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Public participation GIS surveys use both random and volunteer sampling to recruit people to participate in a self-administered mapping exercise online. In random sampling designs, the participation rate is known to be relatively low and biased to specific segments (e.g. middle-aged, educated men). Volunteer sampling provides the opportunity to reach a large crowd at reasonable costs but generally suffers from unknown sampling biases and lower data quality. The low participation rates and the quality of mapping question the validity and generalizability of the results, limiting their use as a democratic tool for enhancing participation in spatial planning. We therefore asked: How can we increase participation in online environmental PPGIS surveys? Is it worth the time and costs? We reviewed environmentally related online PPGIS surveys (n = 26) and analyzed the sampling biases and recruitment strategies utilized in a large-scale online PPGIS platform in coastal areas of northern Norway via both random (16,978 invited participants) and volunteer sampling. We found that the time, effort, and costs required to increase participation rates yielded meager results. We discuss the time and cost efficiency of different recruitment methods and the implications of participation levels despite the recruitment methods used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reverse auctions are often recognized as a tool that can cost-effectively allocate agri-environmental program funds to support environmentally-beneficial land management practices. However, transaction costs can limit participation in auctions which limits their cost-effectiveness. We use a laboratory experiment to examine how various levels of transaction costs influence participation and bidding behavior in discriminatory-price reverse auctions in low and high budget scenarios. Our experimental results show that transaction costs limit auction participation, increase bid amounts, and reduce cost-effectiveness. The negative effect of transaction costs on participation is particularly large when the budget level is low. Using the results of our experiment, we design a simulation to investigate whether reducing transaction costs via subsidies could increase program cost-effectiveness under various conditions. We find that transaction cost subsidies increase auction cost-effectiveness; however, our study raises new questions about how these subsidies are designed and the implications for the overall costs and benefits of efforts to reduce transaction costs in reverse auctions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

National screening programs for gastric, colorectal, lung, breast, and cervical cancers are offered in Japan. The initial introduction of cancer screening programs was decided based on experts' opinions. Since 2003, the research groups funded by the National Cancer Center have published screening guidelines for gastric, colorectal, lung, prostate, cervical, and breast cancers. Although such guidelines have increasingly contributed to promoting evidence-based screening, it is still insufficient. Cancer screenings have mainly been provided in communities and workplaces. Compared with the average of OECD countries, participation rates in breast and cervical cancer screening are lower. Participation rates cannot be accurately calculated due to a lack of comprehensive cancer screening registries at the national level. Alternatively, estimates are derived from questionnaire surveys conducted on randomly selected samples from the national population. The quality assurance system has been limited to community-based screening and was not adapted to workplace screening until 2018. While there is a long history of cancer screening, the complex program delivery system might be a barrier to increasing the participation rate. Continued efforts are necessary to offer evidence-based cancer screening and establish an effective quality assurance system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Polish Journal of Management Studies is the property of Czestochowa University of Technology, Faculty of Management and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Aim: This study describes the study design, study participants, participation rate and underreporting in the Danish National Surveys of Diet and Physical Activity (DANSDA) from 1995 to 2011–2013. Methods: DANSDA are government-funded surveys of food and nutrient intake, physical activity and lifestyle, undertaken to support nutritional policy, risk assessment and public health research. The surveys are cross-sectional based on primarily simple random samples (ages 1–80 years in 1995, 4–75 years in 2000–2013) drawn from the Danish Civil Registration System. Approximately 4800 individuals in 1995, 8200 in 2000–2002, 8400 in 2003–2008 and 7300 in 2011–2013 were invited to participate. Participants completed a seven-day food diary, a physical activity questionnaire (2000–2008), a step diary (2011–2013) and a face-to-face interview. Self-reported anthropometrics (1995–2013) were supplemented with device-based measures (2011–2013). Pedometers were included in 2011–2013. Results: The number of participants included per survey round was 3100-4400. Participant rates decreased from 66% (1995) to 54% (2011–2013). Non-participation was primarily refusal. Ages 18–30 years, 61–75 years (2000–2013), 61–80 years (1995) and low educated and individuals living alone were underrepresented. Underreporting of energy intake among adults ranged from 14% (1995) to 26% (2008). Conclusions: The methods in DANSDA have been developed to include device-based measures on physical activity and anthropometrics. This has improved the applicability of the results of the survey. The participation rate has fallen, which has affected sample representativity, and underreporting has increased. Future DANSDA surveys should explore and consider new initiatives to counteract non-response and underreporting, with the aim of enhancing data representativeness and applicability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In Isfahan, the fecal immunochemical test (FIT) has been used since January 2016 as part of the Iran's Package of Essential Non-communicable Diseases (IraPEN) program for colorectal cancer (CRC) screening. The test is recommended for people who are 50-70 years old. Then, those with positive results would be referred for colonoscopy. This study aims to describe the uptake of the program and its outcome. Methods: A retrospective observational study was performed by collecting data from Isfahan Vice-Chancellor for Health database for this study purpose. The number of participators, the number of positive FIT, and the number of detected polyps or cancers were determined. Results: Between 2016 and 2019, the number of participants in the program reached 345 207 individuals (nearly 40% of the eligible population of 874 674). Totally, 21 264 participants (6.1%) had positive tests, of whom about 20% underwent the recommended colonoscopy with available reports, and 971 (24%) and 110 (3%) patients were diagnosed with polyps and CRC, respectively. Conclusion: Over four years of screening with FIT in Isfahan, 40% of the eligible population participated. Among those with positive FIT results, 20% underwent colonoscopy, and approximately 26% of these individuals were identified as having polyps or cancer. This study provides valuable insights into the uptake and outcomes of a population-based CRC screening program in Isfahan, Iran. The findings highlight the need for targeted interventions to increase participation rates and improve the detection of polyps and CRC cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Achieving a high participation rate is a common challenge in healthcare research based on web-based surveys. A study on local anesthetic systemic toxicity awareness and usage among medical practitioners at two Swiss university hospitals encountered resistance in obtaining personal email addresses from Heads of Departments. Participants were therefore divided into two groups: those who were directly invited via email (personal invitation group) and those who received a generic link through intermediaries (generic link group). The latter group was eventually excluded from survey data analysis. To determine whether one method of survey administration was more effective than another, we carried out a retrospective analysis of response rates and the proportion of new questionnaires completed after initial invitation and subsequent reminders. The results showed significantly higher response rates in the personal invitation group (40.2%, 313/779) compared to the generic link group (25.3%, 22/87), emphasizing the effectiveness of personal invitations on response rate (+14.9%, p = 0.007). The personal invitation group consistently yielded a higher number of completed questionnaires following the initial invitation and each reminder. The method of survey administration can greatly influence response rates and should be acknowledged as a quality criterion when conducting web-based surveys. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown, we deployed a rapid, mobile phone-based survey to assess access and participation rates when using mobile phones to collect data on COVID-19 in Rakai, south-central Uganda. We sampled prior Rakai Community Cohort Study (RCCS) participants based on HIV status using mobile phone contacts. We administered a 30-minute phone-based interview to consenting participants to assess their knowledge about different aspects of COVID-19 and their access to care. Our analysis compares the mobile phone survey participation rates with historic participation rates in regular RCCS face-to-face interviews. We supplemented phone survey data with demographic, behavioral, and HIV status data from prior face-to-face RCCS surveys. Phone access in Round 19 of the RCCS was found to be 90.2%, with lower access among older people, and people living with HIV. When including only individuals who participated in the previous RCCS survey round, participation in the face-to-face survey (81.9%) was higher than participation in our phone survey (74.8%, p

