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In this study, a construction marginally found in Ancient Greek is addressed, namely the participial clause, which is a clause whose main verb is a participle. This construction displays a considerable increase in frequency in Biblical Greek (mainly between the 2nd century bce and the 2nd century ce), which is the language found in Judaeo-Christian literature and which features, in various ways and to various degrees, the influence of Semitic languages. Since the participial clause is a very common construction in these tongues, wherein it even exhibits increasing productivity and frequency at the time at issue, I suggest that the frequency increase observed in Greek should be attributed to the influence of these Semitic languages, with a crucial role played by multilingualism. The issue is addressed from the perspective of language contact, which provides the theoretical and terminological frame by which the phenomenon is individuated and defined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This article will question the conventional view according to which 1 Thess 4:13–18 shows evidence of Paul's Naherwartung. Although Paul's expectation of an imminent end is usually assumed to be the default interpretation of 1 Thess 4:15, 17, it actually rests on certain presuppositions about the Greek syntax of these verses in two respects. First, the usual interpretation assumes εἰς τὴν παρουσίαν τοῦ κυρίου as functioning a certain way, although an alternative is equally possible. Secondly, a family of related alternative interpretations understands "who are left (to the Lord's parousia)" as modifying "we, the living" in some sort of limiting way. After disentangling the proposed alternatives and evaluating the component interpretations, the article will show that there are in fact several plausible interpretations of 1 Thess 4:15, 17, of which the Naherwartung view is only one. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Non-finite verb forms are located at the boundary of the verbal paradigm. On the one hand, they are formed paradigmatically and – if they are not lexicalized – correspond semantically to the underlying verb; on the other hand, they behave syntactically like nominal forms. Their interpretation and thus their treatment in grammars and in corpus annotation differ in individual national philological traditions. In the present text, the behavior of Czech participles and verbal nouns is investigated with respect to the category of verbal aspect. On the basis of excerpts from electronic corpora (Czech National Corpus), it is shown that both participles and verbal nouns express aspectual functions. Even more, they are capable of overstepping boundaries of codification and formal description and actualizing these aspectual functions in concrete contexts. However, participles and verbal nouns do not behave in the same way, but follow certain lines, which are given by differences in codification, formal morphology and syntactic functions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aims to study the active participle in selected examples of Al-Mutanabbi's poetry. The researcher followed the descriptive analytical approach, showing the prevalence of semantic units, the relationship of words to each other, and the meaning of the word within the context. This research deals with the forms that indicate the active participle and the forms that are not in the form of the active participle but indicate what it denotes, benefiting from the explanations of the Diwan and studies that dealt with the Holy Qur'an and other classical speech. It aims to extrapolate the forms of the participle and study them semantically and rhetorically, showing their effect in Meaning, and this is done by mentioning the opinions of ancient and modern linguists about the meanings of the different forms of the active participle through selected poetic examples from Al-Mutanabbi's poetry. The importance of the research is highlighted by the fact that it studies a linguistic phenomenon that scholars talked about in the past, and which still calls for the efforts of those aspiring to explore the depths of meanings, and it clarifies the disagreement surrounding this topic, which in turn led to the difference in the opinions of linguists, ancient and modern. It unveils the efforts of ancient and modern scholars to discover the meanings of buildings in Arabic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In this paper we study a case of diachronic and diaphasic variation consisting in a subordination strategy for expressing immediate succession present in the cultivated narrative language of Classical Spanish. This strategy is based on verbal doubling (V-doubling), a pattern also found in some contemporary Atlantic creole languages. We analyze the elements that constitute this type of sequences and examine the similarities and differences between the constructions of Classical Spanish and those of the Creoles. We also compare the constructions of Classical Spanish with similar structures without V-doubling, present in all periods of Spanish, in order to detail the link of V-doubling with focalization of the end of the first event. The strategy analyzed was a transitory way to cover the absence of subordinators expressing immediate succession in an unambiguous way during the chronological period in which it existed.

