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Objective: To present modern aspects of improving surgical techniques in tracheal resection developed in recent years., Material and Methods: The authors have the most extensive experience in tracheal surgery (>2.000 patients over the past 50 years). Diagnostic capabilities, perioperative management and surgical techniques have changed over such a long period. This concerns the proposed classification of cicatricial tracheal stenosis, features of endoscopic and X-ray diagnostics, indications for various surgeries, choice of surgical approach, technique of tracheal tube mobilization and anastomosis after tracheal excision. Preventive measures for severe postoperative complications are described., Conclusion: Such an extensive experience allowed the authors to develop an algorithm for the treatment of patients with tracheal stenosis. This significantly reduced the incidence of postoperative complications and mortality. Replication of such equipment is associated with technical support of hospitals and professional level of specialists consisting of endoscopist, anesthesiologist, intensive care specialist and thoracic surgeon.

Aim      Dynamic assessment of the right heart in patients with COVID-19-associated pneumonia of different severity during regression of the systemic inflammatory response (SIR).Material an methods    This single-center prospective study included 46 patients with the novel coronavirus infection COVID-19 and viral pneumonia according to chest multispiral computed tomography (CT). Laboratory and echocardiographic examinations of patients were performed.Results Based on the results of evaluation with the Clinical Condition Scale (CCS-COVID), patients were divided into two groups: group A, patients with a score from 6 to 9 and group B, patients with a score from 10 to 14. The study results of both groups were evaluated twice: on day 10±2.5 from the onset of symptoms (groups A10 and B10, respectively) and again on day 17±1.8 (groups A17 and B17, respectively). Patients of group B10 had more pronounced SIR (C-reactive protein, 111.38±52.5 mg / l) and a larger volume of ground-glass opacity (38.3±9.6 %). At the first stage, higher values of right ventricular global longitudinal strain (RV GLS) were detected in group B10 compared to group A10 (23.2±4.8 % vs. 19.9±3.5 %, р=0.048). During the regression of SIR intensity and the positive dynamics of CT, lower values of Е / А were observed in group B17 (1.0 [0.98; 1.2]) vs. group А17 (1.4 [1.18; 1.5, p=0.015), and е' / a' in group B17 (0.66 [0.58; 0.85]) vs. 0.95 [0.79; 1.12] in group B17 (p=0.010). Е / А and е' / a' ratios were correlated with total lactate dehydrogenase fraction (r= -0.452 and p=0.006; r= -0.334 and p=0.050, respectively).Conclusion      In patients with severe COVID-19-associated pneumonia during regression of SIR intensity, changes in the parameters that reflected RV diastolic dysfunction were observed.

A high-sensitivity sensor for measuring moisture content in the air or air humidity under low pressure was designed on the basis of a half-wave coaxial microwave cavity. The method of measuring small variations in the signal phase at a cavity excitation frequency of 1.63 GHz was applied to detect low densities of water vapor. It allows the detection of variations in dielectric air permittivity in the seventh decimal place. A prototype of the sensor was tested in a vacuum chamber. It was calibrated by comparing the test results with the readings of a commercial pressure gauge and using the independent method of measuring the moisture content in rarefied air on the basis of the absorption of millimeter waves in the local line of water vapor at 183 GHz. The developed sensor can be used in laboratory experiments and full-scale geophysical research in the atmosphere onboard various aircrafts.

Objective: To analyse safety and expediency of cardiac surgical technologies including cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) in patients with locally advanced lung cancer and invasive tumors of the mediastinum., Material and Methods: Cardiac surgical techniques and CPB were used in 23 patients (group 1) with locally advanced thoracic tumors between 2005 and 2015. For the same period, there were 22 patients (group 2) who underwent combined surgeries and could have had similar techniques. However, these techniques were not used for various reasons. Mediastinal malignancies and non-small cell lung cancer were diagnosed in 26 (57.8%) and 19 (42.2%) patients, respectively. Invasion of superior vena cava ( n =15), aorta ( n =13) and pulmonary artery ( n =12) was the most common. Lesion of innominate vein ( n =8), left atrium ( n =6) and innominate artery ( n =4) was less common. A total of 21 pneumonectomies were performed (14 in the first group and 7 in the second group). Lobectomy was less common (one patient in each group). Sublobar lung resection was performed in 10 patients (2 patients in the first group and 8 ones in the second group). All resections were total in the first group (R0) that was confirmed by routine morphological examination of resection margins of different organs and vessels. The situation was worse in the second group (R1 in 19 (86.4%) patients, R2 in 3 (13.6%) patients)., Results: Total postoperative morbidity was 53.3%, mortality - 8.2%. These values are higher compared to patients undergoing surgical treatment for thoracic malignancies. Incidence of postoperative complications was higher in the first group (16 (69.6%) and 8 (36.4%), respectively). Four patients died in the first group. Sepsis ( n =2), acute right ventricular failure ( n =1) and acute myocardial infarction ( n =1) caused death. There were no lethal outcomes in the second group. Various postoperative complications were diagnosed only in 8 (36.4%) patients. The long-term results were followed-up in 80% of patients. In the first group, 3- and 5-year survival rates were 30.5% and 25%, respectively (median 43.8 months). In the second group, these values were 25% and 2%, respectively (median 24.9 months). Long-term mortality in the second group was caused by progression of malignant process, including local recurrence, after palliative surgery (R1, R2 resection)., Conclusion: Higher risk of postoperative complications and mortality in patients undergoing on-pump surgery is compensated by significantly better long-term results. Further progress is associated with higher safety of CPB, as well as solving some organizational and educational problems.

