie, Emilien Peytavit, Stefano Barbieri, Harvey E. Beere, Jean-Francois Lampin, P. Gellie, Carlo Sirtori, W. Maineult, Giuseppe Leo, Institut d’Électronique, de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologie - UMR 8520 (IEMN), Centrale Lille-Institut supérieur de l'électronique et du numérique (ISEN)-Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambrésis (UVHC)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF), Laboratoire Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques (MPQ (UMR_7162)), Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and University of Cambridge [UK] (CAM)

Subjects
Plasmons, Silicon, Horn antennas, Electromagnetic waveguides, Terahertz radiation, Beam steering, Quantum cascade lasers, Physics::Optics, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, law.invention, 010309 optics, Photomixing, [SPI]Engineering Sciences [physics], Optics, law, 0103 physical sciences, Antenna arrays, 010306 general physics, Lenses, Physics, business.industry, Far-infrared laser, Temperature, Frequency, Laser, Terahertz spectroscopy and technology, Cascade, Optoelectronics, Antenna (radio), business, Laser beams
Abstract

International audience; Quantum Cascade Lasers (QCL) are probably the most promising sources for Terahertz wave generation. The key issue especially for double metal QCLs is the extraction and the beam shaping of the emitted power. We propose a solution with a TEM-Horn Antenna and we compare it to the most recently proposed solutions: plasmonic array, Silicon-lens etc. New Terahertz antenna designs will also be presented.

Published
2009
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15. Surface plasmon quantum cascade lasers as terahertz local oscillators

Author

M. Hajenius, J. R. Gao, Carlo Sirtori, David A. Ritchie, Stefano Barbieri, Sukhdeep Dhillon, Pourya Khosropanah, J. N. Hovenier, Pascal Filloux, T. M. Klapwijk, and Harvey E. Beere

Subjects
Physics, Noise temperature, business.industry, Terahertz radiation, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Local oscillator, Far-infrared laser, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Physics::Optics, semiconductor lasers, Laser, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, law.invention, Semiconductor laser theory, Optics, infrared and far-infrared lasers, law, WAVE, Optoelectronics, Heterodyne detection, business, Quantum cascade laser, detectors
Abstract

We characterize a heterodyne receiver based on a surface-plasmon waveguide quantum cascade laser (QCL) emitting at 2.84 THz as a local oscillator, and an NbN hot electron bolometer as a mixer. We find that the envelope of the far-field pattern of the QCL is diffraction-limited and superimposed onto interference fringes, which are similar to those found in narrow double-metal waveguide QCLs. Compared to the latter, a more directional beam allows for better coupling of the radiation power to the mixer. We obtain a receiver noise temperature of 1050 K when the mixer is at 2 K, which, to our knowledge, is the highest sensitivity reported at frequencies beyond 2.5 THz. (c) 2008 Optical Society of America.

Published
2008

16. Semiconductor Waveguides for Nonlinear Frequency Conversion

Author

Giuseppe Leo, Marco Ravaro, Pascal Filloux, Vincent Berger, Jean-Pierre Likforman, Sara Ducci, Xavier Marcadet, and Loïc Lanco

Subjects
Quantum optics, Materials science, Birefringence, business.industry, Physics::Optics, Second-harmonic generation, Nonlinear system, Modal, Optics, Optical parametric oscillator, Optoelectronics, Semiconductor waveguides, Spectroscopy, business
Abstract

We describe the utilisation of semiconductor waveguides for nonlinear frequency conver- sion. Different phase matching schemes are presented: form birefringence, modal phase matching and counterpropagating phase matching. The characteristics and the performances of these three solutions are discussed and compared for different kinds of applications. The emergence of these compact and integrated devices would be en important technological breakthrough in spectroscopy, telecommunications and quantum optics applications.

Published
2008
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17. Investigation of spectral gain narrowing in quantum cascade lasers using terahertz time domain spectroscopy

Author

S. Hameau, Jérôme Tignon, Nathan Jukam, Zhen-Yu Zhao, Angela Vasanelli, Dimitri Oustinov, Pascal Filloux, Sukhdeep Dhillon, Xavier Marcadet, Carlo Sirtori, Stefano Barbieri, Laboratoire Pierre Aigrain (LPA), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Fédération de recherche du Département de physique de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure - ENS Paris (FRDPENS), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques (MPQ (UMR_7162)), Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Thales Research and Technology [Palaiseau], THALES, Marília Caldas, Nelson Studart, Fédération de recherche du Département de physique de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure - ENS Paris (FRDPENS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and THALES [France]