In the Kuikuro language (Upper Xingu Carib), the construction tü-/ t-verb-i/-ti/-si/-stress is a reflex of the Carib proto-construction *t-V-ce, often labeled as a 'participle'. It is a morphological form composed of a prefix and a set of allomorphic suffixes that attach to transitive, intransitive, transitivized, or detransitivized verb stems. In this paper, the construction tü-/ t-verb-i/-ti/-si/-stress is described and analyzed as a resultative denoting a grammatically represented result of an event that is the background of a subsequent foregrounded event. We argue that, in Kuikuro, the participial verb inflection has aspectual value and we define the construction tü-/ t-verb-i/-ti/-si/-stress as participial resultative aspect. Unlike in English, in Kuikuro, an ergative language, the resultative participial forms of transitive and transitivized verb stems license their external arguments. A description of the morphosyntax, semantics, and uses of Kuikuro participial forms precedes a final theoretically based approach that departs from Embick's analysis of English participles. Our proposal for the analysis of the resultative participles in Kuikuro emphasizes the importance of this phenomenon for a comparison inside the Carib family and for ergative languages regarding the relationship between transitive resultative participles and ergativity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Variable use of the canonical participle for the canonical preterite is attested cross-dialectally in English. However, most variationist studies of this phenomenon focus on variability for one or a few verbs rather than the full set of verbs with canonically distinct preterites and participles. This study examines participle-for-preterite variation across this full set of verbs in Tyneside English. We find that variability is lexically and morphophonologically restricted, and overall subject to change from above toward use of the canonical preterite. At the same time, there may be a countervailing trend in which low-frequency verbs that form the participle by changing the stressed vowel to /ʌ/ are changing toward usage of the participle for the preterite. We suggest that the pattern of variation indicates that, although the canonical forms of two categories are varying, the categories themselves remain distinct in speakers' grammars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The article examines the structure, semantics, and functions of the nominativus absolutus structure, which is a predicative unit with the participial predicate having the subject of its own. The relevance of the work is explained by inconsistency in interpretation of the genesis, structural features and functions of this structure in the linguistic literature. The purpose of the article is to identify indicators of the grammatical dependence of nominativus absolutus on the verbal part, to prove its originality, to determine the dynamics of use, stylistic marking, and reasons for elimination. The article used the method of continuous sampling, descriptive, comparative historical and comparative typological methods. It has been proved that, despite the high degree of predicativity of the participle in this construction, it remains grammatically dependent on the verbal part. The markers of this dependency are revealed: the identity or co-reference of the subjects in nominativus absolutus and the verbal part; one subject denotes the whole, while the other nominates its part; the subject of one part represents a subject, while in the other part it is an object; the subject in nominativus absolutus possesses the item nominated in the verbal part. The constructive variety of the analyzed clause is investigated, the types of semantic relations between the subject in nominativus absolutus and the main part are characterized. The application of quantitative data analysis has enabled the author to study the dynamics of nominativus absolutus functioning in the written records of the 11 th – 17 th centuries, taking into account the development of the simple sentence structure and the category of a subordinate clause. The reasons for nominativus absolutus elimination are determined.

In language, which is the means of communication and self-expression, the main element of the sentence is the predicate that expresses judgment. Even if the place of the predicate in the sentence changes, its feature of being the main element does not change. In the sentence, elements such as subject, object, place complement, and adverb complement complete the meaning of the predicate from various aspects. Among these elements that complete the basic predicate, there may be phrases that are considered subordinate clauses. The way these groups of words, that is, subordinate clauses, are connected to the main sentence differs among the languages of the world. In Turkish, subordinate clauses are usually connected to the main sentence with noun verbs, participles, and gerunds. As a result of the communication and interaction with different languages in the deep history of Turkish, it is seen that the sentence-linking forms available in Indo-European languages are also copied. In these sentences, in which various prepositions are used as a connector, the place of the Turkish basic sentence predicate, which is usually at the end, can also change. Such sentences, in which the predicate of the main sentence is at the beginning, in the middle or at the end, appear in various historical written languages of the Turkish language and in contemporary written and spoken languages, as well as in Kipchak Turkish with Armenian Letter texts. The Kipchak Turkish with Armenian Letter texts contain significant original language material in terms of phonetic, morphological, lexical, semantic as well as syntactic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes the emergence of functional variation of language in the early stages of the old Baltic languages as a part of the ongoing research of functional variation of the DFG-funded project CRC 1412 "Register". It will be described how language usage varies according to the communicative goals and function of a text and shown that texts with two different functions can be found in the postils that were used in the Christianization process of the Baltic countries in the 16th and 17th century. Using the "Lang=gewünschte Lettische Postil" of Georg Mancelius, it will be shown that functionally motivated variation in the usage of the perfect and in the usage of forms of the preterit active participle without an auxiliary in subordinate sentences can be found in the Old Latvian language. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Internet is a source of quantitative information for quantitative morphological research. This article introduces the possibilities for using the National Corpus of the Russian Language to define the quantitative indicators of Russian participles. This approach made it possible to correlate the frequency and patterns of participles based on the search options provided by the Corpus. The research featured participial contexts extracted by continuous sampling from Russian fiction. The methodology included the quantitative-morphological analysis, comparative-comparative method, and descriptive-analytical method. Internet search proved to be a reliable source of linguistic material suitable for identifying the usage frequency of a certain participial form and its speech patterns. The method may be used to profile participial patterns in fiction texts.