The primary years of learning are fundamental, thus Republic Act 10157 made Kindergarten the compulsory and mandatory entry stage to basic education. However, there are age five children in Region I who are not in school as shown by the net enrolment rate of 57.10% and 67.88% for SY 2019-2020 and SY 2021-2022, respectively. This descriptive-correlational study identified the child-mapping practices of schools and determined the level of engagement of stakeholders in the child-mapping activities to increase participation rate in Kindergarten. The respondents of the study are 1,111 public school heads. Results were analyzed through frequency, percentage, rank, average weighted mean, and Pearson correlation. Findings revealed that 88.90% of the children mapped have enrolled. Schools mostly practiced coordination with the Child Development Center, conduct of house-to-house survey, and obtaining data from the records of the barangay/health council where most children were encouraged to enroll. The factors why children mapped did not enroll are due to cut-off age requirement, readiness of the child, and distance from home to school. There is high engagement of schools, community, and schools division offices in the activities. There is a significant correlation between the number of children enrolled and the degree of engagement of stakeholders. From the findings of the study, it is recommended to strengthen linkages with agencies that have record of information of children eligible for enrolment, tap possible stakeholders for support, further review the kindergarten policy, adopt the output of the study, and institutionalize the conduct of child-mapping in coordination with stakeholders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Participant selection bias is of concern to researchers conducting surveys of all types. For momentary data capture studies, such as Ecological Momentary Assessment, the level of burden associated with these techniques and the possibility of low uptake rates makes the concerns especially salient. This study invited 3,000 individuals to participate in a study of health and mood and recorded the uptake rates at various points in the process. Respondents expressing interest in participating in general were randomized into a one-time survey, a low-burden momentary study, or a high-burden momentary study. Overall, 85.9% of the sample did not respond to the study invitation (including confirming non-interest); 6.9% of the sample expressed interest in the study by completing a brief survey; 2.1% agreed to participate in the study when the protocol specifics were described (none of the study protocols were actually run). Whites were more likely to complete the survey. Of those completing the survey, individuals who reported higher income, a more "open" personality, better typing skills, better computer skills, who viewed the research topic as important, and who expressed interest in research on daily feelings more likely consented to being enrolled in the experiment. The number of prior surveys taken had an inverted-U shaped association with participation in this study. Finally, all individuals randomized to the one-time survey group agreed to participate compared to two-thirds of individuals in the momentary groups. These results suggest that participant selection bias may affect both one-time survey and momentary data capture studies, with the caveat that the degree of such bias will be related to a study's hypotheses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown, we deployed a rapid, mobile phone-based survey to assess access and participation rates when using mobile phones to collect data on COVID-19 in Rakai, south-central Uganda. We sampled prior Rakai Community Cohort Study (RCCS) participants based on HIV status using mobile phone contacts. We administered a 30-minute phone-based interview to consenting participants to assess their knowledge about different aspects of COVID-19 and their access to care. Our analysis compares the mobile phone survey participation rates with historic participation rates in regular RCCS face-to-face interviews. We supplemented phone survey data with demographic, behavioral, and HIV status data from prior face-to-face RCCS surveys. Phone access in Round 19 of the RCCS was found to be 90.2%, with lower access among older people, and people living with HIV. When including only individuals who participated in the previous RCCS survey round, participation in the face-to-face survey (81.9%) was higher than participation in our phone survey (74.8%, p <.001). Survey participation was higher among people living with HIV compared to HIV-negative individuals (84.0% vs 81.4%, p <.001) in the face-to-face survey, but in the phone survey the reverse was found, with participation rates being higher among HIV-negative individuals compared to people living with HIV (78.0% vs 71.6%, p <.001). It was possible to collect data from an existing population cohort during the lockdown using phones. Phone access was high. Overall participation rates were somewhat lower in the phone survey, notably in people living with HIV, compared to the face-to-face survey. Paper Context: Main findings: It was feasible to conduct a phone survey within an existing population-based cohort in rural Uganda during the COVID-19 lockdown. Added knowledge: During a public health emergency, due to high levels of phone access within the population in rural Uganda, using a mobile phone survey to rapidly collect demographic and health data is possible, but it might yield somewhat lower participation rates, especially in fishing communities and among people living with HIV. Global health impact for policy and action: Collecting data face-to-face in population-based cohorts is cumbersome and costly. Switching partly to mobile phone surveys might be a way forward to maintain the frequency and intensity of survey rounds. Continuous monitoring of who is missing in the phone survey is critical to minimize biased interpretation of results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To investigate the acceptance， participation rate， and awareness rate of real-time three-dimensional pelvic floor ultrasonography among the female population， and to analyze the influence factors. Methods A total of 855 women were face-to-face surveyed by using the general data questionnaire. The acceptance， participation rate， and awareness rate of real-time three-dimensional pelvic floor ultrasonography were analyzed. According to the survey results， all participants were divided into those who accepted pelvic floor ultrasonography group （acceptance group） and those who rejected pelvic floor ultrasonography group （rejection group）. The differences in education level， type of medical insurance， annual household income per capita， clinical symptoms， history of disease and awareness of pelvic floor ultrasonography were compared between two groups. The influencing factors of low acceptance of pelvic floor ultrasonography in female population were analyzed. Results A total of 808 valid questionnaires were returned. Among all valid respondents （n=808）， 86.6% （n=700） were willing to receive real-time three-dimensional pelvic floor ultrasonography. 95 participants （11.8%） had received pelvic floor ultrasonography before. The majority of respondents （92.6%） had little or no knowledge of pelvic floor ultrasonography. “Paying attention to their health and finding problems as early as possible” was the main reason for being willing to accept pelvic floor ultrasound examination， while the main reason for rejection was“do not understand the work of the project”. Significant differences were observed in the educational level， type of medical insurance， annual household income per capita， clinical symptoms， and awareness rate between two groups （all P < 0.05）. Multivariate Logistic analysis showed that the population without urinary leakage symptoms （OR=0.162， 95%CI：0.064-0.408， P < 0.001） and the population with low annual household income per capita （OR=0.495， 95%CI： 0.319-0.766， P = 0.002） were less willing to receive pelvic floor ultrasonography. Conclusions Real-time three-dimensional pelvic floor ultrasonography has high acceptance， low participation rate， and low awareness rate in the female population. Clinical symptoms and annual household income per capita are important factors associated with the acceptance of pelvic floor ultrasonography.

