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Proper management and selection of a single drug or multiple drugs for the treatment of diabetes is very important. The choice of treatment depends on a number of factors. With the proper treatment, the state of diabetes can be managed very smoothly. The main objective of this study was to compare the efficacy of insulin, biguanides and sulfonylurea on HbA1C in diabetic patients. This interventional type of study was carried out among 102 diabetic patients attending at different hospitals in Rajshahi of Bangladesh. In this case purposive sampling technique was followed and data revealed that mean age of the patients was 45.98±11.23 years and most of them (35.30) were housewife. Among the insulin receiving group, 41.18% were male and 58.82% were female. In case of the biguanide receiving taking group 44.12% were male and 55.88% were female while for the sulfonylurea receiving group 35.29% were male and 64.71% were female. Regarding body mass index (BMI) among the respondents, it was found that 0.98% had BMI

Introduction: Anemia is a substantial public health problem that happens worldwide with higher prevalence noted in children less than 5 years and rural children. The studywas aimed to explore the keypredictors of anemia of study population in rural setting of Bangladesh. Methodology & Materials: This cross-sectional study was conducted in the rural Bangladesh from 1 July 2018 to December 2019. Under-five children aged six months to below sixty months were enrolled in the study. Data were collected through face-to-face interview from attending primary caregiver and from the results of laboratory tests of blood sample from target children. Data were analyzed through SPSS 23 software. Initially univariate analysis was done to identify predictors of anaemia followed by multivariate analysis to explore the key predictors through logistic regression. Results: A total data of258 under-five children aged 6-59 month were included in this study from the rural areas of Bangladesh. Among the studied children overall prevalence of anaemia was found 61.8%. The significant predictors (p

Background: Sepsis was a life-threatening situation affecting roughly 27 million individuals globally every year. Devoid of proper management, sepsis could develop to austere sepsis and septic shock that reason certain eight million expiries every year. Initial identification and analysis of contaminations and quick introductions of antimicrobial management had long been predictable as essential principles of treatment. Methods: All patients were evaluated thoroughly by history, clinical and laboratory findings. Serum lactate levels were collected at 0 hr and 24 hrs of the total admission in the ICU. Blood culture and sensitivity was performed prior to antibiotic administration in this study. Results: In this research, total sample was 1367 patients. Among these sepsis patients were 305 (nearly 22%). These 305 studied sepsis cases, majority 128 (42%) of the patients were within the age group of 41 - 65 years, followed by 18 - 30 years consisting of 116 (38%) and the least number of sepsis patients were in the age group of >65 years (20%). This study found that 129 (42.3%) out of 305 blood samples screened from assumed sepsis infection were affirmative for the presence of sepsis causing pathogens. Among the 129 culture positive samples, majority of the isolated micro-organisms were gram negative bacteria 58% (75), followed by gram positive bacteria 38% (49), and 3.8% (5) were the fungi Candida albicans. Conclusion: At present, mortality & morbidity of sepsis subject was too big due to late identification, wrong & inadequate management of sepsis in the ward and also in the intensive care unit of Bangladesh.

Background: Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) is the second leading cause of bacterial infection worldwide. More female are affected compared to male, particularly in their reproductive age group. Untreated and repeated UTI cases lead to health complication and antimicrobial resistance. Objective: To know the proportion of UTI among women in child bearing age group in Rajshahi and also to know the influence of socio-demographic parameters on UTI incidence in this region. Methodology: A cross sectional descriptive study was conducted on women in their reproductive age group (15-45 years) in Institute of Biological Sciences (IBSc), Rajshahi University and Rajshahi Medical College (RMC) from July 2014 to June 2017 where mid-stream urine samples were collected and cultured following all standard procedure. Positive cultures were compared with sociodemographic parameters to know their association with UTI cases. Result: Out of Total 450 patients screened for UTI, 151 (33.55%) were culture positive. Married women showed the highest rate of UTI 95 (62.91%) compared to single and widowed/divorced women which was 49 (32.4%) and 7(4.6%) respectively. Pregnancy and diabetes showed greater incidence or association with UTI which was 116 (76.8%) and 93 (61.59%) respectively. In all cases combined, symptomatic UTI was much higher than asymptomatic bacteriuria 54 (35.7%). Good hygiene and cleanliness associated with use of sanitary napkins and latrines have greatly reduced UTI rates among women which were 31 (20.5%) and 27 (17.8%) respectively. Conclusion: UTI has a high rate among women in their childbearing age, particularly when associated with pregnancy and diabetes. Good personal hygiene and awareness can greatly reduce its incidence and prevent further complications and most importantly antimicrobial resistance. KYAMC Journal Vol. 10, No.-3, October 2019, Page 156-159