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Copyright of Adab Al-Kufa is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Not only are the systemic differences of these two languages decisive, but also the ways of using language conditions in actual speech use are different. The present participle in German serves as a substitute for relative clauses, and when used as an attribute, it gets the number and gender from the noun it refers to. It also changes according to the adjective declension, so a noun can be easily made from it. The perfect participle in German serves to build complex past verb tenses and passives, and can have both adverbial and adjectival uses. Participles in the Serbian language are verbal adverbs and verbal adjectives. The structure and use of the perfect participle is not a problem for those who learn German, because the participle in the Serbian language is built on a similar grammatical principle. The passive is very rarely used in the Serbian language, so the German passive in the Serbian language corresponds to impersonal reflexive structures, reflexive passive, passive-participle or active. That is why special attention is paid to the passive forms in the German language. In the process of translation, it is important to remain consistent with the structure of the original text and not to deviate much. In fact, with the help of various literary analyses and reviews, translators can overcome many challenges. It is important to firstly interpret what the poet wanted to say and only then approach a certain translation task.

‘Participle I’ often displaces masculine nomina agentis, especially because it can be used neutrally without indicating gender. A more precise analysis of such substitutions in their contexts makes clear that the grammatically based difference is still effective even in lexicalised forms. Opportunities to find gender-neutral language therefore requires the pragmatics of the description of language in authentic texts which are always formulated in special situations.

إن الاختلافَ القالبي في صِيغ المادَّة الواحِدة راجعٌ إلى تَعدُّد ضروبِ معانيها المتنوِّعة، ومن هذه الصيغ اسم الفاعل، فهو يدل على الذات والحدث، بينما يدل الفعل على الزمن والحدث، كما أن اسم الفاعل يدل على ثبوت الوصف في الزمن الماضي واستمراره، بخلاف الفعل الماضي الذي يدل على وقوع الفعل في الزمان الماضي لا على ثبوته واستمراره، ، وعلى سبيل المثال للتبادل بين صيغة (فاعل) مع غيرها: التبادل بين اسم الفاعل على صيغة (فاعِل) و (فَعِل)، فهما صيغتان تتشابهان من عدة جوانب، فصيغة (فَعِل) تكون اسما كقولهم: كَتِف و كَبِد، وتكون صفة كقولهم: حَذِر ووَجِع، و(فاعل) أيضا تكون اسمًا كقولهم: كاهِل وغارِب، وتكون صفة كذلك كقولهم: ضارب و كاتب وغيرها. وعندهم أنَّ عنصرًا لُغويًّا مثل (عالم) يختلف دَلاليًّا عن عنصرٍ مثل (علام)، وهُما بدورهما مختلفانِ عن عنصرٍ مثل(عليم)، و(معلوم)، وغيرها. إن القراءات القرآنية المتضمنة اختلافات صرفية قد تؤدي إلى تغير في المعنى من قراءة لأخرى، مع ملاحظة أن هذا الاختلاف في المعنى ليس خلاف تناقض، وإنما خلاف تنوع في الفهم أو المعنى بما يزيد من وضوح المراد وتأكيده. Abstract The modal difference in the formulas of the same word is due to the multiplicity of its various meanings, and among these formulas is the Participle. It indicates the subject and the event while the verb indicates the time and the event. Moreover, the Participle indicates the persistence of the description in the past tense and its continuity, unlike the past verb, which indicates the occurrence of the verb in the past tense, not its persistence and continuity. For example, to exchange between the form fa’el with another: the exchange between the Participle on the form fa’el and fae’l, they are similar in many aspects. The form fae’l can be a noun as they say: shoulder (Katef) and liver (Kabed), and an adjective as they say: aware (Ḥadhr) and agonized (Waje’). The form fa’el also can be a noun as they say: nape (Kaḥil) and ridge (Gharib), and an adjective as they say: hitter (Ḍarib), writer (Kattib) and others. According to them, a linguistic element such as Scholar (‘Alim) is semantically different from an element such as Expert (‘Allam), and they, in turn, are different from an element such as learned (‘Alim), known (Ma’loum), and others. The Qur’anic readings that include morphological differences may lead to a change in meaning from one reading to another, noting that this difference in meaning is not a contradiction, but rather a difference in understanding or meaning, which increases the clarity and confirmation of the intended.

In the Kuikuro language (Upper Xingu Carib), the construction tü-/ t-verb-i/-ti/-si/-stress is a reflex of the Carib proto-construction *t-V-ce, often labeled as a ‘participle’. It is a morphological form composed of a prefix and a set of allomorphic suffixes that attach to transitive, intransitive, transitivized, or detransitivized verb stems. In this paper, the construction tü-/ t-verb-i/-ti/-si/-stress is described and analyzed as a resultative denoting a grammatically represented result of an event that is the background of a subsequent foregrounded event. We argue that, in Kuikuro, the participial verb inflection has aspectual value and we define the construction tü-/ t-verb-i/-ti/-si/-stress as participial resultative aspect. Unlike in English, in Kuikuro, an ergative language, the resultative participial forms of transitive and transitivized verb stems license their external arguments. A description of the morphosyntax, semantics, and uses of Kuikuro participial forms precedes a final theoretically based approach that departs from Embick’s analysis of English participles. Our proposal for the analysis of the resultative participles in Kuikuro emphasizes the importance of this phenomenon for a comparison inside the Carib family and for ergative languages regarding the relationship between transitive resultative participles and ergativity.