This study aims to analyze the differences in sensitivity to changes in employment opportunities in the agricultural, industrial and service sectors that occur due to changes in economic growth rates, wage rates and labor force participation rates in Indonesia. Analysis was performed using panel data regression method. The results of the analysis show that economic growth has a positive effect on employment opportunities in the industrial and service sectors, with a lower rate of change in employment opportunities than the rate of economic growth. This means that economic growth has not been sufficient to absorb labor growth in the industrial and service sectors. Economic growth has a negative effect on employment opportunities in the agricultural sector. The minimum wage rate has a positive effect on employment opportunities in agriculture, but has a negative effect on employment opportunities in the industrial sector, and has no significant effect on employment opportunities in the service sector.

Cooperative advertising (coop-ad) programs with both accrual rates and participation rates are popularly adopted in practice by manufacturers and retailers to share advertising expenditures. However, results from extant literature show that the accrual rates always negatively impact the manufacturers' performances, indicating a gap between theory and practice. In this paper, we study a coop-ad program in a distribution channel consisting of a manufacturer and a retailer with risk preferences under demand uncertainty. When both the channel members are risk-neutral, we show that an elaborately specified accrual rate can help reach channel coordination, although the accrual rate always negatively impacts the manufacturer's performance. When the manufacturer is risk-averse and the retailer is risk-neutral, the accrual rate may positively impact the manufacturer's performance, and in particular, the manufacturer does prefer a coop-ad program with an accrual rate if his risk-averse level is high and/or the demand volatility is high. When both the channel members are risk-averse, numerical examples illustrate that an accrual rate may benefit both members when the retailer has high profitability and low risk-averse level. These findings, seemingly never reported in the literature, provide plausible explanations for the fact that accrual rates are usually included in coop-ad programs in real-world practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background The national skin cancer screening (SCS) was introduced in Germany in 2008. However, public awareness and participation rates remain low. There are no campaigns or target group‐specific invitation strategies for SCS yet. Thus, our aim was to derive potential suggestions on how to best inform German residents about the possibility of SCS. Methods Semi‐structured, individual interviews with male and female German residents aged ≥35 years were conducted in Erlangen (Germany) to explore opportunities on raising awareness of SCS. Interviews were audiotaped, transcribed verbatim, and analyzed using qualitative content analysis. Results Overall, 39 persons were interviewed. About 79.5% (31/39) had already undergone at least one SCS. Numerous opportunities to raise awareness of the possibility of SCS were suggested which were categorized into three main topics: the role of public promotion, health‐related caregivers, and health insurance. Similar themes were identified for inviting entitled persons to undergo SCS after 2 years. Furthermore, age‐dependent communication approaches were proposed, that is, younger persons should be approached electronically, while the older generation should be targeted with traditional media like mail. Conclusions The results of this project will inform stakeholders to take appropriate actions. The findings may contribute to increase participation rates in SCS and thus lead to earlier detection of skin cancer.

Abstract Background Colorectal cancer screening (CRCS) needs to be pandemic‐resilient to avoid long‐lasting shutdowns; however, realistic participation target remains unelucidated. This study aimed to identify the lowest acceptable participation rate in CRCS during a pandemic, focusing on vulnerable older populations who require urgent intervention. Methods This nationwide cross‐sectional study included 80,946 inpatients aged 70–85 years who were first diagnosed with colorectal cancer (CRC) after 70 years of age, between April 1, 2014 and March 31, 2019, in Japan. To evaluate the association between area‐level CRCS participation rate and individual early CRC detection, a multilevel logistic regression model was constructed. The mandatorily implemented screening rates were converted to the total screening rate equivalents (TSREs), which reflect the remaining contributions of voluntarily provided screenings. Results Early detections during stages 0–I were significantly observed when primary screening rate was ≥38% (TSRE) and combined follow‐up rate was ≥85%. For early detection during Tis–T1, primary screening rate ≥ 38% (TSRE) and combined follow‐up rate ≥ 90% were necessary. For follow‐up rates ≥70% or ≥75%, there were cases where missed detection of Tis–T1 were observed. Conclusion The results indicate that, even during pandemic, CRCS should achieve a primary screening rate of 38% and follow‐up rate of 85% for vulnerable older populations. These values, lower than the current desirable rates, suggest the maximum possible compromise in balancing the resources between cancer screening and pandemic measures. Moreover, they also indicate the minimum target for shifting to fecal immunochemical test‐focused program. Further explorations with varied CRCS settings are necessary for verification.