Objective: To determine the optimal algorithm for tracheal anastomotic insufficiency and prevention of arterial bleeding., Material and Methods: We present 2 patients with defects of tracheal anastomosis after tracheal resection and divergence of tracheal edges. We primarily analyzed appropriate emergency care and prevention of subsequent severe complications such as arterial bleeding and respiratory insufficiency., Conclusion: Tracheostomy may be preferable for complete late tracheal anastomotic insufficiency to restore breathing. However, surgery should be accompanied by prevention of arterial bleeding. Isolation of damaged area, particularly tracheostomy tube, from the mediastinum by well-vascularized tissues can prevent bleeding from major vessels (for example, innominate artery). Follow-up is unreasonable due to worsening of clinical situation, risk of hemorrhagic complications and fatal outcomes. General satisfactory clinical status of the patient is not of matter. Repeated tracheal anastomosis is justified only for early insufficiency, i.e. within 2-3 days when postoperative inflammation is mild.

Laparoscopic surgery is now one of the main options for patients with surgical diseases of abdominal cavity, pelvis and retroperitoneal space. Postoperative complications are known, and methods for their prevention after such interventions are well developed. However, there are rare complications, and their management deserves a special attention. The authors present a patient with giant traumatic hernia in long-term period after laparoscopic liver surgery. Clinical manifestations of disease are retrospectively analyzed. The authors discuss surgical aspects of treatment, i.e. choice of access, repair of diaphragmatic defect and peculiarities of postoperative period associated with non-anatomic return of abdominal organs through the diaphragmatic defect. This report will be useful for radiologists, thoracic and abdominal surgeons, anesthesiologists and intensive care specialists.

Objective: To describe treatment of cicatricial tracheal stenosis and tracheoesophageal fistula in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia., Material and Methods: There were 91 patients with cicatricial tracheal stenosis for the period from August 2020 to April 2022 (21 months). Of these, 32 (35.2%) patients had cicatricial tracheal stenosis, tracheoesophageal fistula and previous coronavirus infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome. Incidence of iatrogenic tracheal injury following ventilation for viral pneumonia in the pandemic increased by 5 times compared to pneumonia of other genesis. Majority of patients had pneumonia CT grade 4 (12 patients) and grade 3 (8 patients). Other ones had pulmonary parenchyma lesion grade 2-3 or mixed viral-bacterial pneumonia. Isolated tracheoesophageal fistula without severe cicatricial stenosis of trachea or esophagus was diagnosed in 4 patients. In other 2 patients, tracheal stenosis was combined with tracheoesophageal fistula. Eight (25%) patients had tracheostomy at the first admission. This rate was almost half that of patients treated for cicatricial tracheal stenosis in pre-pandemic period., Results: Respiratory distress syndrome occurred in 1-7 months after discharge from COVID hospital. All patients underwent surgery. In 7 patients, we preferred palliative treatment with dilation and stenting until complete rehabilitation. In 5 patients, stent was removed after 6-9 months and these ones underwent surgery. There were 3 tracheal resections with anastomosis, and 2 patients underwent tracheoplasty. Resection was performed in 3 patients due to impossible stenting. Postoperative course in these patients was standard and did not differ from that in patients without viral pneumonia. In case of tracheoesophageal fistula, palliative interventions rarely allowed isolation of trachea. Four patients underwent surgery through cervical approach. There were difficult surgeries in 2 patients with tracheoesophageal fistula and cicatricial tracheal stenosis. One of them underwent separation of fistula and tracheal resection via cervical approach at primary admission. In another patient with thoracic fistula, we initially attempted to insert occluder. However, open surgery was required later due to dislocation of device., Conclusion: Absolute number of patients with tracheal stenosis, tracheoesophageal fistula and previous COVID-19 has increased by several times compared to pre-pandemic period. This is due to greater number of patients requiring ventilation with risk of tracheal injury, non-compliance with preventive protocol for tracheal injury including anti-ischemic measures during mechanical ventilation. The last fact was exacerbated by involvement of allied physicians with insufficient experience of safe ventilation in the «red zone», immunodeficiency in these patients aggravating purulent-inflammatory process in tracheal wall. The number of patients with tracheostomy was 2 times less that was associated with peculiarity of mechanical ventilation in SARS-CoV-2. Indeed, tracheostomy was a poor prognostic sign and physicians tried to avoid this procedure. Incidence of tracheoesophageal fistula in these patients increased by 2 times compared to pre-pandemic period. In subacute period of COVID-associated pneumonia, palliative measures for cicatricial tracheal stenosis and tracheoesophageal fistula should be preferred. Radical treatment should be performed after 3-6 months. Absolute indication for circular tracheal resection with anastomosis is impossible tracheal stenting and ensuring safe breathing by endoscopic methods, as well as combination of cicatricial tracheal stenosis with tracheoesophageal fistula and resistant aspiration syndrome. Incidence of postoperative complications in patients with cicatricial tracheal stenosis and previous mechanical ventilation for COVID-19 pneumonia and patients in pre-pandemic period is similar.