Present- and past perfect paradigms are commonly thought of as having the perfect aspect. Examining the concept of tense and aspect along with their definitions, the present study argues that what is often referred to as the perfect aspect in Persian is essentially a temporal concept. Taking into consideration the reference-, event-, and speech points, the study shows that the reference point comes necessarily after the event point in the case of the present- and the past perfect as well as their variants. In other words, this indicates the continuing relevance of a previous situation. Since this concept does not entail the completeness of the event, referring to it as “perfect” would be inaccurate. For this reason, the present study proposes the term the anterior tense as a substitute for the perfect aspect. The authors emphasize the significance of the reference situation in determination of grammatical tenses by referring to the function of temporal adverbs and participles. Participles, as independent words, are present in the structures of deverbal adjectives, perfect verbs, passive verbs, complex predicates, and attributive expressions. In all these functions, the morpheme of “-te/-de” represents the anterior tense. Reexamining the previous approaches, the present study reveals that tense, in addition to representing the reference and speech situations in the form of the trichotomy of present/past/future, represents the reference and event situations as well. In other words, tense of a verb encompasses both the trichotomy of past/present/future and the dichotomy of anterior/non-anterior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The aim of the present study is to examine the way of syntax of the consecutive clauses with infinitive and participle in Greek non-literary papyri of the Imperial and the early Arabic Period. The article presents the frequency with which the two verb forms appear in the papyrus documents from 31 B.C. up to the 8th c. A.D. and highlights the frequent use of the infinitive structure as opposed to the use of the participle structure, which occurs much more rarely. At the same time, stereotypical expressions are presented, which are expressed with consecutive clauses and appear mainly in legal documents. The examples were taken from a body of approximately 55,000 non-literary papyrus texts and 15,000 ostraca from the Duke Databank of Documentary Papyri (DDdDP) online database, checked against their printed publications to avoid possible mistakes.

The study focuses on current problems associated with the evolution of absolute participial construction and its linguistic status in the French language. It has been established that, borrowed from classical Latin, the absolute construction with an ablative was accepted to the Old French language, presumably in the 13 th –14 th centuries thanks to translations from the Latin language. Widely used in literature, the construction caused disputes among grammarians and only at the beginning of the 20 th century it was recognized as normative. In the second part of the article, a review of the Russian and foreign scientific literature is made, the most controversial issues and the author’s own position based on corpus data are formulated. The properties inherent in all types of absolute participial constructions are determined: binarity, semantic duality, expression of predominantly temporary, causal meaning or value of an accompanying action, mobility, syntactic optionality in relation to a matrix sentence, the possibility of functioning only as part of a complex sentence. It was revealed that this construction is an economical formal way of expressing a proposition based on a secondary predicative connection. The features of constructions with present participles, past participles and complex past participles are analyzed. The conclusion is made about the need for a differentiated approach to the analysis of these types of absolute structures. The prospect of further studies of linguistic structures is shown.

