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The agricultural industry lacks qualified workers, suggesting students may not participate in opportunities that effectively develop their employability skills. We used a phenomenological case study approach to investigate Texas A&M University College of Agriculture and Life Sciences students' career-readiness and factors influencing career-readiness. We conducted interviews with 19 juniors and seniors. Open coding procedures revealed five emergent themes--"Career Advice-Seeking Behavior," "Employability Skills Development," "Network Establishment," "Relevant Experiences," and "Personal Growth." Findings indicate that students do not take advantage of University resources to help them with career preparation. Findings also revealed a lack of employability skills development, especially relating to students' communication and science communication skills. Students identified high-impact experiences they believed improved their employability skills. We recommend strategies for educators to improve agriculture students' career-readiness and offer research recommendations to examine career-readiness factors that may help prepare students to meet 21st century agricultural workforce demands.

Purpose: This study sought to investigate how secondary agriculture teachers' characteristics influence their perceived ability to teach students decision-making skills. Design/Methodology/Approach: We used a cross-sectional survey research design and distributed the instrument to secondary agriculture teachers in the U.S. via Facebook. We received 151 usable responses and conducted a multiple regression and mediation analysis. Findings: The regression model accounted for 34.97% of the variance in teachers' perceived ability to teach decision-making skills and explained a statistically significant amount of variation in the outcome (F(16, 129) = 4.34, p < 0.001). Teaching efficacy, teaching style, decision-making beliefs, and years of service statistically and significantly influenced the outcome. In addition, 29.35% of the total effect of decision-making beliefs on perceived ability to teach decision-making is mediated through teaching efficacy. Practical Implications: Findings can inform the development of workshops and educational resources intended to improve agriculture teachers' perceived ability to teach students decision-making skills, thereby enhancing their ability to teach students how to make decisions. Theoretical Implications: Teachers' psychological and socio-demographic characteristics statistically and significantly influence their perceived ability to teach students decision-making skills. Originality/Value: The regression model was the first of its kind to investigate the influence of teacher characteristics on this particular outcome. Therefore, results provide novel but preliminary insight into teachers' perceptions.

Purpose: We sought to determine the perceived importance and development of agricultural students' employability skills, and the factors and experiences that influence their development. Design/Methodology/Approach: We used a cross-sectional survey research design and conducted a census of Texas A&M University College of Agriculture and Life Sciences students by distributing a researcher-developed instrument to all students following the tailored design method. We collected 991 usable responses. Findings: Students believed communication and decision-making skills were most important, but their teamwork skills and self-management skills were most developed. Seven types of professional experiences significantly and positively influenced students' perceived development of employability skills. Students who knew the type of career they wanted to pursue believed their employability skills were statistically significantly better developed than students who did not. Practical implications: Agricultural educators should help students identify career interests early in their academic pursuit and encourage their participation in professional experiences to improve their perceived employability skills development. Theoretical implications: Increased frequency of participating in teamwork, leadership, project management, community engagement, cross-disciplinary, international, and internship experiences can increase agricultural students' perceived general human capital. Knowledge regarding the type of career they want to pursue can also increase perceived human capital. Originality/Value: We identified novel characteristics of agricultural students across academic departments and at varying levels of their degree program.

Superimposing neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) on voluntary contractions has proven to be highly effective for improving muscle strength and performance. These improvements might involve specific adaptations occurring at cortical and spinal level. The effects of NMES on corticospinal activation seem to be frequency dependent and differ between upper and lower limb muscles. The aim of this study was to investigate acute responses in spinal excitability, as measured by H-reflex amplitude of flexor carpi radialis (FCR) and soleus (SOL) muscles, after NMES superimposed on voluntary contractions (NMES + ISO) at two different pulse frequencies (40 and 80 Hz). Conditions involved fifteen intermittent contractions at submaximal level. Before and after each condition, H-reflexes were elicited in FCR and SOL muscles.H-reflex amplitudes increased in FCR and SOL following both NMES + ISO at 40 and 80 Hz. The potentiation of the H-reflex was greater following the 40 Hz condition compared to 80 Hz, although no differences between muscles emerged.These findings indicated that superimposing NMES has an excitatory effect on spinal motoneurons in both upper and lower limb muscles with an overall greater response after low frequency NMES. Such facilitation could be associated to enhanced somatosensory stimuli conjunctly with higher supraspinal downward commands.

Gene-editing technology provides promising opportunities for livestock industries by enabling precise genetic modifications that enhance desirable traits such as increased disease resistance, heat tolerance, and nutritional quality. With gene-edited beef products entering the market soon, understanding consumers’ acceptance is critical. Using structural equation modeling, the study aimed to determine how key psychological and social factors influence U.S. consumers’ attitudes toward gene editing and their behavioral intentions toward ground beef from gene-edited cattle. Results indicate that knowledge, subjective social norms, and perceived benefits positively influenced attitudes, while perceived risks and food technology neophobia negatively influenced attitudes. Subjective social norms, perceived benefits, and attitudes positively influenced behavioral intentions, while perceived risks and food technology neophobia negatively influenced intentions. Attitudes acted as a partial mediator, significantly mediating the effects of subjective social norms, perceived benefits, perceived risks, and food technology neophobia on behavioral intentions. Improving consumers’ behavioral intentions toward ground beef from gene-edited cattle hinges on cultivating more favorable attitudes toward the technology. Thus, collaborative efforts by scientists, producers, policymakers, extension agents, and agricultural communicators should seek to increase consumers’ perceived benefits and improve subjective social norms, as these factors were most influential.

