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The name nebrodensis Turati is shown to be unavailable and the first available name for the species is chosen by invoking the First Reviser Principle under the ICZN Code as Parnassius turatii Fruhstorfer, 1908. Rothschild was determined to be the first author to confer availability on the name nebrodensis by application of the Code.

A lepkék jó modelljei lehetnek a táplálékforrás-választás tanulmányozásának, mert a kifejlett egyedek válogatnak a nektárforrás-kínálatból és képesek alkalmazkodni időben változó táplálék-forrásaikhoz. Célunk a kis apollólepke (Parnassius mnemosyne (LINNAEUS, 1758)) nektárnövényfaj-választását befolyásoló virágtulajdonságok megismerése volt. A vizsgált populációk egyedeit jelölés-visszalátás módszerrel mintavételeztük 5, majd 2 éven keresztül két egymáshoz közeli réten a Visegrádi-hegységben. A virággyakoriságot bejárásos módszerrel becsültük. A virágtulajdonságokat a Biolflor adatbázisból gyűjtöttük. Az évenkénti viráglátogatási arány változott a növényfajok között. Nagy változatosságot találtunk az elérhető növények tulajdonságaiban és a virágkínálatban az egyes évek és a két rét között. A lepkék választását a virágok gyakorisága, színe és típusa, valamint a rovar-beporzás szerepe befolyásolta az egyik, míg csupán a virággyakoriság és a virágszín a másik réten. A növények beporzóik választását befolyásoló tulajdonságai egymástól valószínűleg nem függetlenek. A viráglátogatási mintázat mindkét élőhelyen arra utal, hogy a kis apollólepkék választanak elérhető forrásaik közül. A két rét populációi közötti különbség azt sugallja, hogy a választás környezetfüggő. Valószínű, hogy az energiabefektetés-arányosan kinyerhető legtöbb és/vagy legjobb nektárt nyújtó fajokat látogatják a leggyakrabban. Ahhoz, hogy egy élőhely megfelelő legyen egy adott lepkefaj számára, elsődleges szempont a lárvális tápnövény jelenléte, ám az imágók táplálékát biztosító nektárnövények kellő mennyiségű előfordulása is nélkülözhetetlen lehet.

A core task in biodiversity conservation is to protect and restore populations of endangered species. The analysis of causes of decline based on data sampled in declining populations in sub-optimal habitats risks overlooking necessary environmental factors because they are no longer present at the sites. It may therefore be necessary to search for conditions that were present before the species began to decline. We used an historical ecology approach to identify critical ecological needs for the endangered butterfly Clouded Apollo, Parnassius mnemosyne, in Sweden in relation to historical and current land use. The most suitable habitat structure and management was transformed into a plan for restoration and management, applied at two P. mnemosyne sites. The populations of P. mnemosyne and its host-plant, Corydalis solida, were monitored annually 2004–2014. Based on previous knowledge about P. mnemosyne, the Swedish plan for conservation of the species recommends regular clearings of shrubs and trees in order to maintain a mosaic tree-grassland habitat, and a limited of removal of ground biomass. Our analysis suggested an alternative management approach, late and rather intense grazing. The populations of P. mnemosyne and its host plant increased in response to this management regime and the butterfly started dispersing to new sites. We suggest a structured method for combining ecological and historical knowledge, which can reveal habitat conditions difficult to detect in the field today, but that are of crucial importance for successful species conservation.

