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Stationary clusters of vesicles are a prominent feature of axonal transport, but little is known about their physiological and functional relevance to axonal transport. We investigate the role of vesicle motility characteristics in modulating the formation and lifetimes of such stationary clusters, and their effect on cargo flow. We develop a simulation model describing key features of axonal cargo transport, benchmarking the model against experiments in the Posterior Lateral Mechanosensory (PLM) neurons of C. elegans. Our simulations include multiple microtubule tracks, varied cargo motion states and accounts for dynamic cargo-cargo interactions. Our model also incorporates static obstacles to vesicle transport in the form of microtubule ends, stalled vesicles, and stationary mitochondria. We demonstrate, both in simulations and in an experimental system, that a reduction in reversal rates is associated with a higher proportion of long-lived stationary vesicle clusters and reduced net anterograde transport. Our simulations support the view that stationary clusters function as dynamic reservoirs of cargo vesicles, and reversals aid cargo in navigating obstacles and regulate cargo transport by modulating the proportion of stationary vesicle clusters along the neuronal process.

Socioeconomic status (SES) is one of the most important determinants of family’s health as well as access to resources. It is vital to determine the SES of the participant in community-based research for documenting the incidence and prevalence of numerous health related events. The modified BG Prasad SES is one of the most widely used tool to determine the SES of rural and urban population but this scale requires regular update taking into account the inflation and deflation of value of the Rupees as this scale is based on the per capita Income of an individual. It is based on consumer price index (CPI) for industrial workers. The updated version of Modified BG Prasad for year 2022 thus presented.

Cognitive disorders are common in elderly population and are becoming an increasingly important public health problem, partly because of the rapid aging of the population. This study was conducted to find out the differences between cognitive ability between normal adults and healthy elders of north region. The mild cognitive impairment (MCI) resulting in limitations and delayed treatment of dementia, should be considered an entry point for researching recent changes in the lives of healthy elderly. In this study we have applied MoCA test on the 36 normal healthy elders belonging to high socioeconomic status and normal young adults. Results have shown that there was no significant difference amongst the young normal adults; all the participants had normal MoCA scores. The MoCA scores were significantly impaired in all the healthy elders and there was a significant difference between the normal young adults and healthy elders. Age has a significant influence on MOCA score in older adults. Hence there is a need for age specific stratification in cut-off scores.

Background: Knowledge of basic and advanced cardiac life support is of paramount significance amongst health care professionals to attain higher survival rate of patients suffering from sudden cardiac death. Objectives: To determine the awareness and knowledge for performing high quality CPR amongst junior resident doctors in a tertiary care hospital. Methods: In a prospective cross-sectional study, 220 preformed questionnaires were distributed amongst the interns, postgraduate and non-postgraduate junior resident and senior resident doctors, with a response rate of 69% (n-152). Data on the responders awareness of cardipulmonary resuscitation (CPR), core knowledge of basic life supoort (BLS) and advanced cardiac life supoort (ACLS) were collected. Data was subjected to descriptive and inferential statistical analyses using SPSS version 23.0 and was expressed as mean ± standard deviation or in percentage. A p-value ≤ 0.05 was considered as significant level. Results: Among the 152 responders, 31(20%) were interns, 74(49%) were postgraduate course junior residents (PG JR), 7(5%) were non- post-graduate course (Non-PG JR) and 40 (26%) were senior resident (SR) doctors. Only 24% (n-36) of doctors have done previous certified CPR training course. The awareness of resuscitation amongst all doctors was 71% and observed highest amongst the PG JRs 73%. The core knowledge of BLS and ACLS was only 47% and 44% respectively, amongst all doctors. Conclusion: Majority of resident doctors have limited knowledge of basic concept of BLS and ACLS guidelines. A well structured and evidence based format of CPR training should be incorporated in training modules for better outcome.

Pulmonary rehabilitation (PR) is an evidence-based intervention in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) which improves the exercise capacity and quality of life (QoL).We studied 60 patients after an episode of acute exacerbation of COPD (AECOPD). They were randomised to receive conventional treatment without pulmonary rehabilitation (CTWPR) (n=30) or, standard treatment plus a 12-week post-exacerbation pulmonary rehabilitation (PEPR) programme in addition. Assessment of exercise capacity by six minute walk test (6MWT) and QoL measured by St George's Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ) were carried out initially and at the end of three months.The baseline characteristics of both the groups were found to be similar. There was a statistically significant increase in the six minute walk distance (6MWD) (increase by 37.9 meters, p0.001) and a significant decline in the total SGRQ score (by 3.8 units p0.001) in the PEPR group compared to CTWPR group.Early pulmonary rehabilitation in patients with an AECOPD has significant benefits on the QoL and exercise capacity.