In this study, total RNA high-throughput sequencing (HTS) of a single symptomatic Phytolacca americana plant enabled the obtention of a nearly complete genome of two new isolates of turnip yellows virus (TuYV), named TuYV-ITA1 and TuYV-ITA2, and revealed a mixed infection with a new variant of citrus exocortis viroid (CEVd), named CEVd-ITA1. The TuYV-ITA2 isolate diverged from the known virus isolates of TuYV and showed variability in the P0 and P5 readthrough domain. Recombination analysis revealed its recombinant nature between TuYV and an unidentified polerovirus. The putative recombination event was identified in the P5 readthrough domain of the TuYMV-ITA2 isolate. Our results thus represent the first report of TuYV in Italy and some molecular evidence for the possible natural co-existence of TuYV and CEVd in a new natural host for both infectious entities. This study is adding further knowledge about the role of weed plants as virus reservoirs, and thus additional biological and impact studies would be desirable to determine in particular the role of P. americana in the spread of TuYV and if this virus should be considered a new threat for the susceptible Italian crops.

Background and Purpose: A low linear energy transfer (LET) in the target can reduce the effectiveness of carbon ion radiotherapy (CIRT). This study aimed at exploring benefits and limitations of LET optimization for large sacral chordomas (SC) undergoing CIRT. Materials and Methods: Seventeen cases were used to tune LET-based optimization, and seven to independently test interfraction plan robustness. For each patient, a reference plan was optimized on biologically-weighted dose cost functions. For the first group, 7 LET-optimized plans were obtained by increasing the gross tumor volume (GTV) minimum LETd (minLETd) in the range 37–55 keV/μm, in steps of 3 keV/μm. The optimal LET-optimized plan (LETOPT) was the one maximizing LETd, while adhering to clinical acceptability criteria. Reference and LETOPT plans were compared through dose and LETd metrics (Dx, Lx to x% volume) for the GTV, clinical target volume (CTV), and organs at risk (OARs). The 7 held-out cases were optimized setting minLETd to the average GTV L98% of the investigation cohort. Both reference and LETOPT plans were recalculated on re-evaluation CTs and compared. Results: GTV L98% increased from (31.8 ± 2.5)keV/μm to (47.6 ± 3.1)keV/μm on the LETOPT plans, while the fraction of GTV receiving over 50 keV/μm increased on average by 36% (p

The purpose of our correlational, quantitative study was to determine if time spent using digital media (i.e. text messaging and social media) influences students' media writing self-perceptions (MWSPs). We measured students' perceived writing ability using the MWSP scale and their time spent using digital media with the social networking time use scale (SONTUS). Correlations between students' MWSP scores and SONTUS scores were statistically insignificant, suggesting that time spent using digital media does not negatively influence their perceived writing abilities. However, results from further analyses indicated that as students' social media use increased, so did their ability to recognise the difference between writing for social media and writing for professional publications. We also found that the more students text the more they use social media and vice versa. We present directions for future research and practice.

The effects of fasting-mimicking diet (FMD) cycles in reducing many aging and disease risk factors indicate it could affect Alzheimer's disease (AD). Here, we show that FMD cycles reduce cognitive decline and AD pathology in E4FAD and 3xTg AD mouse models, with effects superior to those caused by protein restriction cycles. In 3xTg mice, long-term FMD cycles reduce hippocampal Aβ load and hyperphosphorylated tau, enhance genesis of neural stem cells, decrease microglia number, and reduce expression of neuroinflammatory genes, including superoxide-generating NADPH oxidase (Nox2). 3xTg mice lacking Nox2 or mice treated with the NADPH oxidase inhibitor apocynin also display improved cognition and reduced microglia activation compared with controls. Clinical data indicate that FMD cycles are feasible and generally safe in a small group of AD patients. These results indicate that FMD cycles delay cognitive decline in AD models in part by reducing neuroinflammation and/or superoxide production in the brain.

The snow water equivalent (SWE) is the amount of water contained in a snow pack and is, therefore, an important variable for hydrological and climate models. Differential interferometric synthetic aperture radar (DInSAR) techniques can relate the interferometric phase of two repeat-pass SAR acquisitions to the SWE change between them. However, only a limited interval of SWE change can be retrieved unambiguously due to phase wraps of the interferometric phase. This interval strongly depends on the wavelength of the radar wave. Additional information, for instance ground measurements of SWE, is required to identify whether the SWE change exceeded that interval and to correct the phase wraps. In the study, the performance of X-, C-, and L-bands spaceborne SAR acquisitions for SWE estimation is analyzed, demonstrating the advantages and limitations of different frequencies. Shorter wavelengths show a higher accuracy for SWE estimations, while longer wavelengths are less affected by phase wraps. A multifrequency approach is proposed where L-band acquisitions are used to correct the phase wraps in the C-band SWE retrieval. The accuracy decreases slightly, but this approach allows a more robust SWE retrieval without the need of additional ground measurements. For current spaceborne SAR missions, temporal decorrelation and phase calibration are limiting factors.