Background Anaemia and its association with low physical and cognitive development in under-five children remain as a common public health burden in developing countries including Bangladesh. Childhood anemia is significantly associated with age, rural residence, infant and young child feeding (IYCF) practices, infectious disease, maternal illiteracy etc. We have studied to identify current prevalence, and to explore associated socio-demographic, health, and nutritional factors of anaemia in under-five children of rural Bangladesh. Methods and materials A cross-sectional study was conducted at five remote northern districts of Bangladesh involving rural children aged 6 - 24-36 months and 44.3% in >36

Objective: To study the presentation, management, histopathological findings and outcome of undescended testes in children. Method: It was a prospective study done in Rajshahi Medical College Hospital and also private clinic in Rajshahi Metropolitan City during the period of 1st December, 2007 to June, 2010. Thirty two children aged 4 months to 13 years with 40 undescended testes were selected in this study. Interventions like Orchidopexy, orchidectomy, herniotomy were done.Results: The age at surgery was four months to 13 years (mean 5.25 + 0.61 SE years). Nine (28.13%) had corrected before two years, twenty three (71.87%) after two years. Twenty four testes (60%) were palpable and sixteen (40%) were non-palpable, none of then cases was diagnosed at birth. Ultrasonography was performed in all cases. Evaluation was done by clinical, sonological, pre-operation and histopathological findings, Laparoscopy was done in one case. The condition was unilateral in 24(75%) and bilateral in Eight (25%). Forty percent of the testes were in the inguinal canal, 34% at the external ring and 10% at the internal ring and 16% in the abdomen. Fifteen (46.87%) testes were macroscopically smaller in size, four (10%) testes were atrophic (all were canalicular), one was tumour. Orchidopexy was performed in for 35 undescended testes and orchidectomy for five. Scrotal haematoma developed in 2 cases. Histopathological finding showed no spermatogonia in 25 (78.12%), among then 23 were above 2 years, 2 were below 2 years. Follow-up period were 6 months to 18 months, no atrophy/retraction was observed.TAJ 2017; 30(2): 26-31

Tuberculosis remains a major threat to world health. The main aim of this study was to improve the microscopic detection of AFB from sputum by Bleach sedimentation technique using household bleach. This was a cross sectional type of study conducted for a period of one year from July 2010 to June 2011 in the Department of Laboratory Services, Khwaja Yunus Ali Medical College Hospital (KYAMCH), Sirajgonj. A total of 115 clinically suspected tuberculosis patients aged between 7-85 years were included in the study. Among them 35 (30.4%) patients had TB positive by routine (Direct microscopy) method; whereas, by bleach concentration method 42 (36.5%) were found positive; diagnosing 07 additional patients. The rise of 16.7% in sputum positivity by bleach sedimentation microscopy over the direct smear microscopy was found to be statistically significant (p=

In the post-colonial era, the newly emerging and independent states of Asia and Africa, supported by the developing world in South America, questioned the validity and legitimacy of norms of international law. Those norms were perceived to serve only the interests of the developed Western nations and were alien to the aspirations of the developing countries. International law has evolved over time, with a willingness to accept the viewpoint of new participants in the global process in a variety of contexts. These include the international protection of human rights and international law regarding the permanent sovereignty of nations over their natural wealth and resources. The interests of developing countries have been assimilated, though the extent to which this is done varies. A central message advanced is that the ultimate integrity of international law is the commonality and synthesis of the interests of all states, rich and poor, agricultural and industrial. The continuing contribution of developing countries, through their participation in conferences, negotiation of treaties and soft law texts, adds immeasurable strength to the current state and future development of international environmental law.