Background: Despite mammography-based screening for breast cancer has been conducted in many countries, there are still little data on participation and diagnostic yield in population-based breast cancer screening in China. Methods: We enrolled 151,973 eligible women from four cities in Hebei Province within the period 2013–2021 and followed up until December 31, 2021. Participants aged 40–74 who assessed as high risk were invited to undergo breast ultrasound and mammography examination. Overall and group-specific participation rates were calculated. Multivariable analyses were used to estimate the factors associated with participation rates. The diagnostic yield of both screening and no screening groups was calculated. We further analyzed the stage distribution and molecular subtype of breast cancer cases by different modes of cancer detection. Results: A total of 42,547 participants were evaluated to be high risk of breast cancer. Among them, 23,009 subjects undertook screening services, with participation rate of 54.08%. Multivariable logistic regression model showed that aged 45–64, high education level, postmenopausal, current smoking, alcohol consumption, family history of breast cancer, and benign breast disease were associated with increased participation of screening. After median follow-up of 3.79 years, there were 456 breast cancer diagnoses of which 65 were screen-detected breast cancers (SBCs), 27 were interval breast cancers (IBCs), 68 were no screening cancers, and 296 were cancers detected outside the screening program. Among them, 92 participants in the screening group (0.40%) and 364 in the non-screening group (0.28%) had breast cancer detected, which resulted in an odds ratio of 1.42 (95% CI 1.13–1.78; P = 0.003). We observed a higher detection rate of breast cancer in the screening group, with ORs of 2.42 (95% CI 1.72–3.41) for early stage (stages 0–I) and 2.12 (95% CI 1.26–3.54) for luminal A subtype. SBCs had higher proportion of early stage (71.93%) and luminal A subtype (47.22%) than other groups. Conclusions: The significant differences in breast cancer diagnosis between the screening and non-screening group imply an urgent need for increased breast cancer awareness and early detection in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of New Medicine is the property of Sun Yat Sen University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

When compared with mothers, fathers continue to be considerably underrepresented in developmental research on child and adolescent psychopathology. The present study examined the factors contributing to fathers' participation in such studies in which both mothers and fathers were asked to participate. The sample consisted of 477 families which were examined four times over the course of ten years (Pre to Follow-up after ten years [FU10]). The average age of the children at Pre was 4 years, and that of the adolescents ten years later was 14 years (FU10). On average, 70.4% of fathers participated in the assessments. The average transition probability for participation over four assessment points was 93.1%. Fathers from two-parent families participated significantly more often than fathers from single-parent families. Household income, a good father-adolescent relationship, and joint custody, if applicable, were related to paternal participation. For fathers from two-parent families, participation at previous assessment points was the decisive predictor. For fathers from single-parent families, the relationship between the adolescent and the father was the decisive predictor. Fathers who had participated in previous assessments remained involved in the study over the long run. Therefore, the primary goal should be to encourage as many fathers as possible to participate when starting clinical empirical studies. Monetary incentives could be used to recruit families with low household incomes. Highlights: This longitudinal study examined the frequency of fathers' participation and factors leading to lower father participation. 70.4% of fathers participated. Fathers from two-parent families participated significantly more often than fathers from single-parent families. For fathers from two-parent families, participation at previous assessment points was the decisive predictor for paternal participation. For fathers from single-parent families, the relationship between the adolescent and the father was the decisive predictor. The primary goal should be to encourage as many fathers as possible to participate in empirical studies at an early stage (e.g., by offering monetary incentives). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The national skin cancer screening (SCS) was introduced in Germany in 2008. However, public awareness and participation rates remain low. There are no campaigns or target group‐specific invitation strategies for SCS yet. Thus, our aim was to derive potential suggestions on how to best inform German residents about the possibility of SCS. Methods: Semi‐structured, individual interviews with male and female German residents aged ≥35 years were conducted in Erlangen (Germany) to explore opportunities on raising awareness of SCS. Interviews were audiotaped, transcribed verbatim, and analyzed using qualitative content analysis. Results: Overall, 39 persons were interviewed. About 79.5% (31/39) had already undergone at least one SCS. Numerous opportunities to raise awareness of the possibility of SCS were suggested which were categorized into three main topics: the role of public promotion, health‐related caregivers, and health insurance. Similar themes were identified for inviting entitled persons to undergo SCS after 2 years. Furthermore, age‐dependent communication approaches were proposed, that is, younger persons should be approached electronically, while the older generation should be targeted with traditional media like mail. Conclusions: The results of this project will inform stakeholders to take appropriate actions. The findings may contribute to increase participation rates in SCS and thus lead to earlier detection of skin cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Objective Participant recruitment is one of the main challenges in research. It is suggested that including researcher photographs might increase participation rates, but empirical evidence is lacking. This study within a trial (SWAT) aims to assess whether invitation letters including researcher photographs increase the participation rate in the context of a survey on medical second opinions. Methods Through 25 local register offices in Berlin and Brandenburg (Germany), we identified a random sample of 9990 persons. We randomly assigned our sample to the intervention group (IG) receiving an invitation letter with researcher photographs and control group (CG) receiving an invitation letter without photographs in a 1:1 ratio. Our primary outcome was the participation rate. Furthermore, we compared participants to non-participants’ characteristics. Results Of 9990 invitations, 9797 could be delivered (IG: 4890, CG: 4907). Of these, 1349 (13.8%) participated. There were 682/4890 (13.9%) participants in the IG and 662/4907 (13.5%) in the CG with an odds ratio of 1.030 (95% confidence interval: 0.918–1.156). Additional analyses on non-participant characteristics did not show any differences. Conclusion We could not find any difference in the participation rates. Our study does not confirm the results of previous studies. The length of our questionnaire may have affected our results. Trial registration Queens University Belfast – SWAT Store, SWAT 104.

Abstract Background Participation rates in health surveys, recognized as an important quality dimension, have been declining over the years, which may affect representativeness and confidence in results. The Portuguese national health examination survey INSEF (2015) achieved a participation rate of 43.9%, which is in line with participation rates from other similar health examination surveys. The objective of this article is to describe how local teams of survey personnel conducted the survey, describing strategies used to solve practical survey problems and to try to increase the participation rate. Methods After a literature search, informal interviews were conducted with 14 public health officials from local health examination teams, regional and central authorities. Forty-one of the local staff members (survey personnel) also filled in a short questionnaire anonymously. The interviews and self-administered questionnaires were analysed using mixed methods, informed by thematic analysis. Results The local teams believed that the detailed manual, described as a “cookbook for making a health examination survey”, made it possible to maintain high scientific standards while allowing for improvising solutions to problems in the local context. The quality of the manual, supported by a series of training workshops with the central research and support team, gave the teams the confidence and knowledge to implement local solutions. Motivation and cohesion within the local teams were among the goals of the training process. Local teams felt empowered by being given large responsibilities and worked hard to incite people to attend the examination through a close and persuasive approach. Local teams praised their INSA contacts for being available for assistance throughout the survey, and said they were inspired to try harder to reach participants to please their contacts for interpersonal reasons. Conclusions The theory of organizational improvisation or bricolage, which means using limited resources to solve problems, was useful to discuss and understand what took place during INSEF. A detailed manual covering standard procedures, continuous monitoring of the data collection and face-to-face workshops, including role-play, were vital to assure high scientific standards and high participation rates in this health examination survey. Close contacts between the central team and local focal points in all regions and all survey sites were key to accommodating unexpected challenges and innovative solutions.