The objective of this study was to evaluate sorghum hybrids associated or not associated with Azospirillum brasilense and nitrogen fertilization (N) during planting on the yield, fermentative profile, and nutritional value of the respective silages. Five sorghum hybrids (Volumax, 201813B, 201814B, 201709B, BRS716) were evaluated with three nitrogen fertilization strategies using urea (100 kg ha−1 of N) and Azospirillum brasilense, and urea (100 kg ha−1 of N)/A. brasilense in association. A randomized block design was used in a 5 × 3 factorial scheme, with five hybrids, three fertilization strategies and three replications (blocks). The useful area of each experimental unit was 3 m x 3 m. The biomass sorghum hybrids showed a dry matter (DM) production (P = 0.01) 48.31% higher than the DM production of the Volumax forage (mean of 17.49 t ha−1 of dry matter). There was no difference between the sorghum hybrid silages in the pH values (mean of 4.11; P = 0.68), gas losses (mean of 3.74% of DM; P = 0.19). The sorghum hybrids biomass 201709B and BRS 716 showed better digestible and DM productivity. Azospirillum brasilense can be used as a nitrogen fertilization strategy in partial or total replacement of urea.

BackgroundThe mechanisms and outcomes in coronavirus disease (COVID-19)-associated stroke are unique from those of non-COVID-19 stroke.ObjectiveTo describe the efficacy and outcomes of acute revascularization of large vessel occlusion (LVO) in the setting of COVID-19 in an international cohort.MethodsWe conducted an international multicenter retrospective study of consecutively admitted patients with COVID-19 with concomitant acute LVO across 50 comprehensive stroke centers. Our control group constituted historical controls of patients presenting with LVO and receiving a mechanical thrombectomy between January 2018 and December 2020.ResultsThe total cohort was 575 patients with acute LVO; 194 patients had COVID-19 while 381 patients did not. Patients in the COVID-19 group were younger (62.5 vs 71.2; P < .001) and lacked vascular risk factors (49, 25.3% vs 54, 14.2%; P = .001). Modified thrombolysis in cerebral infarction 3 revascularization was less common in the COVID-19 group (74, 39.2% vs 252, 67.2%; P < .001). Poor functional outcome at discharge (defined as modified Ranklin Scale 3-6) was more common in the COVID-19 group (150, 79.8% vs 132, 66.7%; P = .004). COVID-19 was independently associated with a lower likelihood of achieving modified thrombolysis in cerebral infarction 3 (odds ratio [OR]: 0.4, 95% CI: 0.2-0.7; P < .001) and unfavorable outcomes (OR: 2.5, 95% CI: 1.4-4.5; P = .002).ConclusionCOVID-19 was an independent predictor of incomplete revascularization and poor outcomes in patients with stroke due to LVO. Patients with COVID-19 with LVO were younger, had fewer cerebrovascular risk factors, and suffered from higher morbidity/mortality rates.

Ho accettato volentieri l’invito a ‘dire una piccola cosa’ di psicoterapia di ispirazione sociale, tra le tante necessarie che il contributo di Luigi D’Elia stimola. Già Hilmann e Ventura si interrogavano nel loro lavoro del 1998 ‘Cent’anni di psicoanalisi e il mondo va sempre peggio’ sul perché in cent’anni la psicoanalisi non fosse riuscita a curare il malessere dell’uomo, a renderci più felici, e a creare un mondo migliore. [...]

In synchrotrons, accurate knowledge of the magnetic field generated by bending dipole magnets is essential to ensure beam stability. Measurement campaigns are necessary to characterize the field. The choice of the measurement method for such campaigns is determined by the combination of magnet dimensions and operating conditions and typically require a trade-off between accuracy and versatility. The single stretched wire (SSW) is a well-known, polyvalent method to measure the integral field of magnets having a wide range of geometries. It, however, requires steady-state excitation. This work presents a novel implementation of this method called pulsed SSW, which allows the system to measure rapidly time-varying magnetic fields, as is often needed, to save power or gain beam time. We first introduce the measurement principle of the pulsed SSW, followed by a combined strategy to calculate the absolute magnetic field by incorporating the classic DC SSW method. Using a bending magnet from the Proton Synchrotron Booster located at the European Organization for Nuclear Research as a case study, we validate the pulsed SSW method and compare its dynamic measurement capabilities to a fixed induction coil, showing thereby how the coil calibration must be adjusted according to the field level. Finally, we assess the method’s measurement accuracy using the standard SSW as a reference and present an analysis of the primary noise contributors.