AbstractIn addition to grammatical and intrinsic aspects, aspectual readings may also arise from other factors like tense. Past Participles (PP) consist of the root of the verb and the suffix “-de/-te”. The suffix represents the anterior tense, which is the common semantic-grammatical core function found in all paradigms containing PP. Historical studies, on the other hand, show that PPs are originally made up of transitive verbs and their function has been to remove the subject from the argument structure of the verb and serve as the foreground of the object instead. They are well-known as “sefat maf’uli” (lit. accusative adjectives) and this arises from the fact that they participate in passive constructions and merely refer to the object of the underlying transitive verbs in some of their functions. The omission of the subject has made the transitive verbs similar to un-accusative ones in terms of their argument structure. For this reason, in addition to transitive verbs, PPs are derived from un-accusative verbs and analogically from the un-ergative ones. Removing the subject has another consequence too: The interaction of the anterior tense and subject omission has subsequently created an aspectual interpretation called “established stative”. There are two reasons why we consider this aspectual concept to be the fruit of the aforementioned features: First, when the underlying verb represents an event, creating an established stative interpretation requires the event to have taken place and secondly, in the absence of the subject, the actionality of the event decreases and subsequently makes the underlying verb (of any kind) stative because there is no actor left to do an action. In this way, the impossibility of deriving PPs from the verbs with the intrinsic aspects of “permanent inherent state” and “point state” can also be explained.Keywords: Participle, Past Participle (PP), Aspect, Tense, Anterior Tense, Established Stative Aspect Introduction Although no independent research has been done on the aspectual and temporal implications of the PPs, some evidence can be used to find out the ideas in this regard. For example, it can be inferred that some consider PPs to bear past tense and in the same vein, such chains as “rafte?ast/bašad” (“has gone”) are considered as the past tense despite the fact that the auxiliaries are inflected in the present tense. However, by considering the tense of the auxiliary verb on the one hand and the morpheme“-te,/de” as the marker of perfect aspect on the other hand, others call these paradigms perfect and subjunctive perfect, respectively. Although neither of these two perspectives is preferred in the overview, it at least reinforces the need to consider the simultaneous role of both the PP and the semantic/grammatical content of the auxiliary verb. It is the case that the contribution of the intrinsic aspect of underlying verbs to PPs has not been considered, too. The authors believe that it is possible to achieve a more comprehensive view by paying attention to the common role of PPs in all their functions and the intrinsic aspect of the underlying verbs PPs are derived from. With these prefaces, the present article addressed the following questions:1- What are the temporal or aspectual functions of the PPs in Persian regardless of the intrinsic aspect of their underlying verbs?2- What are the effects of the intrinsic aspect of the underlying verb on the temporal and aspectual outcomes of PPs?3- How do we infer that objective/accusative reading from the PPs consists of transitive underlying verbs? Materials and MethodsTo answer the aforementioned questions, we discussed various topics from the historical background of the PPs in Persian to their status in terms of tense, aspect, and intrinsic aspect of the underlying verb and their interaction. In accordance with each discussion, we also referred to previous studies and views in these regards. Discussion of Results and ConclusionsAccording to Wegner (2019), the PP is obtained through the process of derivation from the verb with the function of deverbal adjective; however, through grammaticalization, it has been inserted into various verbal paradigms as a predicate, albeit by preserving its derivational features. It should be noted that in many Indo-European languages, including Persian, both functions are still active. Certainly, some of the characteristics of adjectival ancestors are still preserved in their predicate functions, but the effects arising from grammaticalization have made some believe that PPs represent the past tense, while others recognize them as the constructions bearing a perfect or perfective aspect. The complexity of the argument is doubled when we know that some consider the “perfect/perfective” aspect as a temporal one, not an aspectual concept (cf. Taleghani, 2008; Eslami, 2019).Considering the dual division of grammatical aspect into perfective and imperfective aspects with continuous and habitual subsets, it is obvious that perfect structures may sometimes be inperfective and sometimes perfective depending on the case. In other words, these constructions can be either accompanied by the prefix “mi-“ as an imperfective marker (i.e., “have been PP”) or represented without “mi-“ (i.e., “have PP”). Thus, what makes this construction distinct from imperfect paradigms, such as the simple past, is not a grammatical aspect.Examining the intrinsic aspect of the underlying predicates of PPs in Persian also confirmed that PPs are made for all other predicates, except for “permanent inherent states” and “point states”. It is thus logical to take for granted that different verbs, including any intrinsic aspects, during derivation to PPs accept a single secondary derivational aspect that allows them to bear the same functions. Of course, this does not mean removing the effect of the intrinsic aspect of the underlying verbs; otherwise, there would be no restrictions on the two above-mentioned subsets. This secondary derivational aspect is derived from the morpheme “-te/-de”, the main function of which is to represent the anterior tense. Its secondary and subsidiary responsibility is to represent a kind of aspect, namely “established stative”. Anterior tense indicates the precedence of the R(eference) point over the E(vent) point. It can in turn bring about the basis for creating the established stative aspect. Definitely, the established stative aspect returns the intrinsic aspect of the underlying verb (of any kinds) to the stative one and since the underlying predicate represents an event, its establishment is a vital necessity to obtain the stative reading from PP as the consequence of the occurrence of the event. In other words, the occurrence of the event precedes its following state as the result. Thus, the omissions of the subject from the argument structure and the anterior tense together give rise to the secondary aspect, i.e., established stative.This concept explains all the aspectual implications of the paradigms known as “present perfect” like experiential reading, resultative interpretation, recency (recent past), and so on. In addition, it justifies the constraint on deriving PPs from the predicates of “permanent inherent states” and “point states”. Established stative means the stateness arisen from the occurrence of an event and it is certainly in conflict with an eternal and pre-existing state. Point states also fade as soon as they occur and it is impossible to speak of the continuation of the situation resulting from them.Examining the effect of the intrinsic aspect of the underlying verbs on the derivational secondary aspect of PPs as established stative and their interaction also allowed us to explain the concept of “perfectness”, which had been mistakenly considered a kind of grammatical aspect by some others. In fact, the perfectness of the event is only arisen as the semantic implication of the PPs when, due to the intrinsic aspect of the underlying verb, the state resulting from the occurrence of the event is simple, explicit, and obvious.