The article highlights the course of long-term SARS-CoV-2 infection in a patient with a secondary immunodeficiency developed with B-cell-depleting therapy of the underlying disease. Analysis of the intrapatient virus evolution revealed an inpatient S:G75A mutation that alters the 72GTNGTKR78 motif of the S-protein, with a possible role in binding to alternative cellular receptors. Therapy with a ready-made COVID-19-globulin preparation (native human immunoglobulin G (IgG) derived from the plasma of convalescent COVID-19-patients) resulted in rapid improvement of the patient's condition, fast, and stable elimination of the virus, and passive immunization of the patient for at least 30 days. The results suggest the use of products containing neutralizing antibodies opens new prospects for treatment algorithms for patients with persistent coronavirus infection, as well as for passive immunization schemes for patients with a presumably reduced specific response to vaccination.

Introduction: Guidelines on Biological Therapy for Bronchial Asthma of the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (EAACI) identified a number of controversial issues for additional outcome analysis using randomized clinical trials and data from routine clinical practice. In particular, there is unmet need to clarify algorithms for prescribing biologicals using predictors of response and its timing, taking into account risk factors and multimorbidity. Omalizumab is a recombinant humanized monoclonal anti-IgE antibody of IgG1 class used for the treatment of severe refractory atopic bronchial asthma (BA) and a variety of IgE-mediated diseases. Among biological agents, this "pioneer molecule" has the greatest experience in the "allergology and immunology" profile. Detailed description of the "nonresponders" portraits will allow to perform the therapy response assessment on time and facilitate rational planning of individual therapy, which is a prerequisite for biologicals era. Using only routine methods, it is possible to perform initial and dynamic screening to phenotype a heterogeneous cohort of patients with severe asthma and chose the optimal strategy., Aim: To identify predictors of nonresponse to omalizumab anti-IgE therapy in patients with severe atopic BA and to establish optimal timing of efficacy assessment using retrospective analysis of data from the Biologic Therapy Registry of Allergology and Immunology in routine clinical practice., Materials and Methods: A retrospective single-center registry study was conducted at the Allergy and Immunology Reference Center from June 2017 to August 2021. 135 patients with severe BA, with confirmed perennial sensitization, who received omalizumab according to the recommendations of the current version of GINA, were selected from the clinical and dynamic observational system (registry). Dosing regimen and administration frequency of omalizumab were determined in accordance with the instructions for the drug. Assessment of therapy efficacy was performed at the time point 4, 6 and 12 months. Patients were subgrouped into "responders" and "non-responders" according to the following criteria: ACT score less than 19 and/or difference between initial ACT score in dynamics less than 3 points; forced expiratory volume in the first second less than 80%; combination of these two criteria. Nonparametric methods of descriptive statistics were used in data processing: median, interquartile range. Differences were considered significant at p0.05. MannWhitney U-test, KruskalWallis one-way analysis of variance, and Fisher's 2 test were used to compare quantitative characteristics., Results: Heterogeneous subgroups of patients differing in reaching the criteria of "non-responders" to treatment were identified; the informativity of modifiable and unmodifiable factors differed at time-points of dynamic observation. In the differential analysis, two profiles of "nonresponders" were defined in combination with the most significant predictors of "nonrsponse" to omalizumab. According to the data obtained, one of the clinical phenotypes, namely the combination of severe asthma with the Samters triad, corresponded to the characteristics of the patient "nonresponders": age of onset is about 30 years, females, severe exacerbations of BA while taking non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, accompanied with high levels of eosinophilia., Conclusion: The data obtained illustrates the hypothesis of pathogenetic heterogeneity of severe BA with the phenomenon of overlapping phenotypes and can serve as an additional orienteer for creating the individual plan of anti-IgE therapy in real clinical practice.