In animal models of epilepsy, cranial surgery is often required to implant electrodes for electroencephalography (EEG) recording. However, electrode implants can lead to the activation of glial cells and interfere with physiological neuronal activity. In this study, we evaluated the impact of epidural electrode implants in the pilocarpine mouse model of temporal lobe epilepsy. Brain neuroinflammation was assessed 1 and 3 weeks after surgery by cytokines quantification, immunohistochemistry, and western blotting. Moreover, we investigated the effect of pilocarpine, administered two weeks after surgery, on mice mortality rate. The reported results indicate that implanted mice suffer from neuroinflammation, characterized by an early release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, microglia activation, and subsequent astrogliosis, which persists after three weeks. Notably, mice subjected to electrode implants displayed a higher mortality rate following pilocarpine injection 2 weeks after the surgery. Moreover, the analysis of EEGs recorded from implanted mice revealed a high number of single spikes, indicating a possible increased susceptibility to seizures. In conclusion, epidural electrode implant in mice promotes neuroinflammation that could lower the seizure thresholds to pilocarpine and increase the death rate. An improved protocol considering the persistent neuroinflammation induced by electrode implants will address refinement and reduction, two of the 3Rs principles for the ethical use of animals in scientific research.

ABSTRACTMicrosporidia cause disease in many beneficial insects, including honey bees, yet few pathogen control tools are available for protecting these important organisms against infection. Some evidence suggests that microsporidia possess a reduced number of genes encoding DNA repair proteins. We hypothesized that microsporidia would thus be susceptible to treatment with DNA-damaging agents and tested this hypothesis using a novel, rapid method for achieving robust and homogenous experimental infection of large numbers of newly emerged honey bees with one of its microsporidia pathogens, Vairimorpha (Nosema) ceranae. In carrying out these experiments, we found this novel V. ceranae inoculation method to have similar efficacy as other traditional methods. We show that the DNA-damaging agent bleomycin reduces V. ceranae levels, with minimal but measurable effects on honey bee survival and increased expression of midgut cellular stress genes, including those encoding SHSP. Increased expression of UpdlC suggests the occurrence of epithelial regeneration, which may contribute to host resistance to bleomycin treatment. While bleomycin does reduce infection levels, host toxicity issues may preclude its use in the field. However, with further work, bleomycin may provide a useful tool in the research setting as a potential selection agent for genetic modification of microsporidia.IMPORTANCEMicrosporidia cause disease in many beneficial insects, yet there are few tools available for control in the field or laboratory. Based on the reported paucity of DNA repair enzymes found in microsporidia genomes, we hypothesized that these obligate intracellular parasites would be sensitive to DNA damage. In support of this, we observed that the well-characterized DNA damage agent bleomycin can reduce levels of the microsporidia Vairimorpha (Nosema) ceranae in experimental infections in honey bees. Observation of slightly reduced honey bee survival and evidence of sublethal toxicity likely preclude the use of bleomycin in the field. However, this work identifies bleomycin as a compound that merits further exploration for use in research laboratories as a potential selection agent for generating genetically modified microsporidia.

Tobacco vein necrosis (TVN) is a complex phenomenon regulated by different genetic determinants mapped in the HC-Pro protein (amino acids N330, K391 and E410) and in two regions of potato virus Y (PVY) genome, corresponding to the cytoplasmic inclusion (CI) protein and the nuclear inclusion protein a-protease (NIa-Pro), respectively. A new determinant of TVN was discovered in the MK isolate of PVY which, although carried the HC-Pro determinants associated to TVN, did not induce TVN. The HC-Pro open reading frame (ORF) of the necrotic infectious clone PVY N605 was replaced with that of the non-necrotic MK isolate, which differed only by one amino acid at position 392 (T392 instead of I392). The cDNA clone N605_MKHCPro inoculated in tobacco induced only weak mosaics at the systemic level, demostrating that the amino acid at position 392 is a new determinant for TVN. No significant difference in accumulation in tobacco was observed between N605 and N605_MKHCPro. Since phylogenetic analyses showed that the loss of necrosis in tobacco has occurred several times independently during PVY evolution, these repeated evolutions strongly suggest that tobacco necrosis is a costly trait in PVY.

Lung is the second most common locationof cystic echinococcosis (CE), after the liver. Diagnosis of lung CE is often incidental, and clinical manifestations depend on the location and size of the cyst, the most common being chest pain, shortness of breath, expectoration of fragments of endocyst, and haemoptysis. Surgery is the primary treatment, with a minor role for medical therapy. Delayed diagnosis and treatment may have important consequences. We present a case of lung CE in whichsurgical treatment was delayed due to the first wave of COVID-19. Since surgery could not be performed immediately, the patient was kept on albendazole and the cyst stage moved from CE1 to CE3a, to CE4, eventually requiring a more aggressive pericystectomy instead of the commonly performed endocystectomy. The clinical and imaging characteristics of a rare CE4 cyst of the lung are reported.