This study addresses categorization issues related to adjective candidates in Estonian, focusing on the category of participles. The aim of the analysis was to assess the ranges of the prototypical adjective and to determine its degree of deviation on the prototypicality scale. The investigation was based on a group of validated adjectives – selected adjectives included in the Basic Estonian Dic­tionary – and two control groups of more and less lexicalized participles. We tested seven morphosyntactic corpus patterns characteristic of adjectives. The test patterns were based on the prototypical features of the adjective, as well as on observations made in the actual lexicographic analysis. To assess the sam­ple words and determine the significance of the test patterns from the point of view of defining adjectivity, we used deviation analysis. The results of this study can be applied to establish a measure of adjectivity for lexicographic judgments when distinguishing, for instance, lexicalized participles from regular ones.

Non-finite verbs in Turkic are typically categorised as participles, converbs, and sometimes infinitives, with multiple uses of a form within one category considered to constitute multiple functions. This multifunctionality approach predicts that all non-finite verb forms within each of the categories should have the same range of syntactic functions. We show that this is not the case. Based on analysis of a representative set of Turkic languages (Kazakh, Kyrgyz, Sakha, Tatar, Turkish, and Tuvan), we propose a categorisation based on morphological and syntactic properties of non-finite verbs, resulting in four categories: verbal nouns, verbal adjectives, verbal adverbs, and infinitives. Under this approach, forms that are typically labelled as participles end up categorised as verbal nouns, verbal adjectives, or both, and forms that are typically labelled as converbs end up categorised as verbal adverbs, infinitives, or both. Some forms even span these two divisions. When a non-finite verb form appears to exist in multiple categories, we consider this to be a case of syncretism; this is, there is a member of one category that has the same form as a member of another category. We propose historical trajectories that may have led to the types of situations that are attested, examine the limitations of this approach, and discuss its wider implications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The grammatical and lexical peculiarities of the English verbs are the subject of the numerous scientific theoretical, practical, historical works touch upon the grammatical structure of the English language. However, in modern science the existed divergence of the opinions due to this problem, and also an assemblage of the new facts, new approaches and new methods of analysis predetermine a constant necessity and possibility of the further investigations, and that defines the actuality of our scientific research. A study of the structural-semantic features of the verbs, a formulization of the peculiarities of its using depending from its semantic meaning, an emphasizing of transformation, which are done during the translation of the analyzed verbs are the aims of our investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This contribution addresses a set of phenomena attested in the dialects spoken in Piedmont, including Franco-Provençal and Occitan varieties, and in West Liguria, concerning the interaction between subject and object clitics. Complementarily to these phenomena, we find the interplay between the realization of the 3rd person clitic and the auxiliary. More specifically, we will investigate the object-for-subject mechanism in the Piedmontese and Franco-Provençal dialects, the one of subject-with-object in some Franco-Provençal dialects and their possible interaction with the auxiliary. In some Piedmontese dialects, the alternation between be and have affects the distribution of subject and object clitics; in particular, the 3rd person clitic can occur in all persons, where it can be ambiguous between the subject or the object reading. The relation between the verb and the realization of its argumental clitics, and the interaction between auxiliaries and clitics are the main topics of this work. Our approach relies on the idea that clitics are the realization of φ-features associated with v and T and that auxiliaries are not functional elements but verbs with lexical properties. The theoretical frame we follow is the formulation recently proposed by Chomsky, based on the operation Merge and the Labeling Algorithm, leading to a more appropriate conceptualization of morpho-syntactic structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A participle is a special form of a verb in which verb grammatical features are conjugated with adjectival ones. This is manifested both at the level of categorical meaning, and at the level of grammatical categories and syntactic functions. The participle is a verb form located on the periphery of the verb system, so verbal grammatical categories often manifest themselves in a flawed form. Due to this hybridity, syncretism, participles are subjected to changes in the process of historical development. This determines the relevance of the study, identifying the reasons for a dynamic development of the participle system, determining current trends in their functioning. In the course of the research methods of observation, description, functional and semantic analysis, quantitative methodology were used to assess the dynamics of functioning of future participlesin the process of historical development. As sources of language material we used Russian writers' works selected from the National Corpus of the Russian Language. On the basis of the research, it was found out that the system of participles underwent significant transformations during the period from the Old Russian language to the modern one. This is manifested in significant grammaticalization processes that led to the restructuring of the verb system and the temporal and collateral verb paradigm. It is revealed that in the modern Russian language participles remain an unstable form, which is manifested in the processes of transformation of verbal grammatical categories in participles, leading to their transition to the system of adjectives. The study of the language material allowed us to establish a wide range of gradual transitions from participles to adjectives. We analyzed the reasons for the activation of future participles in modern publicistic and artistic texts, the dynamics of their functioning from the XIX century to the present, the possibilities of participles in overcoming paradigmatic limitations in the process of functioning in the text.