This study examines the effect of strategies adopted by Chitkara International School for the continuous improvement of online learning of kindergarten students, during the transition of classes from offline mode to online mode. The objective of this study is to increase the interest of the students in online classes, to increase the engagement of the parents in the child’s learning process, and upskilling the teachers for handling online classes during COVID-19 time. The study was conducted on 373 kindergarten students, parents, and 25 teachers of Chitkara International School. The study was conducted using pre-test/ post-test single group design. The sample was analyzed based on the qualitative and quantitative data. The findings of the study reported that there was significant improvement in the attendance of the students of the kindergarten classes, the cooperation and involvement of the parents increased, and there was a significant increase in the participation of the students in all the activities. This study was conducted with a purpose of providing quality education to students even during COVID times and all efforts were made in sync with the Sustainable Development Goal 4, which focuses on quality education.

A country like India remains far from claiming universal literacy. According to the estimate based on Census 2011 data, literacy rate in India varies from lowest in Bihar (63.8%) to highest in Kerala (93.9%). In Jharkhand, where the author is working currently, it was only 67.6% in 2011. The New Education Policy 2020 of India aims at appropriate integration of technology into all levels of education, including preparation and development of the teacher to improve teaching, and learning and evaluation processes there by enriching access of education to all citizens, especially disadvantaged groups. In this respect, flipped classroom methodology appears to be a relevant strategy to transmit the learning concepts to the learner. This study examines the effectiveness of this approach on different variables like quality of students’ learning, student engagement and retention of knowledge, students‘ performance, interaction between educators and students, its effectiveness, students’ satisfaction and attendance, experience of students, students’ perception, achievement, attitude towards society and environment, relationship among different components like teacher, taught and peer leader, and self-direction. The majority of studies advocate positive effects, whereas some stand by negative ones. A redesigned model, such as the flipped-mastery model, which can alleviate the shortcomings, can be adopted for a better effect.

A creative idea leads to innovation. Innovation brings new solutions to real-life problems. If it solves significant problems in people's life it generates revenue. Hence the innovation is a key to a country's economic growth. Our education system gives much importance to marks. Both teaching and learning are only oriented towards the examination. Our systems have rigid rules which gives less importance to personal creativity. Studies say that creativity may not be an innate trait and it can be triggered with well-defined pedagogical approaches. One such method is integrating curriculums. The interdisciplinary method of education is widely studied in various countries. It has been said that interdisciplinary education triggers the creativity of a student. (1–4) This paper reviews the method of integrating the curriculum. We propose a model for integrating the curriculum for health science students with technological advancements which can lead them to innovation.

Though Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL) approach is not new to teaching - learning process, yet there is dire need to explore different aspects of CLIL intensively for withstanding results. This paper reviews research in primary, secondary and higher education contexts from 2015 to 2020. A review of methodologies, findings, their impact on teaching - learning process and the assessment criteria used, are discussed. This paper may help to outline CLIL research in European context up till now, highlighting the gaps which need to be explored for enhancing CLIL as a second language acquisition approach through content learning.

First report on POM based hybrid i.e. Anderson cluster based solid for OER in a basic medium. Increased efficiency via assembly with acetylene black. The composite shows an overpotential of 330 mV to achieve a current density of 100 mA cm−2 with a stability of 40 h.

A rare POM cluster [NiW12O44]14− based solid was explored for OER. It acts as an efficient and highly sustained pre-catalyst in alkaline medium with an overpotential of 347 mV to achieve a current density of 10 mA cm−2 and stability up to 96 h.