Background: Urinary tract infections (UTI), which are caused by the presence and growth of microorganisms in the urinary tract, are perhaps the single commonest bacterial infections of mankind. Urinary tract infection is a most common infectious disease after respiratory tract infection in community practice. Aim of the study: The aim of this study is to assess the drug resistance pattern of the isolated organism while treating UTIs. Material & Methods: This was a prospective study carried out in the Molecular Biology Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Rajshahi, Bangladesh during the period of July 2008 to June 2011. In the planning phase, we estimated a total sample size of 750 cases. The study population comprised of four hundred fifty (450) female patients clinically suspected of having UTI aged between 15-45 years attending the OPDs or admitted to Rajshahi Medical College Hospital, Rajshahi, SZMCH, Bogra, Combined Military Hospital (CMH), Bogra, Bangladesh, Rangpur Medical College, Rangpur, Dinajpur Medical College, Dinajpur in the Northern regions of Bangladesh. Selection of the participants of the study population was done on the basis of some inclusion and exclusion criteria. Results: The prevalence rate of urinary tract infection (UTI) of the present study population was therefore 33.55%. Among the 151 confirm diagnosed UTI patients, asymptomatic UTI (Group A) was diagnosed in 54 women whereas, significant bacteriuria i.e. symptomatic UTI (Group B) was found in 97 patients. The prevalence of symptomatic UTI was therefore higher than asymptomatic UTI. The highest UTI patients 68 (44.44%) were women within the 26-35 years age group followed by Group-C 46 (31.08%) whose ages are within 36-45 years, while the Group-A women (15-25 years of age) were the least sufferers of UTI (24.83%). The antibiotic susceptibility pattern of isolated uropathogens (both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria) from the urine samples of the study population has been shown. The results showed that in general most of the urinary isolates showed higher resistance to commonly used and comparatively old drugs namely- Nalidixic acid, Cotrimoxazole, Nitrofurantoin, Ceftazidime, Ceftriaxone and Azithromycin. Cephradine showed moderate resistance (55%). On the other hand, Staphylococcus saprophyticus was found to be highly sensitive to Imipenem (80%), followed by gentamicin (71.4%), Azithromycin (65.7%), Amikacin (64.3%). Ceftriaxone and Nirofurantoin both showed moderate sensitivity of 60%. Staphylococcus aureus showed highest resistance to Ceftazidine (78%), followed by Ciprofloxacin (77.5%), Cotrimoxazole and Nalidixic acid (75%), Ceftriaxone (66.7%). Conclusion: The major pathogen E. Coli causing UTI in the Northern regions of Bangladesh and other gram negative (as well as gram positive) isolates were more highly sensitive to Imipenem, Amikacin and Gentamicin as compared to the other antibiotics tested.

Objective : To explore a scientific idea, this study was examined for evaluation of antimicrobial potency using root, leaf and stem of ethyl acetate and chloroform extracts of C. infortunatum (Verbenaceae) due to randomly use in traditional medicine to cure common ailments such as intestinal disorder, diarrhea, tuberculosis and respiratory problems etc. Methods : The in vitro application was carried out by using disc diffusion, micro broth dilution and serial dilution techniques against clinically important life threatening organisms. Results : All the extracts showed significant inhibitory activity over the bacteria and fungus comparable to the standard drug tetracycline and fluconazole. The maximum average diameter zone of inhibition was recorded to bacterial strains against B. megaterium , S. typhi , K. pneumoniae and to fungi against A. niger and C. albicans . The MIC values of ethyl acetate and chloroform root extract were determined 64µg/ml to B. subtilis, and K. pneumoniae ; to S.-β–haemolyticus and S. typhi for ethyl acetate extracts, 128µg/ml to S. aureus, and E. coli for both ethyl acetate and chloroform root extracts but only S. typhi and S.-β–haemolyticus for chloroform extrtact. Conclusion : The findings evidently appear promising antibacterial and antifungal properties of C. infortunatum against antagonistic pathogens. Leaf possess quite potent activity than root and stem specially root extract > leaf extract > stem extract. One of the more significant achievements of this study to follows and covers the most recent and important patents WO2009075290 (2009) which deals on yeast having immunopotentiating effect and food or feed. This study serves as basis for further research to lead compounds to be isolated so that may be as a template for the implications of these results for bioactivity and drug discovery potential of herbal products are discussed.

Objective: To learn a scientific and systematic knowledge of anticancer, antimicrobial and pharmacological activities of natural products and estimate cytotoxic potency by using ethanol and chloroform extracts of root, leaf and stem of Clerodendrum infortunatum (Verbenaceae) due to its random use in customary and traditional medicine to cure common ailments such as intestinal disorder, diarrhea, tuberculosis and respiratory problems etc. Methods: The in vitro application was carried out with the bench-top bioassay method by using brine shrimp lethality bioassay. Results: All of the crude extracts were found to be lethal and effective. The LC50 value of ethyl alcohol fraction of root was 20.845 mg/L compared to the standard drug tetracycline of 14.675 mg/L to brine shrimp nauplii, indicating that the extracts were biologically active. Conclusions: The cytotoxic study of LC50 value showed that a good correlation with the antibiotic tetracycline. From the comparative correlation error bars and percentage, we understood that ethyl alcohol fraction of root extract was very effective. This study serves as a basis for further research to lead compounds to be isolated so that it may be as a template for the implications of these results for bioactivity and drug discovery potential of herbal products.