BackgroundAttending health checkups as a primary prevention strategy benefits older adults in facilitating the identification of health issues and risk factors for disease. Little is known about factors influencing participation in and satisfaction with a free annual elderly health checkup program (EHCP) in Taiwan. This study aimed to extend current knowledge related to the uptake of this service and individuals' views of the service.MethodsThis was a cross-sectional study using a telephone interview survey method to compare influencing factors and satisfaction between participants and non-participants of an EHCP. The individuals involved were older adults in Taipei, Taiwan. The random sampling method included 1,100 people, 550 older adults who had participated in the EHCP within the last 3 years, and 550 older adults who had not. A questionnaire containing personal characteristics and satisfaction with the EHCP was used. Independent t-test and Pearson's Chi-squared test were used to evaluate differences between the two groups. Associations between individual characteristics and health checkup attendance were estimated using log-binomial models.ResultsResults showed that 51.64% of participants reported being satisfied with the checkups; however, only 41.09% of non-participants were satisfied. In the association analysis, age, educational level, chronic diseases, and subjective satisfaction were related to older persons' participation. Furthermore, having a stroke was associated with a higher attendance rate [prevalence ratio: 1.49; 95% confidence interval: (1.13, 1.96)].ConclusionsThe EHCP had a high proportion of satisfaction among participants, but the proportion was low among non-participants. Several factors were associated with participation and might lead to unequal healthcare service uptake. Health checkups need to increase among people at a young age, those with low educational backgrounds, and those without chronic diseases.

Traditional fistulotomy is the most performed surgical procedure in anal fistula surgery. We conducted an international online survey to explore colorectal surgeons' opinions and preferences on fistulotomy. Considering the healing and continence impairment rates reported in the literature, surgeons were invited to answer as a hypothetic patient susceptible to being submitted to fistulotomy for low and high anal fistula. A total of 767 surgeons completed the survey from 72 countries. The majority of respondents were consultants, having treated more than 20 anal fistulas in the last year. Most of them declared that anal fistula would be able to negatively affect quality of life and would be worried/anxious about it. Taking into account all aspects, 87.5% and 37.8% of respondents would agree to be treated with a fistulotomy in case of a low and high fistula, respectively, with an acceptance rate that varied worldwide. At multivariate analysis, factors correlated to the acceptance of anal fistulotomy were male gender (p = 0.003), practice of less than 20 fistula operations during last year (p = 0.020), and low fistula (p < 0.001). Surgeons recognized the extreme complexity of this approach. This study highlighted the necessity of an accurate patients' selection and the adoption of alternative strategy to reduce the risk of anal continence impairment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: There has been a large influx of COVID-19 seroprevalence studies, but comparability between the seroprevalence estimates has been an issue because of heterogeneities in testing platforms and study methodology. One potential source of heterogeneity is the response or participation rate.Methods: We conducted a review of participation rates (PR) in SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence studies collected by SeroTracker and examined their effect on the validity of study conclusions. PR was calculated as the count of participants for whom the investigators had collected a valid sample, divided by the number of people invited to participate in the study. A multivariable beta generalized linear model with logit link was fitted to determine if the PR of international household and community-based seroprevalence studies was associated with the factors of interest, from 1 December 2019 to 10 March 2021.Results: We identified 90 papers based on screening and were able to calculate the PR for 35 out of 90 papers (39%), with a median PR of 70% and an interquartile range of 40.92; 61% of the studies did not report PR.Conclusions: Many SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence studies do not report PR. It is unclear what the median PR rate would be had a larger portion not had limitations in reporting. Low participation rates indicate limited representativeness of results. Non-probabilistic sampling frames were associated with higher participation rates but may be less representative. Standardized definitions of participation rate and data reporting necessary for the PR calculations are essential for understanding the representativeness of seroprevalence estimates in the population of interest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of College of Law Journal for Legal & Political Sciences / Magallat Kulliyyat Al-Qanun Li-L-ulum Al-Qanuniyyat Wa-Al-Siyasiyyat is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: Colorectal cancer screening (CRCS) needs to be pandemic‐resilient to avoid long‐lasting shutdowns; however, realistic participation target remains unelucidated. This study aimed to identify the lowest acceptable participation rate in CRCS during a pandemic, focusing on vulnerable older populations who require urgent intervention. Methods: This nationwide cross‐sectional study included 80,946 inpatients aged 70–85 years who were first diagnosed with colorectal cancer (CRC) after 70 years of age, between April 1, 2014 and March 31, 2019, in Japan. To evaluate the association between area‐level CRCS participation rate and individual early CRC detection, a multilevel logistic regression model was constructed. The mandatorily implemented screening rates were converted to the total screening rate equivalents (TSREs), which reflect the remaining contributions of voluntarily provided screenings. Results: Early detections during stages 0–I were significantly observed when primary screening rate was ≥38% (TSRE) and combined follow‐up rate was ≥85%. For early detection during Tis–T1, primary screening rate ≥ 38% (TSRE) and combined follow‐up rate ≥ 90% were necessary. For follow‐up rates ≥70% or ≥75%, there were cases where missed detection of Tis–T1 were observed. Conclusion: The results indicate that, even during pandemic, CRCS should achieve a primary screening rate of 38% and follow‐up rate of 85% for vulnerable older populations. These values, lower than the current desirable rates, suggest the maximum possible compromise in balancing the resources between cancer screening and pandemic measures. Moreover, they also indicate the minimum target for shifting to fecal immunochemical test‐focused program. Further explorations with varied CRCS settings are necessary for verification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Participation and completion rates in questionnaire-based surveys are often low., Objective: This study aims to assess participation and completion rates for a survey using paper and mixed mode questionnaires with patients recruited by research assistants in primary care waiting rooms., Methods: This cluster-randomized study, conducted in 2023 in France, involved 974 patients from 39 practices randomized into 4 groups: "paper with incentive" (n=251), "paper without incentive" (n=368), "mixed mode with tablet" (n=187), and "mixed mode with QR code" (n=168). Analyses compared the combined paper group with the 2 mixed mode groups and the "paper with incentive" and "paper without incentive" groups. Logistic regressions were used to analyze participation and completion rates., Results: Of the 974 patients recruited, 822 (women: 536/821, 65.3%; median age 52, IQR 37-68 years) agreed to participate (participation rate=84.4%), with no significant differences between groups. Overall, 806 patients (98.1%) answered all 48 questions. Completion rates were highest in the combined paper group (99.8%) compared to mixed mode groups (96.8% for paper or tablet, 93.3% for paper or QR code; P<.001). There was no significant difference in completion rates between the "paper with incentive" and "paper without incentive" groups (100% vs 99.7%)., Conclusions: Recruiting patients in waiting rooms with research assistants resulted in high participation and completion rates across all groups. Mixed mode options did not enhance participation or completion rates but may offer logistical advantages. Future research should explore incentives and mixed-mode strategies in diverse settings., (©Paul Sebo, Benoit Tudrej, Augustin Bernard, Bruno Delaunay, Alexandra Dupuy, Claire Malavergne, Hubert Maisonneuve. Originally published in the Interactive Journal of Medical Research (https://www.i-jmr.org/), 25.02.2025.)