Parnassius mnemosyne (Linnaeus, 1758) ab. MELAINA Honrath, 1885 Berliner entomologische Zeitscrift 29 (2), 272-278 [273]. Current accepted combination: Parnassius mnemosyne (Linnaeus, 1758) ssp. melaina Fruhstorfer, 1908 (see comment below). Syntypes: two males, pinned: Specimen data: Specimen a: “ab. ♀ | Melaina mihi | Kötschach | (Kärnthen)” [Handwritten by Honrath in black ink on white black-bordered paper]. “Adam Bequest | B.M.1912-399 | R.S.M. 1969.20” [Printed on white card]. Specimen b: “Kärnthen / Streckfuƭs | 1881” [Handwritten on white paper]. “Adam Bequest | B.M.1912-399 | R.S.M. 1969.20” [Printed on white card]. Remarks: This ‘aberration’ was found in numbers by Mr.D.A.Streckfuss in late June 1881 and 1882 at 4000 feet between Kötschach and Pleckenpass in Kärnthen. These specimens are part of the original series described by E.G.Honrath. Names given to “aberrations”are nomenclaturally unavailable and thus have no “types”; however by applying the name melaina as a subspecies of Parnassius mnemosyne, Fruhstorfer (1908; 18) made the name available under his own authorship. [ Parnassius stubbendorfii Ménétriés, 1848 ab. MELANOPHIA Honrath, 1885 Berliner entomologische Zeitscrift 29 (2), 272-278 [274]. Current combination: Parnassius stubbendorfii Ménétriés, 1848 ssp. melanophia Honrath, 1885 (see Bridges, 1988b and comment below). Specimens: three females, pinned. Specimen data: Specimen a: “ab.| Melanophia | mihi | Nikolaiefsk” [Handwritten by Honrath in black ink on yellow black-bordered paper]. “Adam Bequest | B.M. 1912-399 | R.S.M. 1969.20” [Printed on white card]. Specimen b: “Nikolaiefsk” [Printed on thick greenish paper]. “Adam Bequest | B.M. 1912-399 | R.S.M. 1969.20” [Printed on white card]. Specimen c: “Nicolaiefsk” [Typed on white paper]. “Adam Bequest | B.M. 1912-399 | R.S.M. 1969.20” [Printed on white card]. Remarks: These specimens are part of the original series collected by Mr. Louis Graeser and Mr.H.W.Dieckmann at the end of June 1883 at Nicolajefsk, East Siberia, Russia. This is another aberration that is nomenclaturally unavailable but was erroneously treated as a subspecies by Bridges (1988b).] Parnassius nordmanni Ménétriés , 1850 var. MINIMA Honrath , 1885 Berliner entomologische Zeitschrift 29 (2), 272–278 [273], plate 8, figure 2. Junior subjective synonym of Parnassius nordmanni Ménétriés, 1851 (see Nekrutenko, 1990). Syntypes, four females, pinned: Specimen data: Specimen a: “var.| minima mihi | Kurusch 14000’ | Caucasus or.” [Handwritten by Honrath in black ink on yellow black-bordered paper]. “Adam Bequest | B.M.1912-399 | R.S.M. 1969.20.”[Printed on whitecard.]. Specimens b-d: “Caucasus”[Typed on white paper]. “Adam Bequest | B.M. 1912-399 | R.S.M.1969.20.”[Printed on white card]. Remarks: This ‘variety’ was found by Mr.H.Christoph in early August 1872 at 14000 feet on top of the Kurusch, near Basardjusi in the eastern Caucasus (i.e. Daghestan, Russia). These specimens are part of the original series of the variety described by Honrath (1885). Bridges (1988b) treated var. minima as a subspecies; this was not accepted by Nekrutenko (1990)., Published as part of Bland, Keith P., 2019, Name-bearing types of butterflies (Lepidoptera, Papilionoidea), in the National Museums of Scotland, Edinburgh, pp. 57-89 in Zootaxa 4559 (1) on page 69, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4559.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/3522349, {"references":["* Honrath, E. G. (1885) Neue Rhopalocera III. Berliner entomologische Zeitschrift, 29 (2), 272 ‾ 278. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / mmnd. 18850290212","* Fruhstorfer, H. (1908) Neue Parnassier aus mnemosyne - Gruppe. Internationale entomologische Zeitschrift, 2 (3), 17 ‾ 18.","Bridges, C. A. (1988 b) Catalogue of Papilionidae and Pieridae (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera). C. A. Bridges, Urbana, 736 pp.","Nekrutenko, Y. P. (1990) [Butterflies of the Caucasus. Families Papilionidae, Pieridae, Satyridae, Danaidae. A guide]. Naukova Dumka, Kiev, 215 pp., 32 pls. [in Russian]"]}

Translocations have been advocated as a conservation tool helping species adapt to climate and land-use change, but well-documented examples of invertebrates’ translocations are rare. The paper describes a successful translocation of the threatened Clouded Apollo butterfly ( Parnassius mnemosyne ) in Finland, compares this to a specific failed translocation, and presents conclusions for conservation planning as to factors contributing to the success. Two apparent key characteristics of the successful translocation were greater abundance of larval resources and less open landscape. The successful site was surrounded by forest, which strongly restricted emigration, crucially supporting the survival of the small initial population. Based on 20 mated females’ translocation in 2000, the local population increased slowly, reaching 600 butterflies in 2011. A large translocation patch together with host-plant abundance enabled successful establishment of the local population. Availability of other suitable grassland patches sufficiently nearby was an additional key characteristic, facilitating the Clouded Apollo’s expansion. However, the expansion rate was low; it took seven years for the butterflies to colonise the five nearest patches, only 10–200 m from the translocation patch. By 2013, they had colonised all suitable semi-natural grassland patches within 2 km from the translocation site and established a seemingly viable metapopulation with 11 subpopulations. The results point to the significance of local habitat area and landscape quality, along with conditions restricting emigration, in determination of suitable translocation sites.