Plants play a major role in all the traditional system of medicine. Plants contain the rich source of natural products like vitamins, minerals and other immunemodulators. Most of which have been used for human welfare specially to cure disease caused by pathogenic microorganisms. The present study was conducted to determine the antimicrobial activity of C. infortunatum (Verbenaceae) with two different solvents viz; ethanol and ethyl acetate against medically important pathogens such as six gram positive bacterial strains, nine gram negative bacterial strains and seven fungal strains. The in vitro screening for antimicrobial activity was carried out by using disc diffusion and micro broth dilution techniques. All the extracts showed significant inhibitory activity over the bacteria and fungus comparable to the standard drug tetracycline and fluconazole. The maximum diameter zone of inhibition was recorded to bacterial strains against B. megaterium and B. subtilis; S. typhi, S. shiga and K. pneumoniae and to fungi against A. niger, A. flavus and C. albicans. The MIC values of ethanol leaf extract were determined 64 μg/ml to B. megaterium, S. typhi and K. pneumoniae; 128 μg/ml to S. aureus, S.-β–haemolyticus and E. coli according to the serial dilution technique. Most of the extracts of root, leaf and stem of C. infortunatum are effective against both organisms; bacteria and fungi, especially leaf extract > root extract > stem extract. Thus, C. infortunatum appears to be an effective material for development of antimicrobial drugs.

Peroxidase enzyme was isolated and purified from the pulp of disease infected ripen papaya of local variety by 90% ammonium sulphate precipitation, chromatography on DEAEcellulose followed by hydrophobic chromatography on Phenyl Sepharose CL-4B and the purifications achieved was about 7.2 fold with 2.5% recovery. The purified enzyme was homogeneous as judged by polyacrylamide slab gel electrophoresis. The purified enzyme had a Mr of about 55,000 and 50 000 as determined by gel filtration on Sephadex G-100 and SDS-PAGE, respectively. The molecular mass of the enzyme was found to be very similar under both reducing and non-reducing conditions indicating that the enzyme contains no subunit. The enzyme has the following characteristics: pH optima at 6.0, temperature optima around 38°C, enzyme activity was found to be strongly inhibited in the presence of potassium cyanide and Fe+2 while the activity was found to be remarkably increased in the presence of ammonium sulphate. The Km value for the peroxidase obtained with pyrogallol as substrate was 0.027 mM. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjmb.v6i2.17643 Bangladesh J Med Biochem 2013; 6(2): 49-57

Context: Abuse of the drug, Phensedyl like any other drug might exert adverse effects on vital organs of th e h u m an body like liver, kidney and heart. Objectives: To determine the effects of Phensedyl intake on the serum biochemical parameters of the addicts in order to access for damages of vital human organs like liver, kidney and heart. Materials and Methods: Study population consisted of 127 male Phensedyl addicts within the ages of 18–55 years of defined criteria from Gaibandha district, a Northern part of Bangladesh, during July 2009 to December 2011. Fifty (50) non-drug dependent healthy men of matched age, height, and socioeconomic status were included as controls from the same community. Biochemical parameters analyzed were – Serum creatinine, SGOT, SGPT and Lipid profiles (total serum cholesterol (TC), Serum triglyceride (TG), serum high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol determined by semiautomatic biochemistry analyzer using commercially available kits Results : Abuse of Phensedyl appears not to hamper the normal renal and liver function in most of the addicts even after 8 years of Phensedyl intake irrespective of age except in case of 4 abusers. Serum total cholesterol (TC) remained almost unchanged among the addicts abusing Phensedyl for less than 8 years. But very strikingly, addicts taking Phensedyl for more than 8 years had higher trends in serum cholesterol i.e. more than 200 ml/dl. Of the addict’s, 44.36% abusing Phensedyl for less than 8 years had normal triglyceride (TG) values whereas, in 45.66% addicts abusing the drug for more than 8 years had clinically very significantly elevated triglyceride levels, which was also found to be statistically very significant (p value =0.0001), indicating the risk of developing cardiac diseases. Of the total addicts 53.53% had low levels of HDL cholesterol, which is clinically and statistically found to be very significant (p value =0.002). Of the addict’s 43% taking the drug for less than 8 years had normal LDL levels but significantly elevated values were recorded in 34% of the abusers who had been taking the drug for more than 8 years. Conclusion: Long time (> 8 years) Phensedyl abusers are at the high risk of developing Brain stroke, Coronary Heart Disease (CHD), Ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA) as there is the triad of: Elevated LDL cholesterol, Low HDL cholesterol and elevated Triglyceride. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbs.v20i0.17656 J. bio-sci. 20: 57-65, 2012