Summary:. Obesity is a major epidemic plaguing American society. Injectable subcutaneous medications initially designed for use in type 2 diabetes management, such as semaglutide and other glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists, are rapidly gaining popularity for their effects on weight. These drugs (Ozempic, Wegovy, Saxenda, and Mounjaro) are ubiquitous on social media and are promoted by celebrities across all demographics. “Ozempic face” and “Ozempic butt” are now mainstream concepts highlighting the morphologic changes that occur with these medications. There is a paucity of literature available on the impact of these medications for plastic surgeons and their patients. As use becomes widespread, it is important for plastic surgeons to understand their indications, contraindications, appropriate perioperative management, and impact on plastic surgery procedures.

We investigated how to improve PSC at a large, public university with high research activity by examining scientists' interest and enjoyment in PSC, their perceived aptitude of PSC skills, the channels they use for PSC, their reasons for choosing to participate in PSC, and the tools they need to engage effectively. We conducted a case study and collected data from scientists across five colleges (n = 266). Results suggest that scientists who do not engage in PSC need external support from their institution, and scientists who do engage in PSC continue to engage because they feel intrinsically motivated. Results revealed that communication skills development training is needed to improve scientists' perceived ability to mitigate science controversies, evaluate the effectiveness of communication strategies, and manage science communications projects. We also found that scientists who used social media for PSC enjoy and contribute to PSC more than those who did not use social media. However, PSC contribution varied based on scientists' ethnicity, years of research experience, faculty title, and college. Female scientists need more help than males do in developing their confidence and increasing their enjoyment in PSC. These results can help provide insight into the PSC environment at universities of similar stature.

Guided by the theory of planned behavior and the science communication learning goals model, we conducted a survey to identify science communication training needs of university scientists (n = 266) at a large US land-grant university. Results indicate that most respondents believed scientists and media relations offices were most responsible for communicating science to the public but only somewhat responsible for their learning of science communication or its outcomes. In addition, respondents who had higher levels of interest and enjoyment in science communication perceived their content knowledge to be higher and reflected on science communication concepts and processes better than respondents with lower levels of interest and enjoyment. We also found that scientists who participated in science communication training during the past three years enjoyed science communication more and were more likely to contribute than scientists who did not participate. Results suggest that communication training should focus on increasing scientists' positive attitudes toward public engagement and motivating scientists to feel responsible for public engagement. Trainers should encourage scientists to share their communication experiences with colleagues, expose them to science communication resources, and help them recognize their individual role in the science communication process.

The polarizing nature of many science-based topics often causes people to engage in a hostile manner with those who have differing perspectives. As the next generation of scientists and industry professionals, students studying in science-based disciplines must understand the value of civil discourse. Additionally, they need the skills necessary to engage civilly with individuals whose beliefs differ from theirs as one way to improve relations between the science community and lay audiences. Civil discourse challenges students to apply best practices of science communication in impromptu discussion, think critically about alternate perspectives, and empathize with the experience of others. The classroom activity builds upon improvisation techniques which enable students to define civil discourse, articulate the importance of civil discourse in science communication, and use civil discourse techniques when engaging in difficult conversations about science. Courses: Science communication courses across course levels to improve students' ability to engage in civil discourse when discussing controversial science topics. Objectives: This activity aims to teach students to: (1) define civil discourse; (2) articulate the importance of civil discourse in science communication; and (3) use civil discourse techniques when engaging in difficult conversations about science.

Early-onset neonatal sepsis (EONS), a serious infection in newborns within 3 days, is challenging to diagnose. The current methods often lack accuracy, leading to unnecessary antibiotics or delayed treatment. This study investigates the role of the frozen section examination of placental membranes and umbilical cord (FSMU) to improve EONS diagnosis in the daily lab practice. This retrospective study reviewed data from 59 neonates with EONS risk factors who underwent FSMU according to our institutional protocol. Concordance between the FSMU and the Final Pathological Report (FPR) was assessed. The FSMU demonstrated a high concordance (Kappa = 0.88) for funisitis diagnosis, with excellent accuracy (98.3%). A moderate concordance was observed for chorioamnionitis stage and grade. The FSMU shows promise as a rapid and accurate tool for diagnosing EONS, particularly for funisitis. This study suggests that the FSMU could be a valuable tool for EONS diagnosis, enabling a more judicious antibiotic use and potentially improving outcomes for newborns.

Carrots (Daucus carota L.), a globally significant vegetable, lack extensive research on heterotic groups and diallel analysis to generate hybrid combinations. Thus, the objective of this study was to assess combining abilities and identify optimal carrot parents for producing hybrids suitable for tropical climates with elevated metabolite levels. Twenty carrot hybrids, ten parent plants, and three commercial cultivars were evaluated during the summers of 2020/2021 and 2021/2022. Agronomic evaluations were carried out and chlorophyll and carotenoid levels were determined, followed by a diallel analysis using Griffing’s Method III and GGE biplot analysis. There were significant general combining ability (GCA) effects for various agronomic traits, suggesting additive genetic effects. Based on GCA, cultivars 5, 4, and 2 were the most promising parents. Specific combining ability (SCA) revealed that hybrids 1 × 2 and 3 × 5 stood out in environment 1, whereas hybrids 1 × 5 and 5 × 3 performed well in environment 2. The GGE biplot analysis showed that hybrids 1 × 2 and 3 × 2 displayed larger average root diameters, belonged to the group with the best bolting percentages, and exhibited stability across environments. Moreover, hybrids 2 × 4, 3 × 1, 4 × 1, and 4 × 2 exhibited higher metabolite levels. These findings suggest the feasibility of obtaining superior hybrids tailored for the tropical carrot market.