Objective: To determine the main forms of primary tracheal cancer (PTC), to specify the indications for various surgeries in these patients depending on extent and localization of lesion., Material and Methods: There were 263 PTC patients. Benign tumors were diagnosed in 68 (25.9%) patients, malignancies - in 195 (74.1%) cases. Tracheal cancer includes 3 basic morphological variants - adenocystic cancer (49.7%), carcinoid (18.7%) and squamous cell carcinoma (19.0%). Other forms of malignancies were much less common. We applied endoscopic intraluminal and open surgeries. In malignant PTC, open surgeries were performed in 165 (84.6%) out of 195 patients. Baseline palliative endoscopic treatment was performed in 30 patients. They underwent airway recanalization (with subsequent tracheal stenting in 19 patients). Endoscopic resection was preferred for benign tumors., Results: Twenty (12.1%) patients died after open surgery, and 1 (3.3%) patient died after endoscopic procedure. Most lethal outcomes occurred in early years of development of tracheal surgery. The causes of mortality were tracheal anastomotic failure in 12 patients, pneumonia in 6 patients, and arterial bleeding in 2 patients. Severe postoperative period was observed in all 3 patients after tracheal replacement with a silicone prosthesis. Long-term treatment outcomes depended on morphological structure of PTC. Favorable results were observed in patients with neuroendocrine tumor (carcinoid), worse outcomes in adenocystic cancer and unfavorable results in squamous cell carcinoma ( p <0.0013). Five-year survival rates were 75%, 65.6%, and 13.3%; 10-year survival rates were 75%, 56.2%, and 13.3%, respectively. These outcomes after combined treatment of primary tracheal cancer were significantly better compared to lung cancer ( p <0.05 when compared to global data)., Conclusion: Treatment of primary tracheal cancer should be based on classical principles of modern oncology (combined therapy, tumor resection with lymphadenectomy). Open and endoscopic interventions are justified. PTC is characterized by more favorable outcomes compared to lung cancer. It is difficult to analyze long-term results in tracheal cancer depending on various features of tumor process due to small number of observations. Accurate conclusions require multiple-center studies, preferably with international participation, which can convincingly prove certain concept.

Objective: To analyze the long-term postoperative outcomes in patients with cicatricial tracheal stenosis and to determine the indications for various surgical strategies., Material and Methods: There were 976 patients with benign cicatricial tracheal stenosis for the period 2001-2017. Tracheal stenosis occurred after mechanical ventilation and tracheostomy in 910 (93.2%) patients. Other causes were neck trauma, burns, previous surgery or tuberculosis. Idiopathic stenosis was observed in 41 (4.2%) patients. Multiple-stage reconstructive treatment was possible due to benign nature of disease. There were 2.4 operations per a patient, and 976 patients underwent 2327 procedures. Circular tracheal resection was preferred ( n =396)., Results: Surgical complications occurred in 107 (4.6%) cases, mortality rate - 0.3%. In long-term period, 42 patients died for various causes. In most cases ( n =34, 80.9%), mortality was associated with concomitant diseases or consequences of trauma rather cicatricial tracheal stenosis or its treatment. Eight patients died from cicatricial tracheal stenosis or its treatment (7 patients after staged repair, 1 after circular tracheal resection). Four patients died due to asphyxia following T-tube obturation with a tracheobronchial secret or unjustified decannulation. For various reasons, 41 (6.2%) patients continued their treatment in other hospitals (4 patients died). Mortality rate in this group was 9.8%. Favorable long-term outcome was observed in 90.1% of patients, good and unsatisfactory results - in 7.2% and 1.8% of patients, respectively. Circular tracheal resection ensured better functional outcome., Conclusion: Surgical treatment of cicatricial tracheal stenosis is associated with low incidence of postoperative complications and mortality. However, further improvement in long-term results is associated with advanced rehabilitation programs for concomitant diseases. Treatment of cicatricial tracheal stenosis should be carried out at specialized hospitals.