Three lectins designated as SLL-1, SLL-2 and SLL-3 were purified from small sized Sajna (Moringa oleifera L.) leaves by gel filtration of 100% ammonium sulfate saturated crude protein extract on Sephadex G-75 followed by ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE and affinity chromatography on Sepharose-4B. The molecular weight of the lectins SLL-1, SLL-2 and SLL-3 were 1,55,000, 1,15,000 and 85,000, respectively, as determined by gel filtration on Sephadex G-150 and 1,60,000; 1,20,000 and 85,500, respectively, by SDS-polyacrylamide slab gel electrophoresis. SLL-1 and SLL-2 are dimer in nature held together by disulfide bond (s), while SLL-3 is a monomer. The lectins agglutinated specifically rat red blood cells and the agglutination was inhibited specifically by methyl-a-D-galactopyranoside, methyl-β-D-galactopyranoside and D-galactose. The lectins SLL-1, SLL-2 and SLL-3 contain 3.9, 3.4 and 2.8% neutral sugar, respectively, and the sugar compositions were glucose for SLL-1, mannose for SLL-2 and SLL-3 contained either N-acetyl-D-glucosamine or N-acetyl-D-galactosamine or both. The lectins exhibited cytotoxicity in brine shrimp lethality bioassay.

To explore a scientific idea, this study was examined for evaluation of antimicrobial potency using root, leaf and stem of ethyl acetate and chloroform extracts of C. infortunatum (Verbenaceae) due to randomly use in traditional medicine to cure common ailments such as intestinal disorder, diarrhea, tuberculosis and respiratory problems etc.The in vitro application was carried out by using disc diffusion, micro broth dilution and serial dilution techniques against clinically important life threatening organisms.All the extracts showed significant inhibitory activity over the bacteria and fungus comparable to the standard drug tetracycline and fluconazole. The maximum average diameter zone of inhibition was recorded to bacterial strains against B. megaterium, S. typhi, K. pneumoniae and to fungi against A. niger and C. albicans. The MIC values of ethyl acetate and chloroform root extract were determined 64 µg/ml to B. subtilis, and K. pneumoniae; to S.-β-haemolyticus and S. typhi for ethyl acetate extracts, 128 µg/ml to S. aureus, and E. coli for both ethyl acetate and chloroform root extracts but only S. typhi and S.-β-haemolyticus for chloroform extract.The findings evidently appear promising antibacterial and antifungal properties of C. infortunatum against antagonistic pathogens. Leaf possess quite potent activity than root and stem specially root extractleaf extractstem extract. One of the more significant achievements of this study to follows and covers the most recent and important patents WO2009075290 (2009) which deals on yeast having immunopotentiating effect and food or feed. This study serves as basis for further research to lead compounds to be isolated so that may be as a template for the implications of these results for bioactivity and drug discovery potential of herbal products are discussed.

Three lectins have been isolated from an extract of ant egg and purified by gel filtration on Sephadex G-75 of the 100% ammonium sulfate fraction from the crude extract, followed by ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-cellulose. All the lectins were homogeneous as judged by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The molecular weights of the lectins, AEL-I, AEL-II, and AEL-III, as estimated by gel filtration, were 195,000, 105,500, and 84,000. All the lectins were found to be composed of four sub-units of unequal sizes, and are glycoproteins with a neutral sugar content of 3.0–7.5%. The lectins agglutinated rat red blood-cells; in a hapten-inhibition study, D -galactose was found to be a better inhibitor for AEL-I and AEL-II whereas D -mannose was a better inhibitor for AEL-III.