Reservation wages are part of the transmission mechanism between minimum wages and unemployment via the labour force participation decision. The limited available empirical evidence on the relationship between reservation wages and legal minimum wages suggest that individuals use minimum wages as benchmarks against which their reservation wages are set. This has a profound behavioural effect that may encourage individuals to either enter the labour force or price themselves out of potential employment. We employ a fuzzy regression discontinuity design to explore the influence of minimum wages on reservation wages. Our findings suggest that the behavioural response is too small to be extracted from the variability of the reservation wage data. For policy makers this finding is important. While minimum wages raise earnings and living standards, they can push some workers out of the labour force by increasing their reservation wage beyond the minimum. We do not find any evidence of such a response of the reservation wage of jobseekers to the minimum wage in the UK. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: This study aimed to describe the study design and respondent characteristics (including non-response analyses) of the Danish Health and Wellbeing Surveys in 2015 and 2019 and a follow-up survey that was carried out during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020. Methods: The Danish Health and Wellbeing Survey is the Danish part of the European Health Interview Survey (EHIS). The samples in 2015 (N =12,000) and 2019 (N =14,000) were both based on a simple random selection of individuals aged ⩾15 years from the Danish Civil Registration System. All individuals from the sample in 2019 who were still alive and living in Denmark were reinvited for a follow-up survey in 2020 (N =13,474). Data in all surveys were collected via self-administered questionnaires (web or paper based). The questionnaires in 2015 and 2019 included the EHIS model questionnaire as well as national questions, whereas the questionnaire in 2020 mainly focused on physical and mental health, employment and working lives, and health behaviour. Results: The overall response proportion declined slightly between 2015 (48.4%) and 2019 (47.4%) but went up to 49.8% in the follow-up survey in 2020. Unit non-response was associated with, for example, male sex, younger age, being unmarried and lower educational level but not with degree of urbanisation. In all, 5000 individuals completed the questionnaire in both 2019 and 2020. Conclusions: The results are in line with most previous research on non-response in health surveys. However, an association between degree of urbanisation and non-response has been suggested in previous studies. This association was not found in our study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The participation and results for liver cancer screening are rarely reported. The aim of this study was to determine the participation rates and factors affecting participation rates as well as to report the detection rate for liver cancer in an organized screening program.Methods: The organized screening program for liver cancer was conducted in 12 rural sites. The risk of developing liver cancer was initially evaluated for each participant. High-risk individuals were offered α-fetoprotein measurement and ultrasonography examination. Potential risk factors associated with the participation rate were screened by fitted generalized linear mixed logistic regression models through reporting odds ratios (ORs) with 95% CIs.Results: A total of 358,662 eligible participants completed the basic surveys, and 54,745 were evaluated to be at high risk of liver cancer. Of these high-risk individuals, 40,543 accepted the screening services. Determinants of participation for screening behavior included older age, being female, being positive for hepatitis B surface antigen, having a family history of liver cancer, chronic depression, and low income. The detection rate for liver cancer was estimated to be 0.41% (95% CI, 0.35-0.48).Conclusions: This study reported several significant factors associated with the screening behaviors for liver cancer.Lay Summary: Participation rate and results for liver cancer screening in rural areas are rarely reported. The determinants associated with adherence rates and early detection rate of liver cancer in an organized screening program for liver cancer were assessed. A possible positive correlation between the participation rates and the early detection rate was observed among attendees of screening. These new finds could be beneficial to increasing the participation rate of screening. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increasing participation rates are crucial to ensure the representativeness of national survey results of the population. This study aimed to identify measures that could be taken by local government personnel in charge of the National Health and Nutrition Survey (NHNS), Japan, to improve participation rates. The subjects were twenty-one health personnel who worked in 19 local governments and participated in the training course at the National Institute of Public Health. Qualitative data were collected through a workshop. They discussed the problems that seem to affect participation rates and identified possible solutions. The contents were coded and grouped to create categories, using the Jiro Kawakita (KJ) method. For data analysis, researchers combined and reviewed all codes and categories. The measures that could improve participation rates were divided into the following 12 categories: 1. standardization of survey methods, 2. investigator skills, 3. survey organization, 4. venue setting, 5. accessing target households, 6. time of survey, 7. responses during the investigation, 8. confirming meal contents reported in the nutritional intake status survey, 9. rewards/incentives, 10. possible rewards, 11. feedback on survey results, and 12. survey practices during the COVID-19 pandemic. These findings represent viable initiatives for local health personnel to increase participation rates for the NHNS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Identifying strategies to optimize participation in health studies is one of the major concerns for researchers. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of different invitation strategies on participation rate in the Employees’ Health Cohort Study of Iran (EHCSIR). Methods Two cluster-randomized trials were carried out to assess the outcomes of different invitation strategies. In the first phase, 7 units with 1880 employees (3 hospitals, 3 health centers, and 1 office) were assigned to the three parallel modes of invitation: 1) invitation letter, 2) phone call and 3) Short Message Service (SMS). In the second phase, 6 hospitals with 1633 employees were allocated to two invitation methods: 1) invitation letter, 2) invitation letter plus EHCSIR project introduction video. All groups were followed up by phone calls. A logistic mixed-effects model was used to compare the effectiveness of the strategies. The cost-effectiveness of the interventions was also compared. Results In the first phase, the participation rates in the invitation letter, phone call, and SMS groups were 27.04% (182/673), 21.55% (131/608), and 22.54% (135/599), respectively. Using an invitation letter was significantly more successful than SMS (Adjusted Odds Ratio = 1.80, 95% CI =1.14 to 2.85). Average Cost-Effectiveness Ratios (ACER) were $1.37, $1.42, and $1.55 for the invitation letter, phone call, and SMS, respectively. In the second phase, adding a project introduction video to the invitation letter did not significantly influence the participation rate (Adjusted OR = 0.58, 95% CI =0.24 to 1.36). The ACER was $1.21 for the invitation letter only and $2.01 for the invitation letter plus the introduction video. Conclusions In comparison with the phone call and SMS, the invitation letter is the most effective invitation method for public sector employees to participate in a cohort study. Sending an introduction video did not significantly increase the participation rate compared to sending an invitation letter only.