India is facing learning crisis as close to 5 crore children in elementary school, lacks numeracy and literacy skills mentioned in draft NEP, 2019.ASER (2021) reported that COVID 2019 has worsen the situation , as only 10 per cent of the kids studying grade III to V in government schools can solve a subtraction problem. National Curriculum Frameworks, time to time has expressed the need to bring changes in the areas of teaching, learning and assessment for qualitative improvement in the school education system in India.If we want to bridge the learning gap, we need to provide the suitable interventions. For that purpose, we need to know where students are on the skill continuum and specifically the learning areas which need attention. Traditional pen paper test or examination is designed to test their knowledge on the bases of content, not on competence. This paper endeavors to construct standardized a simple, cost effective and easy to administer screening assessment toolkit to check the competence based numeracy skills for grade three. Final draft of the toolkit is comprised of 9 items. Reliability of the toolkit was found by test re-test method and it was .89. Content validity and construct validity of the toolkit was also established.

Assessing the learning gaps is one of the most important aspect of the teaching-learning process, as it helps to plan differential instructions to cater to the differential needs of students. Nearly five crore children in elementary schools do not have Literacy and Numeracy skills (Draft NEP,2019). Traditional paper pen tests tell us what students did not answer but do not tell specifically the learning areas which need attention. This paper endeavours to design a standardized, simple, cost-effective, and easy-to administer screening toolkit to assess all four skills, i.e. Listening, Speaking, Writing, and Reading. Items in the tool are designed after considering the expectations of academicians and practitioners in the field of English subject teaching. Then the toolkit was used in a private school as a pilot study, and after item analysis, seven tasks were chosen for the toolkit.Reliability of the toolkitwas found using the test-retest method, and it was 0.92.Content validity and construct validity of the toolkit was also established.

Developing highly competent and low-cost earth-plentiful metal-based oxygen evolution reaction (OER) electrocatalysts is critical for future electrochemical conversion technologies and renewable energy systems. Herein, two cobalt-based metal-organic frameworks (Co-MOFs), [Co6(btc)2(DMF)6(HCOO)6] (2D, MOF 1) and [Co3(CHOO)9{DMA}3] (3D, MOF 2), where btc = 1,3,5-benzenetricarboxylic acid, DMF = N,N-dimethylformamide, and DMA = dimethylamine, have been crystallized under hydrothermal conditions, from a single reaction. MOF 1 shows an extraordinary OER performance with 175 mV overpotential to attain 10 mA cm-2 current density with a low Tafel slope value of 80 mV dec-1, whereas MOF 2 achieves 10 mA cm-2 current density at 389 mV overpotential. Two different architecture-based MOFs have been synthesized from a single solution for the very first time. Also, the OER activity of MOF 1 overpowers the commercially used RuO2 and surpasses most of the reported OER electrocatalysts. Post OER characterization of MOF 1 revealed the in situ formation of Co(OH)2 and CoOOH, acting as active sites for the OER process.

The term "socioeconomic status" (SES) refers to a measurement that takes into account a family's income, level of education, and the occupation of the family's primary breadwinner. This helps to evaluate the family overall health as well as their access to resources. Kuppuswamy SES is one of the commonest scales used to determine SES of people residing in urban areas, but it requires updating because of steady inflation in the value of rupees based on change in consumer price index. The updated version of modified Kuppuswamy socioeconomic scale for the year 2022 in India is thus presented.

This paper is based on the presentation by the same name given in Lawrence, KS on December 7, 2018 as part of the Building Bridges for English Language Centers conference. The presenters were two instructors, Diane Taveggia and Parul Sood, who taught EAP courses for the first time after teaching general ESL classes for many years at the Applied English Center (AEC) at the University of Kansas (KU). The presentation focused on the skills taught in two English for Academic Purposes courses - EAP 101 taught by Parul Sood and EAP 102 taught by Diane Taveggia in the Academic Accelerator Program at KU. This paper expands upon the difference between the University’s IEP and the Academic Accelerator Program as well as the challenges of the transition experienced by the two instructors who made the leap from ESL to EAP for the first time.