The effect of gamma radiation on the shelf life extension of Bananas was studied. Bananas were treated with three gamma radiation doses of 0.30k Gy; 0.40k Gy and 0.50k Gy for 5 mins respectively and stored in a dry place under room conditions (25±2°C/ 80± 5% RH). The physical conditions of the radiation treated and control bananas were observed at every 2 days interval for their organoleptic properties till spoilage. The control bananas ripened within 6 days while the gamma irradiated bananas ripened within 26 days, indicating that the shelf life of banana was extended by 20 days thereby delaying banana ripening. The nutrient contents as well as some important physico-chemical parameters of the irradiated Bananas and the control Bananas were analyzed quantitatively at an interval of 2-4 days throughout the experimental period. A minor decrease in the ascorbic acid content was the only adverse effects observed in irradiated bananas and no other major changes occured in nutritional and organoleptic qualities and the chemical constituents of banana is maintained. A taste-testing panel of 16 panelists determined the acceptability of the fruit. The scores given by the panelists were statistically analyzed and the treated bananas were found to be acceptable up to 26 days at room temperature whereas in the case of control the fruits were spoiled within 6 days. Thus, radiation can be used for the shelf life extension of Bananas and is not harmful to health.  Key words: Banana, gamma-irradiation, shelf life extension.  doi: 10.3329/jbs.v15i0.2202 J. bio-sci. 15: 47-53, 2007

Context: Worldwide emergence of plasmid mediated multi drug resistant bacterial strain is a growing concern, especially in hospital infections caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa . Relation of plasmid and drug resistance in clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa by curing and transformation experiments is scanty. Objectives: To isolate, purify and characterize plasmid DNA harbored in a selected Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain encoding multiple drug resistance and to perform transformation of the isolated plasmid into a sensitive strain of Escherichia coli LE 392 to judge transformation potential of the donor P. aeruginosa strain. Materials and Methods: Plasmid DNA was isolated from a multidrug-resistant (MDR) strain of P. aeruginosa obtained from swab of a hospitalized burn patient by mini-scale method. DNA was purified, quantitatively estimated and electrophoresed on 0.8% agarose gel. Transformation was done as per Cohen and co-workers using plasmid DNA isolated from MDR P. aeruginosa strain as the donor and the E. coli LE 392 strain. The presence of plasmid in transformants checked through electrophoresis and the transformants was also tested for each drug resistance already recorded for the donor strain by disc diffusion method and again confirmed by spreading its culture on the selected antibiotic plate of different concentrations. Results: A single plasmid of nearly 29.5 kb mass was isolated from MDR P. aeruginosa strain from clinical swab. This plasmid was transferred into sensitive and plasmid lacking recipient E. coli LE 392. Subsequent experiments on the transformed strain revealed that it acquired MDR and harbored a 29.5 kb plasmid which resembled to that of the donor strain proving that it encodes transferable MDR. Conclusion: The MDR P. aeruginosa strain contained a transferable plasmid conferring resistance to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, cotrimoxazole, tetracycline and ciprofloxacin. Key words: Pseudomonas aeruginosa ; Multidrug–resistance; plasmid isolation; transformation. DOI: 10.3329/jbs.v17i0.7113 J. bio-sci. 17: 95-100, 2009

A study was carried out on four papaya varieties namely, Bombai, Deshi, Shahi (Yellow) and Shahi (Red) for their physico-chemical composition grown at Rajshahi. The results showed that maximum fruit weight was observed in Bombai and lowest in Shahi (Red). It was also found that recovery of pulp, TSS and total sugar were 80.46-87.41%, 9.0-13.0% and 6.96-10.50% respectively. Key words: Papaya, physical composition and chemical composition. J. bio-sci. 14: 83-86, 2006

Serum thyroid hormone levels have been assayed to evaluate the thyroid hormonal function in Vitiligo patients of Bangladesh. The levels of TSH, T 3 and T 4 in the serum of Vitiligo patients have been analyzed in both the male and female subjects. Results of hormonal assay indicated that some hormonal changes occurred in the Vitiligo patients as compared with the healthy control. In female Vitiligo patient's, TSH level was increased remarkably as compared to the control male patients, but T 3 and T 4 became lower than the normal range whereas, in case of male patients, T 4 level was significantly higher than the T 3 and TSH level. TSH level was significantly elevated in the female patients compared with the male patients. Key words: Thyroid hormones, Vitiligo, TSH, T 3 and T 4 levels. DOI:10.3329/jbs.v16i0.3749 J. bio-sci. 16: 101-103, 2008