Objective: To analyze contamination of surgical wound during tracheal resection depending on the mode of mechanical ventilation., Material and Methods: There were 976 patients. Circular tracheal resection was made in 396 of these patients., Results: Overall postoperative morbidity was 15.7%, mortality - 0.8%. Bacteriological examination of surgical wound was performed before tracheotomy and after formation of anastomosis depending on the method of mechanical ventilation. Surgical field was sterile before tracheotomy in all cases, contamination was confirmed after tracheotomy in all patients. Minimal contamination was observed in case of apneic oxygenation (100 times less than volumetric mechanical ventilation or high frequency mechanical ventilation). In all cases, several species of pathogenic microorganisms were identified. The number of species was also minimal in case of hypnotic mechanical ventilation., Conclusion: Contamination does not directly affect the development of local purulent-inflammatory process. However, this factor should not be ignored and compliance with all preventive measures is required.

Objective: To analyze early and delayed results of various variants of circular tracheal resection (CTR) with anastomosis, to determine the safest approach, dates and conditions of correction, features of postoperative period in patients after previous tracheal surgery., Material and Methods: There were 831 patients with cicatricial tracheal stenosis. CTR was made in 330 (39.7%) patients. Most patients had previous prolonged ICU-stay. The patients were divided into 4 groups. Group 1 consisted of 61 (18.5%) patients after previous prolonged tracheal stenting. Group 2 included 45 (13.6%) patients who underwent circular tracheal resection with a functioning tracheostomy. Tracheostomy tube served as a stent in these patients. Group 3 enrolled 32 (9.7%) patients with previous staged reconstructive plastic surgeries on cranial segment of the respiratory tract. Tracheostomy or stent were absent in 192 (58.2%) patients who underwent circular tracheal resection at the first hospitalization. These patients were enrolled into the fourth (control) group. Favorable outcomes (without complications and mortality) were achieved in 85.5% (n=282) of patients. Postoperative complications occurred in 48 (14.5%) patients. Mortality rate was 0.6% (n=2). The greatest number of complications including anastomositis and restenosis was noted in patients after CTR and previous tracheoplasty with T-tube (n=8, 25%). The most common complication in patients after tracheal resection and previous stenting was anastomositis (14.7%). Long-term results depended on postoperative complications and methods of their correction. Recurrent stenosis occurred in 5 (1.5%) patients within the period of 3 months - 8 years. CTR after previous tracheoplasty with T-tube was carried out in 4 of these patients., Conclusion: Tracheal resection after preliminary stenting or tracheostomy is quite safe and technically feasible. Stenting allows postponing radical surgery for correction of concomitant diseases and closure of tracheostomy as a focus of infection within the surgical approach and further tracheal anastomosis. Tracheal resection with simultaneous closure of tracheostomy results a higher rate of postoperative complications compared with preliminary stenting.

Common variable immune deficiency is the most common form of a group of primary immunodeficiencies in adult patients. Pulmonary complications occupy leading positions. It is the development of recurrent bronchopulmonary inflammatory diseases that is considered to be one of the main causes of death and disability in patients with this disease. By presenting two clinical cases with long diagnostic delays, the authors try to attract the attention of specialists of related professions, which will minimize the development of irreversible complications in the patients.

Aim: To analyze the results of tracheal resection for cicatricial stenosis depending on the presence of tracheostomy., Material and Methods: 1128 patients with tracheal cicatricial stenosis were treated for the period 1963-2015. The first group consisted of 297 patients for the period 1963-2000, the second group - 831 patients for the period 2001-2015. Most of them 684 (60.6%) were young and able-bodied (age from 21 to 50 years). In the first group 139 (46.8%) out of 297 patients had functioning tracheostomy. For the period 2001-2015 tracheostomy was made in 430 (51.7%) out of 831 patients with cicatricial stenosis. Time of cannulation varied from a few weeks to 21 years., Results: Re-tracheostomy within various terms after decanulation was performed in 68 (15.8%) patients. Tracheal resection with anastomosis was performed in 59 and 330 in both groups respectively. At present time these operations are performed more often in view of their standard fashion in everyday practice. In the second group tracheal resection followed by anastomosis was observed in 110 (25.6%) out of 430 patients with tracheostomy that is 4.4 times more often than in previous years. In total 2 patients died after 330 circular tracheal resections within 2001-2015 including one patient with and one patient without tracheostomy. Mortality was 0.6%. Moreover, this value was slightly higher in patients operated with a functioning tracheostomy compared with those without it - 0.9 vs. 0.5% respectively. The causes of death were bleeding into tracheobronchial lumen and pulmonary embolism. The source of bleeding after tracheal resection was innominate artery. Overall incidence of postoperative complications was 2 times higher in tracheostomy patients compared with those without it - 22 (20%) vs. 26 (11.8%) cases respectively. Convalescence may be achieved in 89.8% patients after circular tracheal resection. Adverse long-term results are associated with postoperative complications. So their prevention and treatment will improve the outcomes.