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Copyright of Linguistische Treffen in Wrocław is the property of Oficyna Wydawnicza ATUT and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper examines the Syriac grammatical tradition within the framework of “Greek extended grammar”. A first section analyses the evolution of the system of parts of speech, which evolved, between the 6th and 13th centuries, from a Syriac translation of the Technè grammatikè of (Pseudo) Dionysius Thrax. A second section focuses on the category of participle and its treatment by the various Syriac grammarians. The article shows how, in Syriac grammars, the notion of participle does not apply to a morphological category, but rather to a syntactic structure.

While in Modern Italian, V1 is mandatory in absolute constructions, no such restriction is operative in Old Italian. On the surface, such a fact could be interpreted as a sign of residual V-to-Comp movement in Modern Italian. However, it is not: In Old Italian, participles targeted a position lower than Comp and, hence, the V1 pattern of Modern Italian is an innovation rather than a residue from the earlier stage. The difference between the two grammars lies in the interaction of independent properties of Old Italian and Modern Italian: First, in Old Italian, two arguments can be case licensed because of the presence of a Tense Phrase in the participle clause. In Modern Italian, where no Tense Phrase is projected, nominative can only be licensed by focus as an instance of default case assignment. Second, a general change relating to information structure has as its consequence that a focused argument is realized post-verbally in Modern Italian, which explains the obligatory V1 pattern.

The paper discusses two elliptical constructions introduced by subordinators of reason. These structures lack some of the main sentential elements, which is why it is difficult to consider them complete subordinate reason clauses as they are usually translated into the Bosnian language. Therefore, while at the same time analyzing the examples of these constructions in the French language, the author is also considering their translation equivalents in Bosnian, proposing a possibility of resorting to more precise translation equivalents in terms of the elliptical structure parce que / puisque + attribut.

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This paper examines constructions formed by the verb need taking a passivized complement. While previous dialectological, sociolinguistic, and micro-syntactic analyses have focused primarily on the past-participle complement (need +ED) as a regional syntactic variable, this study expands the purview of need -passives to examine gerund-participle (need +ING) and infinitival (need +TO) complements. It also looks beyond purported need +ED regions to examine need -passive variation in Englishes spoken around the world. Data from Twitter confirm previous findings that need +ED is a productive feature of the US Midland, Scotland, Northern Ireland, and Tyneside, England. However, tweets also show that need +ING is produced disproportionately frequently in England and Wales. These results reveal a more complex pattern of need -passive variation in global Englishes than has previously been reported. Additionally, a transitive construction formed with need as a matrix verb is examined and found to co-vary regionally with need +ING. Syntactic analyses of tweets reveal similarities in the ways that need +ED and need +ING vary with need +TO. These findings lead to a proposed syntactic analysis that need +ED and need +ING share the same derivational structure. More generally, the work argues for greater attention in linguistic research to low-frequency features. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Until recently, the full form of the n-/t-participle was tagged in the Czech National Corpus as a common adjective. Only with the new corpus SYN2020 a special tag was introduced. This allows for research the role of both the short and the full form of the n-/t-participle with resultatives in written Standard Czech texts. The results show that the full form of the participle has in most contexts a significantly higher frequency than the short form. The only excerptions are subject and object resultatives without subject (Je zataženo / Je otevřeno) and possessive resultatives without object (Mají zavřeno), both with the participle in the neuter singular form. In these cases the full forms seldom occur in actual written Czech texts. The use of the new tag in other corpora than SYN2020 will allow for better research of full forms of the n-/t-participle in Czech, not only in resultative constructions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The grammatical aspect of translation, which involves the reproduction of the formal side of the original, is currently a pressing problem in translation studies, as the translation analysis of the text is impossible without taking into account the purely linguistic component. Non-finite forms of the verb are very widely used in English. The participle occupies the main place. The objective of the article is to analyze the usage and ways of participle rendering into Ukrainian and to analyze the application of grammatical transformations in participle translating process based on the novel “Ivanhoe” by Walter Scott. The participle is a non-finite form of a verb that has the properties of a verb, an adjective, and an adverb. There is no clear equivalent to the English participle in the Ukrainian language. The participle has the properties not only of a verb, but also of an adjective and an adverb. These properties determine the functions that it can perform in a sentence: an attribute and an adverbial modifier. In his novel “Ivanhoe”, Walter Scott did not miss any possible form of the participle in the passive or active voices, which perform various functions in the sentence. Most often the participle was used in the function of attribute, much less often – in the function of adverbial modifier. For many years, prominent scholars, both Ukrainian and Russian, have been systematizing the correctness of the translation of English participle into Ukrainian. Depending on the form, a participle can be translated into Ukrainian by an adjective, noun, participle, adverb, adverbial participle or predicate of a subordinate sentence. The translation of English participle into Ukrainian sometimes causes certain difficulties. Certain difficulties for translation, for example, pose some combinations of a noun and a participle in English, which do not correspond to the norms of compatibility in the Ukrainian language and are therefore rendered by other lexical and grammatical means. One of the techniques that helps a translator is transformation. Since the adjective is a grammatical category, the following grammatical transformations are used in its translation into Ukrainian: compensation, replacement, integration (outer and inner), partitioning (outer and inner). The translation made by I. Bazylianska is colorful and full of all possible grammatical transformations. The author of the translation took advantage of all possible transformations and thus gave the translation accuracy and thus made it more comprehensible to the Ukrainian reader