Abstract In the article, we propose a comprehensive methodology of value chain analysis in the international input–output framework that introduces a new measure of value chain participation and an extended typology of value chains, with the novel inclusion of domestic value chain to address the extent of fragmentation of purely domestic production. This allows for the simultaneous analysis of both global and domestic production fragmentation, the complex patterns of their evolution and their impact on economic development. The main contribution of the proposed methodology is conceptual: it permits the measurement of all value chain paths that pass through each country-sector from production to final consumption, whether the path includes downstream linkages, upstream linkages or their combination. Empirical application of this methodology shows the importance of including domestic fragmentation in value chain analysis: The fragmentation of both global and domestic levels of production has a significant positive correlation with economic growth. This implies that the effects of global production fragmentation must be analysed together with the changing structure of the fragmentation of domestic production to obtain the whole picture, one that might provide important information for policymaking and industrial policy.

Objective: Participant recruitment is one of the main challenges in research. It is suggested that including researcher photographs might increase participation rates, but empirical evidence is lacking. This study within a trial (SWAT) aims to assess whether invitation letters including researcher photographs increase the participation rate in the context of a survey on medical second opinions.Methods: Through 25 local register offices in Berlin and Brandenburg (Germany), we identified a random sample of 9990 persons. We randomly assigned our sample to the intervention group (IG) receiving an invitation letter with researcher photographs and control group (CG) receiving an invitation letter without photographs in a 1:1 ratio. Our primary outcome was the participation rate. Furthermore, we compared participants to non-participants' characteristics.Results: Of 9990 invitations, 9797 could be delivered (IG: 4890, CG: 4907). Of these, 1349 (13.8%) participated. There were 682/4890 (13.9%) participants in the IG and 662/4907 (13.5%) in the CG with an odds ratio of 1.030 (95% confidence interval: 0.918-1.156). Additional analyses on non-participant characteristics did not show any differences.Conclusion: We could not find any difference in the participation rates. Our study does not confirm the results of previous studies. The length of our questionnaire may have affected our results.Trial Registration: Queens University Belfast - SWAT Store, SWAT 104. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the COVID-19 pandemic, labour-force survey non-response rates have surged in many countries. We show that in the case of the Canadian Labour Force Survey (LFS), the bulk of this increase is due to the suspension of in-person interviews following the adoption of telework within Federal agencies, including Statistics Canada. Individuals with vulnerabilities to the COVID-19 economic shock have been harder to reach and have been gradually less and less represented in the LFS during the pandemic. We present evidence suggesting that the decline in employment and labour-force participation have been underestimated over the March–July 2020 period. We argue that these non-response issues are moderate when analyzing aggregate outcomes, but that researchers should exert caution when gauging the robustness of estimates for subgroups. We discuss practical implications for research based on the LFS, such as the consequences for panels and the choice of public-use versus master files of the LFS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Gaining accurate knowledge of the level and trend of the relative share of the population aged 17-27 years old in the last 15 years old (2006-2021) and predicting the future image of social demand for higher education in this age group until 1415 based on different scenarios. Methods: To estimate the future demand for higher education, the participation rate was estimated with Dator's Four Generic Scenario Archetypes method Results: The results showed that the participation rate increased with a very gentle slope in the stability scenario. The increase in the demand for entrance exams in this scenario is more affected by the increase in the exposed population. In the fluctuation scenario, the assumptions of the decline scenario are less intense, leading to a decrease in the participation rate around 2030, but with proper policy-making and change in the employment situation and the industry's structure over time from 2031, the participation rate increases slightly. Conclusion: The demand for higher education will vary from about one million people in the worst case to about 2.4 million people in ideal economic and social conditions for 2036. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents and evaluates a unified cooperative perception framework that employs vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) connectivity. At the core of the framework is a decentralized data association and fusion process that is scalable with respect to participation variances. The evaluation considers the effects of the communication losses in the ad-hoc V2V network and the random vehicle motions in traffic by adopting existing models along with a simplified algorithm for individual vehicle’s on-board sensor field of view. Furthermore, a multi-target perception metric is adopted to evaluate both the errors in the estimation of the motion states of vehicles in the surrounding traffic and the cardinality of the fused estimates at each participating node/vehicle. The extensive analysis results demonstrate that the proposed approach minimizes the perception metric for a much larger percentage of the participating vehicles than a baseline approach, even at modest participation rates, and that there are diminishing returns in these benefits. The computational and data traffic trade-offs are also analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper develops a life insurance liability valuation model that integrates the balance-sheet insurer loans with the shadow banking entrusted loans in a premature default risk environment. It is shown that the life insurance policyholder significantly benefits from the entrusted loan activities in a less likely premature default risk environment. The policyholder protection is increased in accord with a high guaranteed interest rate, particularly when the life insurance company has ample access to entrusted loans. The policyholder protection is also significantly increased by a high participation level when the life insurance company 'shrinks away' from accessing entrusted loans. Overall, the authors concluded that shadow banking entrusted loans help policyholder protection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the last decade, Iran's labor market has been under pressure by the sanctions and the long-term Dutch disease which injects physical capital and energy subsidy into the market and crowds the labor force out of the production lines. This situation has engendered vulnerable groups of the labor force. Furthermore, the Covid-19 epidemic pushed an exogenous shock into the economy and created a natural experiment to identify the most vulnerable groups. This study investigates the heterogeneous effects of the epidemic on Iran's labor market. We assess four main measures, including participation rate, unemployment spells, working hours, and job destruction rate. First, the results show that the participation rate has decreased substantially for women and youth. Also, those who were unemployed before the pandemic are more likely to become inactive during the pandemic. Second, unemployment spells last more after the pandemic. Third, working hours have been reduced on average, it has been reduced for those who had incomplete employment before the pandemic, but unexpectedly has increased for those who had worked completely (40 hours/week) before the pandemic. Fourth, the job destruction rate is higher among low-medium size firms, as compared to micro-firms or large ones. The robustness of these results has been tested using a multivariate model of event studies at the individual level. Overall, the employment and income distributions have become worse for the vulnerable groups including part-time workers, young workers, and women. The policymakers should consider such nonlinearities and design a targeted support plan. Future research may carry out survival analyses or structural estimations to predict the transition period towards a new post-Covid19 equilibrium.