Molecular motors drive the directed transport of presynaptic vesicles along the narrow axons of nerve cells. Stationary clusters of such vesicles are a prominent feature of axonal transport, but little is known about their physiological and functional relevance. Here, we develop a simulation model describing key features of axonal cargo transport with a view to addressing this question, benchmarking the model against our experiments in the touch neurons of C. elegans. Our simulations provide for multiple microtubule tracks and varied cargo motion states while also incorporating cargo-cargo interactions. Our model also incorporates obstacles to vesicle transport in the form of microtubule ends, stalled vesicles, and stationary mitochondria. We devise computational methodologies to simulate both axonal bleaching and axotomy, showing that our results reproduce the properties of both moving as well as stationary cargo in vivo. Increasing vesicle numbers leads to larger and more long-lived stationary clusters of vesicular cargo. Vesicle clusters are dynamically stable, explaining why they are ubiquitously seen. Modulating the rates of cargo motion-state switching allows cluster lifetimes and flux to be tuned both in simulations and experiments. We demonstrate, both in simulations and in an experimental system, that suppressing reversals leads to larger stationary vesicle clusters being formed while also reducing flux. Our simulation results support the view that the physiological significance of clusters is located in their role as dynamic reservoirs of cargo vesicles, capable of being released or sequestered on demand.

Steady axonal cargo flow is central to the functioning of healthy neurons. However, a substantial fraction of cargo in axons remains stationary up to several minutes. We examine the transport of precursors of synaptic vesicles (pre-SVs), endosomes and mitochondria in Caenorhabditis elegans touch receptor neurons, showing that stationary cargo are predominantly present at actin-rich regions along the neuronal process. Stationary vesicles at actin-rich regions increase the propensity of moving vesicles to stall at the same location, resulting in traffic jams arising from physical crowding. Such local traffic jams at actin-rich regions are likely to be a general feature of axonal transport since they also occur in Drosophila neurons. Repeated touch stimulation of C. elegans reduces the density of stationary pre-SVs, indicating that these traffic jams can act as both sources and sinks of vesicles. This suggests that vesicles trapped in actin-rich regions are functional reservoirs that may contribute to maintaining robust cargo flow in the neuron. A video abstract of this article can be found at: Video S1; Video S2.

Steady axonal cargo flow is central to the functioning of healthy neurons. However, a substantial fraction of cargo in axons remains stationary across a broad distribution of times. We examine the transport of pre-synaptic vesicles (pre-SVs), endosomes and mitochondria in C. elegans touch receptor neurons (TRNs), showing that stalled cargo are predominantly present at actin-rich regions along the neuronal process. Cargo stalled at actin-rich regions increase the propensity of moving cargo to stall at the same location, resulting in traffic jams. Such local traffic jams at actin-rich regions are likely to be a general feature of axonal transport since they occur in Drosophila neurons as well. These traffic jams can act as both sources and sinks of vesicles. We propose that they act as functional reservoirs that contribute to maintaining robust cargo flow in the neuron.

The goal of placement tests in language programs is to divide students into homogenous groups for the purpose of class assignment. In most intensive English language programs such as the AEC, the most typical criterion for dividing students into classes is proficiency in the target language (English). Accurate and reliable placement tests are crucial to the successful functioning of any English language program. This literature review discusses the concept of language proficiency and ways to measure it.

Security of cryptographic keys is an important issue in today's unprotected world. Most reliable solution of this problem is state of art fuzzy vault which is an application of bio-cryptosystems. These systems use biometric trait for locking and unlocking the keys. During unlocking, it is necessary to do alignment of query biometric data with enrolled biometric data because of large variation in two samples of a biometric trait of a user taken over the short span of time. Complexity of alignment is increased due to absence of original fingerprint template during alignment. That's why helper data or additional information is required for alignment. There are number of techniques developed for automatic alignment of fingerprints till now. This paper gives the review of most of those methods.

Stress in general can be defined as a state of threatened balance, equilibrium or harmony that tends to disturb the homeostasis of the body. Stress can be of many kinds viz. psychological, physiological, social, emotional, and nutritional. Albeit the distinct kinds of stress stated in the aforementioned stress list, it is hard to bring out a clear distinction between them since each stress may precede or succeed the manifestation of any other. The studies discussed in the review elucidate effects of psychological stressors (PS) on diseases such as cancer, AIDS, epidermal abnormalities, obesity, and various inflammatory diseases like colonic inflammations, Coronary Artery Disease (CAD), Coronary Heart Disease (CHD), asthma. From these studies, further attempt was made to establish the basic mechanisms which come into play during a stressor stimulus and consequently modulate the physiology of the body. In this review we have highlighted effects of PS on diseases while simultaneously building on the modes of operation of PS to alter physiology and its further implications in developing potential psychotherapeutic methods for disease treatment.