Coffea arabica L. is responsible for 81% of the coffee cultivation area in Brazil and has great economic and social importance in the regions it is cultivated. Producing vigorous seedlings in a short period of time has become an increasing challenge in coffee growing. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the initial development of seedlings produced in bags and polyethylene tubes with different levels of vermiculite. A 2x5 factorial scheme was used; the factors were: two containers: polyethylene bags (containing standard substrate, subsoil and manure (7:3) and tubes (commercial substrate based on pine bark) and addition of vermiculite, at levels 0%, 10%, 20%, 30% and 40%. In each type of substrate, the respective amounts of vermiculite were added. The variables analyzed were shoot height, root length, stem diameter, number of leaf pairs, shoot and root fresh and dry matter. Based on the results obtained, it was observed that the seedlings produced in polyethylene bags showed higher significant averages for all evaluated parameters, showing greater vigor and initial development than seedlings produced in tubes. The seedlings produced in bags responded positively to the increase in vermiculite for all analyzed parameters, whereas those produced in tubes show the opposite behavior.

The biomass sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] was developed for energy production, but its agronomic characteristics make it an alternative plant for silage production. This study aimed to evaluate the chemical-bromatological composition of silages from biomass sorghum genotypes. The experimental genotypes B004, B005, B009, B010, B011, B013, B015 and B020, as well as three commercially available genotypes (BRS655, Volumax and K1009), were evaluated. The pH, dry matter, ash, organic matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, hemicellulose and lignin were analyzed. A completely randomized design, with four replications, was used, having the genotypes as treatments. Although significant differences were observed among the 11 genotypes, the chemical-bromatological composition of all them showed their potential to be used for silage production.

Applications of systemic pesticides can have unexpected direct and indirect effects on nontarget organisms, producing ecosystem-level impacts. We investigated whether a systemic insecticide (imidacloprid) could be absorbed by a plant pathogenic fungus infecting treated plants and whether the absorbed levels were high enough to have detrimental effects on the survival of a mycophagous beetle. Beetle larvae fed on these fungi were used to assess the survival effects of powdery mildew and imidacloprid in a factorial design. Fungal conidia were collected from treated and untreated plants and were tested for the presence and concentration of imidacloprid. The survival of beetles fed powdery mildew from imidacloprid-treated leaves was significantly lower than that of the beetles from all other treatments. Imidacloprid accumulated in fungal conidia and hyphae was detected at levels considered lethal to other insects, including coccinellid beetles. Water-soluble systemic insecticides may disrupt mycophagous insects as well as other nontarget organisms, with significant implications for biodiversity and ecosystem function.

Introduction: Since the beginning of the severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic an important tool for patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been the computed tomography (CT) scan, but not always available in some settings The aim was to find a cut-off that can predict worsening in patients with COVID-19 assessed with a computed tomography (CT) scan and to find laboratory, clinical or demographic parameters that may correlate with a higher CT score. Methods: We performed a multi-center, observational, retrospective study involving seventeen COVID-19 Units in southern Italy, including all 321 adult patients hospitalized with a diagnosis of COVID-19 who underwent at admission a CT evaluated using Pan score. Results: Considering the clinical outcome and Pan score, the best cut-off point to discriminate a severe outcome was 12.5. High lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) serum value and low PaO2/FiO2 ratio (P/F) resulted independently associated with a high CT score. The Area Under Curve (AUC) analysis showed that the best cut-off point for LDH was 367.5 U/L and for P/F 164.5. Moreover, the patients with LDH> 367.5 U/L and P/F 164.5, 83.4%, vs 20%, respectively. Conclusions: A direct correlation was observed between CT score value and outcome of COVID-19, such as CT score and high LDH levels and low P/F ratio at admission. Clinical or laboratory tools that predict the outcome at admission to hospital are useful to avoiding the overload of hospital facilities.

Backgroundwe evaluated the concordance between immunohistochemical p53 staining and TP53 mutations in a series of HGSOC. Moreover, we searched for prognostic differences between p53 overexpression and null expression groups.Methodspatients affected by HGSOC were included. For each case p53 immunohistochemical staining and molecular assay (Sanger sequencing) were performed. Kaplan-Meier survival analyses were undertaken to determine whether the type of TP53 mutation, or p53 staining pattern influenced overall survival (OS) and progression free survival (PFS).Results34 HGSOC were considered. All cases with a null immunohistochemical p53 expression (n=16) showed TP53 mutations (n=9 nonsense, n=4 in-frame deletion, n=2 splice, n=1 in-frame insertion). 16 out of 18 cases with p53 overexpression showed TP53 missense mutation. Follow up data were available for 33 out of 34 cases (median follow up time 15 month). We observed a significant reduction of OS in p53 null group [HR = 3.64, 95% CI 1.01-13.16].Conclusionimmunohistochemical assay is a reliable surrogate for TP53 mutations in most cases. Despite the small cohort and the limited median follow up, we can infer that HGSOC harboring p53 null mutations are a more aggressive subgroup.

Tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus (ToLCNDV), a bipartite Begomovirus belonging to the family Geminiviridae, causes severe damage to many economically important crops worldwide. In the present study, pathogenicity of Asian (ToLCNDV-In from Pakistan) and Mediterranean isolates (ToLCNDV-ES from Italy) were examined using infectious clones in tomato plants. Only ToLCNDV-In could infect the three tomato cultivars, whereas ToLCNDV-ES could not. Genome-exchange of the two ToLCNDVs revealed the ToLCNDV DNA-A segment as the main factor for ToLCNDV infectivity in tomato. In addition, serial clones with chimeric ToLCNDV-In A and ToLCNDV-ES A genome segments were generated to identify the region determining viral infectivity in tomatoes. A chimeric clone carrying the ToLCNDV-In coat protein (CP) exhibited pathogenic adaptation in tomatoes, indicating that the CP of ToLCNDV is essential for its infectivity. Analyses of infectious clones carrying a single amino acid substitution revealed that amino acid at position 143 of the CP is critical for ToLCNDV infectivity in tomatoes. To better understand the molecular basis whereby CP function in pathogenicity, a yeast two-hybrid screen of a tomato cDNA library was performed using CPs as bait. The hybrid results showed different interactions between the two CPs and Ring finger protein 44-like in the tomato genome. The relative expression levels of upstream and downstream genes and Ring finger 44-like genes were measured using quantitative reverse transcription PCR (RT-qPCR) and compared to those of control plants. This is the first study to compare the biological features of the two ToLCNDV strains related to viral pathogenicity in the same host plant. Our results provide a foundation for elucidating the molecular mechanisms underlying ToLCNDV infection in tomatoes.

Introduction: The application of neuromuscular electrical stimulation superimposed on voluntary muscle contractions (NMES+) has demonstrated a considerable potential to enhance or restore muscle function in both healthy and individuals with neurological or orthopedic disorders. Improvements in muscle strength and power have been commonly associated with specific neural adaptations. In this study, we investigated changes in the discharge characteristics of the tibialis anterior motor units, following three acute exercises consisting of NMES+, passive NMES and voluntary isometric contractions alone.Methods: Seventeen young participants participated in the study. High-density surface electromyography was used to record myoelectric activity in the tibialis anterior muscle during trapezoidal force trajectories involving isometric contractions of ankle dorsi flexors with target forces set at 35, 50% and 70% of maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC). From decomposition of the electromyographic signal, motor unit discharge rate, recruitment and derecruitment thresholds were extracted and the input-output gain of the motoneuron pool was estimated.Results: Global discharge rate increased following the isometric condition compared to baseline at 35% MVIC while it increased after all experimental conditions at 50% MVIC target force. Interestingly, at 70% MVIC target force, only NMES + led to greater discharge rate compared to baseline. Recruitment threshold decreased after the isometric condition, although only at 50% MVIC. Input-output gain of the motoneurons of the tibialis anterior muscle was unaltered after the experimental conditions.Discussion: These results indicated that acute exercise involving NMES + induces an increase in motor unit discharge rate, particularly when higher forces are required. This reflects an enhanced neural drive to the muscle and might be strongly related to the distinctive motor fiber recruitment characterizing NMES+.

During fertilization, the fusion of the spermatozoa with the oocytes causes the release of calcium from the oocyte endoplasmatic reticulum. This, in turn, triggers a series of calcium ion (Ca2+) oscillations, a process known as oocyte activation. The sperm-specific factor responsible for oocyte activation is phospholipase C zeta (PLCζ). Men undergoing intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) with their spermatozoa lacking PLCζ are incapable of generating Ca2+ oscillation, leading to fertilization failure. The immunofluorescence assay is the most used technique to assess the expression and localization of PLCζ and to diagnose patients with reduced/absent ability to activate the oocytes. In these patients, the use of assisted oocyte activation (AOA) technique can help to yield successful ICSI results and shorten the time of pregnancy. However, the production of a stable PLCζ recombinant protein represents a new powerful therapeutic approach to treating individuals with this condition. We aim to conduct a systematic review focusing on the expression, level, and localization of PLCζ, discussing the novel genetic mutation associated with its impairment. In addition, we highlight the benefits of AOA, looking at new and less invasive methods to diagnose and treat cases with PLCζ dysfunction.