Background: Currently, the trend continues to increase the number ofpatients with cicatricial tracheal stenosis (CTS). Therefore, prevention and treatment ofthis disease remains topical. The main cause ofcicatricial tracheal stenosis is damaging the trachea during mechanical ventilation. The scheme ofprevention of this disease in Russia hasn't brought the desired results., The Aim: to clarify the modern etiology of cicatricial tracheal stenosis, to identify the trend in incidence rates, to determine whether there is an optimal safe alternative to tracheostomy including the use of minimally invasive techniques, to improve diagnostic and therapeutic algorithm at various stages of assistance, and also to study the results of innovative operations and new ways of maintaining gas exchange., Materials and Methods: 1128 patients with cicatricial tracheal stenosis was treated from 1963 to 2015 in Petrovsky National Research Centre of Surgery and IMSechenov First Moscow State Medical University. Over time methods of di- agnosis, methods of anesthesia and operations have been varied. In this regard all patients were divided into two groups depending on the period of time from 1963 to 2000 (297 patients) andfrom 2001 to 2015 (831 patients). In recent decades there is a steady increase in the number of treated patients. So, if in the first group during the year operational treatment about the CTS 8,0 patients were underwent, in the second - to 55.4. Cicatricial tracheal stenosis appeared after lung mechanical ventilation at 1025 (for 90.9%) patients. They have undergone both radical one-stage treatment and multi-stage and sequential intraluminal procedures. In general there is a clear trend towards more aggressive surgical tactics. So, if in thefirst group, the tracheal resection with anastomosis was performedin 59 patients only, the second-330. Thefrequency ofpostoperative complications and mortality in the second group ofpatients was 12.9 and 0.7 %, respectively., Results: Only a reasonable combination of all treatment methods, the principle of "every patient his own version of operation" allows to minimize the risk oftreatment and to get a good lasting result. Proof of such provision may be the fact that the frequency of complications and postoperative mortality at our patients have had a tendency to decrease and currently stands at 12.9 and 0.7 %, respectively for many years. It is 2.3 and 9.6 times less, respectively, than in the periodfrom 1963 to 2000. It appears that further reduction of these indicators will be at a slower pace, afurther solution of the CTS problem will be based on the prevention of disease., Conclusion: Prevention of cicatricial tracheal stenosis in the departments of reanimation and intensive care is currently inadequate. It requires fundamentally new approaches, but reform still has not brought the desired results. Diagnosis of the CTS at an early stage allows early treatment and to avoid complex and risky operations. Increasingly important, apart tracheoscopy for diagnosis of tracheomalacia purchase dynamic computed tomography and magnetic resonance - tomography. Treatment ofpatients with CTS requires a multidisciplinary approach, individual selection operations for a particular patient. The general trend of the further development of tracheal surgery is associated with an increase in the number of simultaneous resections, including at the long, two-level stenosis, as well as at relapse. The patients who had refused treatment or have elected him palliative options made possible surgery. The frequency of postoperative comnlications and mortality decreased significantiv, including after extensive and traumatic operations on the trachea.

At present time several surgical approaches are being used for cicatrical tracheal stenosis including cervicotomy, longitudinal- circumferential sternotomy and thoracotomy. Besides location of stenosis an approach is being determined by constitutional and anatomical features of patient, surgeon's and anesthesiologist's experience, well-coordinated work of operating team. If pathological process is placed in cervico-laryngeal, cervical and upper thoracic segment cervicotomy is preferable. Partial longitudinal-circumferential sternotomy is believed to be adequate in case of lesion of thoracic trachea and its bifurcation. This approach provides all types of tracheal reconstructions. Technical difficulties appear if process is localized in membranous wall of suprabifurcational part, bifurcation and primary bronchus. In these cases we recommend thoracotomy through the bed of resected the 3rd or the 4th ribs and patient's position on his front. Interventions including pulmonary tissue resection and tracheal edges convergence are possible through thoracotomy.