Subjects
010302 applied physics, Physics, Physics and Astronomy (miscellaneous), business.industry, Terahertz radiation, Physics::Optics, 02 engineering and technology, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Laser, 01 natural sciences, Terahertz spectroscopy and technology, Semiconductor laser theory, law.invention, Photomixing, Full width at half maximum, Optics, law, 0103 physical sciences, [PHYS.COND.CM-MS]Physics [physics]/Condensed Matter [cond-mat]/Materials Science [cond-mat.mtrl-sci], Optoelectronics, 0210 nano-technology, business, Terahertz time-domain spectroscopy, Lasing threshold, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract

International audience; The spectral gain of bound-to-continuum terahertz quantum cascade lasers (QCLs) is measured as a function of current density using terahertz time-domain spectroscopy. During lasing action the full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the gain is found to monotonically decrease with increasing current density until lasing action stops at which point the FWHM reaches a minimum (0.22THz for a laser operating at 2.1THz). Bandstructure calculations show that the spectral gain narrowing is due to the alignment and misalignment of the injector with the active region as a function of the applied bias field.

Published
2008

18. Metal-metal terahertz quantum cascade laser with micro-transverse-electromagnetic-horn antenna

Author

David A. Ritchie, W. Maineult, Giuseppe Leo, Emilien Peytavit, Tahsin Akalin, Harvey E. Beere, Jean-Francois Lampin, Stefano Barbieri, Alessio Andronico, Pascal Filloux, Carlo Sirtori, P. Gellie, Institut d’Électronique, de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologie - UMR 8520 (IEMN), Centrale Lille-Institut supérieur de l'électronique et du numérique (ISEN)-Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambrésis (UVHC)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF), Laboratoire Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques (MPQ (UMR_7162)), Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Cavendish Laboratory, and University of Cambridge [UK] (CAM)

Subjects
Physics, Distributed feedback laser, Physics and Astronomy (miscellaneous), business.industry, Far-infrared laser, Physics::Optics, 02 engineering and technology, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Laser, 01 natural sciences, law.invention, Radiation pattern, 010309 optics, Photomixing, [SPI]Engineering Sciences [physics], Optics, Horn antenna, law, 0103 physical sciences, Optoelectronics, Antenna (radio), 0210 nano-technology, business, Quantum cascade laser
Abstract

International audience; A 2.8 THz metal-metal quantum cascade laser operating with a microtransverse-electromagnetic-horn antenna has been demonstrated. By comparing the far-field radiation pattern to a standard ridge cavity with a cleaved facet, a striking improvement of the directionality is observed. The effectiveness of the horn antenna is critically dependent on the control of the lateral modes in the laser cavity.

Published
2008
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19. Integrated Terahertz pulse generation and amplification in quantum cascade lasers

Author

Dimitri Oustinov, Stefano Barbieri, Julien Madéo, Pascal Filloux, Sukhdeep Dhillon, Jérôme Tignon, Carlo Sirtori, Nathan Jukam, Xavier Marcadet, S. Sawallich, Laboratoire Pierre Aigrain (LPA), Fédération de recherche du Département de physique de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure - ENS Paris (FRDPENS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques (MPQ (UMR_7162)), Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Thales Research and Technology [Palaiseau], THALES, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), THALES [France], Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Fédération de recherche du Département de physique de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure - ENS Paris (FRDPENS), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Femtosecond pulse shaping, Materials science, Physics and Astronomy (miscellaneous), Physics::Optics, 02 engineering and technology, 01 natural sciences, law.invention, 010309 optics, Photomixing, Optics, law, 0103 physical sciences, Ultrafast laser spectroscopy, Physics::Atomic Physics, 010306 general physics, Terahertz time-domain spectroscopy, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Condensed Matter::Quantum Gases, Physics, Distributed feedback laser, Condensed Matter::Other, business.industry, Far-infrared laser, Gain, Condensed Matter::Mesoscopic Systems and Quantum Hall Effect, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Laser, Terahertz spectroscopy and technology, Femtosecond, [PHYS.COND.CM-MS]Physics [physics]/Condensed Matter [cond-mat]/Materials Science [cond-mat.mtrl-sci], Optoelectronics, 0210 nano-technology, business, Quantum cascade laser, Ultrashort pulse
Abstract

Integrated terahertz (THz) pulse generation and amplification in a THz quantum cascade laser (QCL) is demonstrated. Intracavity THz pulses are generated by exciting the facet of the QCL with an ultrafast Ti:Sapphire laser (∼100 fs) and detected using electro-optic sampling. Maximum THz field emission is found with an interband transition of 1.535 eV (809 nm) and by narrowing the excitation laser bandwidth to ∼3 THz. These resonance conditions correspond to the narrowband excitation of the quantum cascade miniband, indicating that the THz pulse is generated by the photoexcited carriers that are accelerated by the applied field. The generated pulse is subsequently amplified by the narrowband gain of the laser as it propagates through the QCL cavity.

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