Background and Aims: The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, has fundamentally reshaped the landscape of global public health, with some people suffering more adverse clinical outcomes than others. The aim of this study is to deepen our understanding of the specific impact of acute kidney injury (AKI) on the in-hospital mortality in octogenarian patients with COVID-19. Methods: This is a prospective observational cohort study, which involved 23 COVID-19 hospital units in the Campania Region, Italy. Exposure variables were collected during hospital admission and at discharge. Only patients aged ≥80 years were deemed eligible for the study. Results: 197 patients were included in the study (median age 83.0 [82.0–87.0] years; 51.5% men), with a median duration of hospitalization of 15.0 [8.0–25.0] days. From the multivariable Cox regression analysis, after the application of Šidák correction, only the respiratory rate (HR 1.09, 95% CI: 1.04 to 1.14; p < 0.001) and AKI development (HR: 3.40, 95% CI: 1.80 to 6.40; p < 0.001) were independently associated with the primary outcome. Moreover, the Kaplan–Meier analysis showed a significantly different risk of in-hospital mortality between patients with and without AKI (log-rank:

Introduction. Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of COVID-19, primarily causes a respiratory tract infection that is not limited to respiratory distress syndrome, but it is also implicated in other body systems. Systemic complications were reported due to an exaggerated inflammatory response, which involves severe alveolar damage in the lungs and exacerbates the hypercoagulation that leads to venous thrombosis, ischemic attack, vascular dysfunction and infarction of visceral abdominal organs. Some complications are related to anticoagulant drugs that are administrated to stabilize hypercoagulability, but increase the risk of bleeding, hematoma and hemorrhage. The aim of this study is to report the diagnostic role of CT in the early diagnosis and management of patients with severe COVID-19 complications through the most interesting cases in our experience. Material and Methods. The retrospective analysis of patients studied for COVID-19 in our institution and hospitals, which are part of the university training network, was performed. Cases. Pneumomediastinum, cortical kidney necrosis, splenic infarction, cerebral ischemic stroke, thrombosis of the lower limb and hematomas are the most major complications that are reviewed in this study. Conclusions. Since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, the CT imaging modality with its high sensitivity and specificity remains the preferred imaging choice to diagnose early the different complications associated with COVID-19, such as thrombosis, ischemic stroke, infarction and pneumomediastinum, and their management, which significantly improved the outcomes.

SARS-CoV-2 virus is responsible for the current worldwide coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, infecting millions of people and causing hundreds of thousands of deaths. Understanding the antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 is crucial for the development of vaccines, therapeutics and public health interventions. However, lack of consistency in methods used to monitor antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 leaves some uncertainty in our fine understanding of the human antibody response mounted following SARS-CoV-2 infection. We developed a peptide-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) by selecting 7 synthetic peptides from the spike, membrane, and nucleocapsid protein sequences of SARS-CoV-2, which effectively detects the antibody response mounted by all COVID-19 convalescent tested. Strikingly, the assay shows a profound difference in antibody response among individual subjects, which may have a significant impact on disease severity. Together, our results define an efficient and specific serological assay to consistently measure the antibody response following SARS-CoV-2 infection, as well as help the design of vaccine and therapeuticals for prevention and treatment of COVID-19.

Abstract The molecular basis of the wide clinical heterogeneity of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is still unknown. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) may have a role in the lung damage and regeneration that occur in severe patients. We studied serum MMP3 and MMP9 as potential biomarkers of COVID-19 severity, in 108 hospitalized patients with different World Health Organization (WHO) severity stage and in 48 controls. At hospital admission, serum MMP3 was increased in COVID-19 patients with a significant trend along the progression of the WHO stage, while serum levels of MMP9 were significantly increased in COVID-19 patients with no correlation with disease severity. At 1 week from hospitalization, MMP3 was reduced, suggesting an early pathogenic role of the protein in lung inflammation, while MMP9 levels were further increased, indicating a late role of the protein in the inflammatory process, specifically during the repairing phase. Furthermore, serum MMP9 was positively correlated with serum interleukin-6, myeloperoxidase, and circulating neutrophils and monocytes number. In conclusion, serum MMP3 may help to early predict the severity of COVID-19 and both proteins, MMP3 and MMP9, may contribute to define severe COVID-19 patients that may benefit from a targeted therapy on MMPs.

The Anthropocene is characterized by dramatic ecosystem changes driven by human activities. The impact of these activities can be assessed by different geochemical and paleontological proxies. However, each of these proxies provides only a fragmentary insight into the effects of anthropogenic impacts. It is highly challenging to reconstruct, with a holistic view, the state of the ecosystems from the preindustrial period to the present day, covering all biological components, from prokaryotes to multicellular eukaryotes. Here, we used sedimentary ancient DNA (sedaDNA) archives encompassing all trophic levels of biodiversity to reconstruct the two century-natural history in Bagnoli-Coroglio (Gulf of Pozzuoli, Tyrrhenian Sea), one of the most polluted marine-coastal sites in Europe. The site was characterized by seagrass meadows and high eukaryotic diversity until the beginning of the 20th century. Then, the ecosystem completely changed, with seagrasses and associated fauna as well as diverse groups of planktonic and benthic protists being replaced by low diversity biota dominated by dinophyceans and infaunal metazoan species. The sedaDNA analysis revealed a five-phase evolution of the area, where changes appear as the result of a multi-level cascade effect of impacts associated with industrial activities, urbanization, water circulation and land-use changes. The sedaDNA allowed to infer reference conditions that must be considered when restoration actions are to be implemented.