Aim: Tracheal surgery became relatively safe with development of thoracic surgery, endoscopy and anesthesia. However, life-threatening vascular complications especially arrosive bleeding from great vessels play important role in the structure of postoperative complications. It is a major cause of hospital mortality after tracheal surgery., Material and Methods: Since 1963 to 2013 867 patients with cicatrical tracheal stenosis were treated. Their age ranged from 8 to 77 years. Bleeding was the main cause of death after tracheal surgery. It occurs in 31 patients among whom 22 died. 9 patients are alive. There was bleeding from small cervical vessels and carotid artery in 5 and 2 patients respectively. All patients with bleeding from brachiocephalic trunk died except 2 patients who underwent complex vascular reconstructions and recurrent complications were prevented. Vascular complications occurred after both circular tracheal resection with the anastomosis (19 patients) and tracheoplasty followed by airway lumen formation on T-shaped tube (in 11 cases) or endoscopic treatment (in 1 patient). Postoperative complications were predominantly arrosive and accompanied by wound infection or severe purulent tracheobronchitis. Blood loss was relatively small in all patients and asystole was caused by blood asphyxia in died patients. Therefore, firstly respiratory tract lumen should be isolated from source of bleeding. 22 patients were urgently operated. Intraoperative death was observed in 6 cases, 7 patients died within 2-31 days. In 7 other patients cervical soft tissues, thyroid artery collaterals and carotid artery were origin of bleeding., Results: Final bleeding stop was performed with good immediate and long-term results in all cases. Final bleeding stop usually requires complex vascular reconstructions and it is difficult to predict their outcomes. It is necessary to prevent intraoperative bleeding because of unsatisfactory results of vascular complications management. So careful manipulations with vessels and their isolation from the tracheal anastomosis and tracheostomy channel with patient's own tissues are obligatory.

Treatment of multifocal and extended tracheal stenosis is associated with considerable difficulties in comparison with local lesions. Resection with restoration of respiratory lumen by using of direct intertracheal anastomosis substantially entered into common clinical practice. But these interventions in patients with two-level lesion are performed rarely. Among 900 operated patients with cicatrical tracheal stenosis resection of two tracheal segments with forming of anastomoses was performed only in 5 patients. We presented an experience of single-stage resections of different segments of respiratory tract for nonneoplastic cicatrical stenosis. Indications and contraindications are defined. Technical features of resection are discussed. Our data show that such operations are possible and safe. All patients recovered. Their breath was completely restored. Risk of postoperative complications after similar operations is not higher than after one-level resection. But at present time these techniques may be used by specialists and institutions with serious experience in tracheal surgery.

New experimental results regarding "warm" water dimer spectra under equilibrium conditions are presented. An almost equidistant series of six peaks corresponding to the merged individual lines of the bound dimer with consecutive rotational quantum numbers is studied in the 188-258 GHz frequency range in water vapour over a broad range of pressures and temperatures relevant to the Earth's atmosphere. The series is a continuation of the sequence detected earlier at lower frequencies at room temperature. The signal-to-noise ratio of the observed spectra allowed investigating their evolution, when water vapour was diluted by atmospheric air with partial pressure from 0 up to 540 Torr. Analysis of the obtained spectra permitted determining the dimerization constant as well as the hydrogen bond dissociation energy and the dimer spectral parameters, including the average coefficient of collisional broadening of individual lines by water vapour and air. The manifestation of metastable states of the dimer in the observed spectra is assessed. The contribution of three possible pair states of water molecules to the second virial coefficient is evaluated over the broad range of temperatures. The work supports the significant role of the water dimer in atmospheric absorption and related processes.

The experience of treatment of 118 patients with non-neoplastic tracheoesophageal fistulas is presented in the article. Radical surgeries was performed in 85.6% cases, palliative operations - in 4.2% of patients. Conservative therapy was rare (12 patients). The volume of radical interventions was different. There was volume increase in case of concomitant tracheal stenosis or involvement in process adjacent organs and tissues. It is frequent situation last years. Surgical stapling instruments were used in 62 patients during surgery. Domestic (UKS-20, UKS-30, UO-40, UO-60) and import instruments were applied. Postoperative complications were diagnosed in 32.7% of patients. The most complications were determined with exacerbation of inflammation in lungs (exacerbation of purulent bronchitis, pneumonia, etc.). It was not revealed complications determined with surgical stapling instruments using for tracheal or esophageal defects removal in any patients. Relapse in long-term period was observed in 10 radically operated patients. All of them underwent tracheoplastic surgeries on the cervical and thoracic trachea except tracheoesophageal fistula separation. Clearance of the respiratory tract was formed by using of T-tube in the future. Surgical stapling instrument was used only in 2 of these patients during radical surgery. 7 patients were re-operated for tracheoesophageal fistula relapse with good result.