This study aims to present and highlight the gender differences in the Palestinian labour force. Three broad aspects of the labour market are analyzed for the purpose. These aspects are, 1) the available employment opportunities, measured by the major indicator of labour market, the labour force participation rate. 2) working conditions, that refers to the terms and conditions for employees from the employer, the overall work environment. These are ranging from working hours to bonuses and remunerations. Besides pay, other aspects such as trainings, skills, health, and safety conditions are part of the work environment. Mental demands at workplace are another important feature. 3) and the wage discrimination i.e., there is pay gap between women and men. Our analysis found low labour force participation rate for women across the countries, and particularly in the occupied Palestinian territory. Numerals factors such as cultural, religious and job requirements have restricted women's participation. Housekeeping is a major such factor, and agriculture is the major source, which predominantly provides employment to women. These have push women to this and others low levels pay jobs. Which created a pay gap, where women are paid less than men. However, women in Palestine are at par with males in terms of mean years of schooling. Thus, the results also show that, these differences are unexplained by qualification and education, in both formal and informal sectors. In all three aspects, discrimination based on gender is prevalent in the Palestinian labour force. Apart from housekeeping, religious beliefs and cultural norms, many other factors have caused such gaps. One of such factors is the never-ending Israeli-Palestine Apart from housekeeping, religious beliefs and cultural norms, many other factors have caused such gaps. One of such factors is the never-ending Israeli-Palestine [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: After the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant accident, a preliminary ultrasound-based screening for thyroid cancer was conducted to establish a baseline for subsequent evaluations. In this survey, we assessed the relationship between the proportion of non-examinees and characteristics of the target populations. Methods: After summarizing a regional difference of non-examinees among the population of 359,200 (primary evaluation) and 2,246 (confirmatory testing) individuals who were living in Fukushima Prefecture on March 11, 2011, we estimated odds ratios (ORs) for each characteristic, including age, sex, area of residence, and moving after the accident, based on the proportion of non-examinees for the primary examination and the confirmatory testing, using a multivariate logistic regression model. Results: The dataset included 64,117 non-examinees (primary evaluation) and 194 (confirmatory testing). The logistic regression result indicated that girls were not likely to be non-examinees compared to boys, with adjusted OR of 0.80 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.78–0.81) for the primary evaluation. Odds were lowest for children 6–10 years old (OR 0.26; 95% CI, 0.25–0.27), and higher for those 11–15 years old (OR 1.28; 95% CI, 1.25–1.32) and over 16 years old (OR 5.30; 95% CI, 5.16–5.43) when compared to children 0–5 years old. Individuals residing in the western part of the prefecture showed higher ORs. There was a higher proportion of non-examinees among those who moved after the accident compared to those who did not in the primary evaluation (OR 1.72; 95% CI, 1.64–1.79). Conclusions: In addition to demographic characteristics, a change of residence could be a potential factor that influenced the proportion of non-examinees. Our results will help proper interpretation of reports and prospective management of the survey.

Introduction: The purpose of this research is to find and explain the characteristics of farmers and the level of participation in farmer groups and to explain the correlation of characteristics internally and externally in Tonongrejo Village, East Java. Methods: By applying of census sampling in descriptive, sample is about sixty-two farmer members. Rank Spearman test is to see the correlation between dependent and independent variable. Input of system approach: supposing of H0 is no link among x and Ha has link among x. Both refers to internal and external factors to farmer participation. T-score (mean = 50 and deviation = 10) as score standard to see the distribution of extensive evaluation. Data collected used questioner, observation, and interview. Results: The result is farmer participation of 84% in planning and implementing, in evaluating of 82%, in enjoyed the outcome of 89%. Conclusion: Characteristics farmers and participation prefer to age, farming time, land area and leadership. The relation of farmer characteristic and participation rate is one-way.

ObjectiveLung cancer screening has been widely conducted in Western countries. However, population-based lung cancer screening programs in Hebei in China are sparse. Our study aimed to assess the participation rate and detection rate of positive nodules and lung cancer in Hebei province.MethodIn total, 228 891 eligible participants aged 40–74 years were enrolled in the Cancer Screening Program in Hebei from 2013 to 2019. A total of 54 846 participants were evaluated as the lung cancer high-risk population by a risk score system which basically followed the Harvard Risk Index and was adjusted for the characteristics of the Chinese population. Then this high-risk population was recommended for low-dose computed tomography (LDCT) screening. And all participants attended annual passive follow-up, and the active follow-up interval was based on radiologist’s suggestion. All participants were followed-up until December 31, 2020. The overall, group-specific participation rates were calculated, and its associated factors were analyzed by a multivariable logistic regression model. Participation rates and detection of positive nodules and lung cancer were reported.ResultsThe overall participation rate was 52.69%, where 28 899 participants undertook LDCT screening as recommended. The multivariable logistic regression model demonstrated that a high level of education, having disease history, and occupational exposure were found to be associated with the participation in LDCT screening. The median follow-up time was 3.56 person-years. Overall, the positive identification of lung nodules and suspected lung cancer were 12.73% and 1.46% through LDCT screening. After the native and passive follow-up, 257 lung cancer cases were diagnosed by lung cancer screening, and the detection rate of lung cancer was 0.89% in the screening group. And its incidence density was 298.72 per 100,000. Positive lung nodule rate and detection rate were increased with age.ConclusionOur study identified personal and epidemiological factors that could affect the participation rate. Our findings could provide the guideline for precise prevention and control of lung cancer in the future.