The participles of compound tenses have been the subject of special treatment among grammarians of Romance languages since the Renaissance. Such forms raise a fairly specific issue since their properties do not appear to be compatible with the class of participles as the Latin tradition defines it. Some suggest recategorizing these words by giving them a new designation or assigning them to a new class with more suitable properties. This study brings together a series of texts (15th-18th centuries) in which theoretical options are proposed, and it highlights the importance of recategorization for dealing with data that challenge the Latin descriptive model. Furthermore, the recurrence and commensurability of theoretical solutions in various traditions show the interest of going beyond the framework of national histories.

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The aspectual and temporal value of the verb is one of the most discussed problems in Semitic linguistics. Nonetheless, in the field of North African Arabic dialectology this subject has not received its due attention, and compared to other Arabic dialects, it remains terra incognita. The present article explores strategies by which spoken varieties of Tunisian Arabic express tense and aspect. The core data examined in this study comes from an endangered dialect spoken by the Jews of Gabes (southern Tunisia). Comparative material includes an array of examples from both Jewish and Muslim varieties. I reconstruct the origin of the preverbal particles and auxiliaries in Tunisian Arabic, and argue that, in contradistinction to Moroccan Arabic, the ka - particle in Jewish Gabes does not originate in kān. I present evidence that the active participle in Jewish and Muslim varieties has divergent functional distribution, which suggests a Northwest Semitic substrate in Judeo-Arabic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article deals with the preparation of foreign students for RFL level B2 in order to form their communicative abilities in all spheres of communication. Attention to this issue is justified by the need to increase the productivity of studying Russian as a foreign language for bachelor’s degree, master’s degree, and even for admission to graduate school in the Humanities, engineering and natural sciences.

This article analyses Biblical Aramaic (BA) performatives within a prototype approach. The authors demonstrate that BA performatives largely comply with the crosslinguistic prototype and its grammatical and extra-grammatical features. Crucially, although the two 'tenses' used, Suffix Conjugation (SC) and Active Participle (AP), exhibit similar frequency in performatives, they differ in distribution: the performative SC is more conventionalised/archaic/typical of Ezra while the performative AP is more productive/innovative/typical of Daniel. These differences reflect the gradual replacement of SC by AP in performatives due to the profound advancement of the two 'tenses' along their respective grammaticalisation paths: the resultative and imperfective paths. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In addition to grammatical and intrinsic aspects, aspectual readings may also arise from other factors like tense. Past Participles (PP) consist of the root of the verb and the suffix “-de/-te”. The suffix represents the anterior tense, which is the common semantic-grammatical core function found in all paradigms containing PP. Historical studies, on the other hand, show that PPs are originally made up of transitive verbs and their function has been to remove the subject from the argument structure of the verb and serve as the foreground of the object instead. They are well-known as “sefat maf’uli” (lit. accusative adjectives) and this arises from the fact that they participate in passive constructions and merely refer to the object of the underlying transitive verbs in some of their functions. The omission of the subject has made the transitive verbs similar to un-accusative ones in terms of their argument structure. For this reason, in addition to transitive verbs, PPs are derived from un-accusative verbs and analogically from the un-ergative ones. Removing the subject has another consequence too: The interaction of the anterior tense and subject omission has subsequently created an aspectual interpretation called “established stative”. There are two reasons why we consider this aspectual concept to be the fruit of the aforementioned features: First, when the underlying verb represents an event, creating an established stative interpretation requires the event to have taken place and secondly, in the absence of the subject, the actionality of the event decreases and subsequently makes the underlying verb (of any kind) stative because there is no actor left to do an action. In this way, the impossibility of deriving PPs from the verbs with the intrinsic aspects of “permanent inherent state” and “point state” can also be explained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relation between auxiliaries and argumental properties of the lexical verbs is the question raised by the facts we will investigate. Other issues are posed by the role and the behavior of deictic clitic pronouns in different contexts and in the clitic string. The data examined in this contribution come mainly from the Franco-Provençal dialects spoken in the villages of Celle San Vito and Faeto in North Apulia; these dialects are the heritage linguistic use of ancient minorities dating back to the thirteenth century. We will briefly compare these data with the related data of the Franco-Provençal varieties of West Piedmont. The analysis we propose relies on the idea that auxiliary verbs are not functional elements but preserve their lexical properties, as shown by the identic syntactic behavior of be in its different occurrences. The theoretical frame we follow is the formulation proposed in Chomsky (2020a, b), based on the merge operation and the Labeling Algorithm, leading to a more appropriate treatment of “head movement” and agreeing syntactic structures.