This article discusses the influence of phenology-related intraseasonal asynchrony on metapopulation dynamics and stability. As the part played by intraseasonal asynchrony is as yet unclear and poorly described, greater account of it should be taken in both metapopulation research and conservation practice. The subpopulations of the Parnassius mnemosyne metapopulation studied here are strongly isolated because of the phenological shift between them, despite the relatively small physical distances between them. This isolation is the result of a significant temporal shift in the species' flight periods in the main metapopulation centers: in some seasons its flight times in the different subpopulations did not overlap at all. The predicted results of such strong intraseasonal asynchrony are not altogether clear. On the one hand, they reduce the vulnerability of the entire metapopulation to the effects of short-term random disasters. On the other, the ever-greater isolation of subpopulations may cause the metapopulation to become a nonequilibrium one, which will have a serious impact on its long-term survival.

Clouded Apollo (Parnassius mnemosyne) has been occupying three separate areas in Estonia and has increased its abundance and population area remarkably during the last 30 years. Since the butterfly was first identified in the northeast (1878) and southeast (1984) of Estonia, the species has expanded its distribution with overall expansion distances of approximately 135 and 100 km, respectively. In western Estonia, the butterfly was found locally on the island of Saaremaa in 1922–1973. Today, the butterfly is most likely extinct there. The occupational trend of the species in Estonia is not in accordance with its general trend in Europe, where it has shown a continuous decline. We suggest that in Estonia there is a suitable landscape structure with the presence of suitable landscape elements and still enough semi-natural grasslands that are suitable habitats for the butterfly even despite the fact that the traditional extensive agricultural practice in general is decreasing in Estonia.

Information is presented on incidence of the Clouded Apollo Parnassius mnemosyne in the Republic of Mordovia (Russia). Over the period 2006–2016, more than 30 sites of the species were identified. The main increase in the number from 2 to 22 specimens per 1km of route was observed in 2006–2011. Biotopes of the species, fodder plants of the imago, and measures for species protection are described.

The distribution and interaction of local populations of the clouded Apollo Parnassius mnemosyne were studied on Bolshoi Klimenetskii Island (Lake Onega, Russia). Within an area of 10 km2, the butterflies occurred in 27 discrete patches—small meadows located within and on the periphery of forests. The mark-recapture results confirmed that the patches were connected by a flow of individuals. Based on exponential distribution, the local and migratory movements of the butterflies were separated, and a model describing the movement frequencies in relation to distance was proposed. The generalization of the habitats using the PCA Q-technique and isolation indices as measures of similarity between the objects in initial matrices revealed four subpopulations occupying separate plots of the area with a network of suitable habitats. According to the available data on the local movements of butterflies, an area of settlement was determined for each subpopulation, characterized by two zones: the central one (0.3 km in diameter), within which the movements of butterflies are most intensive, and the peripheral one (0.3 to 0.5 km) which is rarely visited by butterflies. Long-distance migrations between different occupied areas were recorded for 8% of marked butterflies; they included all the subpopulations. The male to female ratio among the migrants was 6: 1; the maximum distance covered by a butterfly was 2.68 km. The common opinion that the clouded Apollo is an extremely sedentary species with low migratory potentials is refuted.

During a mark-recapture study of Parnassius mnemosyne butterfly, we recorded incidence of females bearing or not bearing sphragis, a waxy structure delivered by males during copulation and preventing subsequent inseminations by other males. Despite the common belief that sphragis ensures monopolisation of females, we observed that 74 out of 579 marked females did not bear sphragis at a time of capture. We also recorded five instances of sphragis loss and one female that lost and subsequently re-acquired the structure. A sphragis thus does not represent a reliable indicator of females’ mating status in P. mnemosyne. Repeated inseminations occur in this species and might buffer some extremely small populations against loss of within-population genetic variation. However, the proportion of sphragis-free females increased with season, and it remains to be ascertained to what extend is this caused by sphragis loss in previously inseminated females, and to which this is an outcome of earlier reproductive asynchrony, or early emergence of males that renders some of the late-emerging females unmated.