From 1963 to 2011 in the Department of lung and mediastinum surgery were treated 879 patients with trachea stenosis and 107 patients with benign tracheoesopageal fistula were treated in the Department of lung and mediastinum surgery from 1963 to 2011. latrogenic trachea and the esophagus damage was caused by long-term ALV in 87% of cases. Patients were aged from 5 to 79 years. 47.2% of patients came with functioning tracheostome. 25.7% of patients had a clinically significant respiratory disorder at admission, 10.2 % of which were life-threatening. Iatrogenic damage of the trachea was identified before extubation or decannulation only in 27% of patients. In such circumstances, prevention and diagnostics of iatrogenic injuries, as well as initial care alternatives takes on special significance.

Water dimers (H(2)O)(2) are believed to affect Earth's radiation balance and climate, homogeneous condensation, and atmospheric chemistry. Moreover, the pairwise interaction which binds the dimer appears to be of paramount importance for expounding a complete molecular description of the liquid and solid phases of water. However, there have been no secure, direct observations of water dimers at environmentally relevant temperatures despite decades of studies. We report the first unambiguous observation of the dimer spectrum recorded in equilibrium water vapor at room temperature.

122 patients with different diseases of the diaphragm were operated on during 1963-2011 yy. The majority of patients - 76 (62.3%) - had hernias of the weak phrenic zones. 14 (11.5%) and 17 (14.0%) patients had posttraumatic hernia and phrenic relaxation, respectively. The majority of patients had no complaints and the disease was diagnosed on the X-ray examination. Rarely, the compression syndrome, caused by the translocation of the bowel into the thoracic cavity, was registered. That clinically emerged as short breath, heaviness sensation and cardiac rhythm disorders. The worked out reconstructive operations allow to cure such patients with minimal risk.

The article summarizes the experience of surgical treatment of 47 patients (1964-2012 yy) with lung arteriovenous malformations (LAVM). Men were 29, women - 18. Age varied from 6 to 49 years. 20 patients had solitary lung arteriovenous malformations, the rest 27 had multiple malformations. Before 1983 the main diagnostic means was the angiopulmonography, since that the multyspiral computed tomography has been used. Before 1980 all patients received major surgical treatment, i.e., lobectomy (n=29), pneumonectomy (n=1) and 1 explorative thoracotomy. After 1980 the endovascular embolisation under the X-ray control took the leading place among the treatment options for these patients. 11 patients had 17 embolisations; the lung resection was performed only in 3 cases. All negative outcomes (4 lethal and 8 complications) were registered before the 1980. The were no lethal outcomes after the endovascular embolisation; only 3 patients had complications. All patients demonstrated satisfactory and good outcomes, considering objective parameters and quality of life early and long after the endovascular embolisation.

The article summarizes the experience of treatment of 107 patients with tracheoesophageal fistula of nonneoplastic etiology. Etiology, diagnostic and treatment approaches were analyzed and compared, depending on the time period. The proportion of patients with combined pathology as tracheoesophageal fistula and cicatrical stenosis of the trachea has significantly increased recently. The main cause of fistulation was the jatrogenic tracheal injury during the mechanical lung ventilation. Basic diagnostic methods were endoscopy and computed tomography. The main objective of emergency remains isolation of the tracheobronchial tree from the gastrointestinal tract. Radical surgery can cure 97.8% of patients with minimal risk, including comorbidity. Conservative treatment and palliative surgery should be used only in case of the curative treatment failure or on the preparatory stage.

The rigidity of the chest wall, thank to its bone framework, determines the variety of operative access in thoracic surgery, both thoracoscopic and open. The posterior thoracotomy on the bed of the resected rib in ventral decubitus is traditionally but gratuitously rarely used access. The method permits comfortable access to trachea, bifurcation, main bronchi and thoracic esophagus. It can also be used in cases of foregoing thoracothomy. Authors own the experience of 111 cases with the use of posterior thoracotomy in ventral decubitus. The access proved to be preferable for the operations on the membranous part of the trachea and main bronchi, some localizations of thoracic tracheoesophageal fistula. The access suggests fast mobilization of the root of the lung without foregoing pneumolisis, which is important in cases of pleural cavity obliteration after tuberculosis or pleural empyem.