Sex ratio biases in animal populations influence the genetically effective population size, and thus are of interest in conservation. A butterfly group in which many authors report biases towards males is the genusParnassiusLatreille, 1804 (Papilionidae). Using a vulnerable woodland species,P. mnemosyne, we carried out a detailed marking campaign designed to eliminate biases towards individual sexes on marking. We then estimated the numbers of males and females using constrained linear models (CLMs) (Cormack-Jolly-Seber and Jolly-Seber in MARK); compared details of mobility between males and females using the Virtual Migration (VM) model; and built CLMs containing weather variables in order to directly assess weather effects on survival. The estimated population size was 4000 adults, with a male: female sex ratio of 1.5-1.6. Both daily and average catchability were higher for males, while the residence values (i.e., survival) were higher for females. Migration parameters were similar for the sexes, with slightly lower male survival within patches and slightly higher male emigration. CLMs with weather substituted for or added to marking days performed worse than models with mere marking days, and although weather affected the sexes differently, males still retained lower survival. The surplus of adult males in the studied population ofP. mnemosynewas real, not caused by increased male survival or a difference in mobility. Therefore, the bias toward males must appear prior to adult emergence, probably during the larval period.

Recent studies on the threatened clouded apollo butterfly, Parnassius mnemosyne, have identified suitable habitats on a large scale. More detailed knowledge on specific habitat requirements of ovipositing females is still needed. Some earlier observations suggest that females just drop their eggs without discrimination. This study suggests that females can be rather choosy in their oviposition site selection and that they actively search for oviposition sites with suitable vegetation structure. By identifying factors influencing female oviposition, such as distance to shrub, valuable knowledge is generated for restoration plans considered in the study area. This stresses the importance of proper management of extant habitats in order to prevent local extinctions of P. mnemosyne and it also highlights the need for data on specific oviposition requirements in butterfly conservation.

Allozyme polymorphism was studied in 11 Parnassius mnemosyne (Linnaeus, 1758) populations in North-East Hungary. Significant departures from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium were observed in several cases due to heterozygote deficiency. Genetic variability did not display geographical pattern; the level of genetic differentiation was similar between adjacent populations and between populations originating from different geographical regions. Even a completely isolated population was not differentiated markedly from the others. Thus, genetic drift can be expected as the main evolutionary force acting in the populations.

The spatial and genetic structures of the populations of the montane butterfly Parnassius mnemosyne from the Sainte Baume, S.-E. France, were studied by direct field observation and electrophoresis of 24 enzymatic loci. Four other populations from the Prealps of Provence were used for comparizon. A 2 km -wide cliff situated in the middle part of the Sainte Baume complex separates two P. mnemosyne populations having a low gene exchange rate, whereas smaller topographic and vegetation discontinuities seem to have no effect. The populations of the Sainte Baume are likely to have been founded by individuals coming from the Digne and Grasse Prealps by colonization towards the south, with a progressive loss of polymorphism ; this loss is especially severe in the western Sainte Baume colony. Paleoecological data suggest that colonization process took the form of discontinuous jumps. This process is probably rather recent, but a precise datation of these events is not yet possible., Les populations de Parnassius mnemosyne de la Sainte Baume ont été étudiées quant à leur structure spatiale et génétique par observation sur le terrain et électrophorèse de 24 systèmes enzymatiques. Quatre autres populations des Préalpes de Haute Provence ont servi de base de comparaison. La falaise médiane de la Sainte Baume sépare deux ensembles distincts entre lesquels les échanges géniques sont très faibles, alors que les obstacles mineurs qui interrompent la continuité des habitats n’ont aucun effet. Les populations de la Sainte Baume sont issues de celles des Préalpes de Digne et Grasse par un processus de colonisation vers le sud, accompagné d’une perte progressive du polymorphisme enzymatique ; cette dernière est particulièrement sévère chez la colonie de l’ouest de la chaîne. Les données paléoécologiques permettent de penser que cette colonisation a procédé par sauts discontinus et qu’elle est assez récente, sans qu’il soit possible de la dater avec une grande précision., Descimon Henri, Napolitano Michel. Les populations de Parnassius mnemosyne (Linné) à la Sainte Baume (Bouches-du-Rhône, France) : structure génétique, origine et histoire (Lepidoptera : Papilionidae). In: Ecologia mediterranea, tome 19 n°1-2, 1993. pp. 15-28.

Entomologica Fennica. 8 January 1998