Parnara monasi Trimen, 1889 Larsen (1991) reported this species from Kenya, based on a female (now in the National Museums of Kenya) which I captured in Kakamega Forest, 19 Aug 1988, at the D 267 crossing of the Ikuywa River. I have since found a male further north, by a patch of swampy grass where a stream crosses the track, 31 Aug 1995 and ABRI has specimens from Busia and Endebess, western Kenya. Dickson & Kroon (1978) associate this species with grassy banks of streams, or the edge of bush. Food plants A water-side grass has been observed to be the food plant in Natal (G.C. Clark in Dickson & Kroon 1978, Pringle et al. 1994). I have found it common in a wet meadow of Leersia hexandra in Nigeria, and suspect this will prove to be a food plant. It is recorded as a pest of rice (Oryza sativa) in Cameroun under the name P. naso (of which P. monasi was considered a subspecies until 1991) (Heinrichs & Barrion 2004) but we have not traced the source of this information. Descamps (1956) mentions two other skippers as rice pests in his account of the insect pests of rice in Cameroun, but no Parnara spp. In C��te d���Ivoire, Vuattoux (1999) reared it on three grasses: Andropogon canaliculatus, Imperata cylindrica and Hyparrhenia sp., which he characterises as grasses de savane br��l��e ([regularly or annually] burnt savannah). Williams��� (1989) and Davis & Barnes��� (1993) records of sugar cane and other Poaceae as food plants of P. naso naso in Mauritius are probably the origin of the food plant record of Saccharum listed in Larsen (1991) for P. naso monasi and Ackery et al. (1995) for P. naso, including P. naso monasi, since both these works followed Evans (1947) in treating P. m o n a s i as a subspecies of P. n a s o. However, when Heath et al. (2002) and Larsen (2005) treated P. monasi as a separate species, they continued to list Saccharum as a food plant. Although P. monasi is quite likely to feed on Saccharum, we have traced no records of it doing so. Life history We have not reared this species, but G.C. Clark (in Dickson & Kroon 1978, Plate 37) illustrates it in detail, and the following notes are taken from this source. Ovum yellow and hemispherical, turning blue-green, and developing red maculae before hatching. Leaf shelters a grass tube. The yellowish caterpillar has a dark head for the first three instars. The fourth instar has a pale brown head, dark posteriorly, with an inverted dark W on the face. The fifth instar has a brown head, with the posterior margin dark, a dark stripe down the median suture, running into a more or less rectangular dark area extending slightly wider than the clypeus, and interrupted by pale adfrontal plates. The pupa differs significantly from those of Pelopidas, Borbo and Gegenes, as it is dark, with no frontal spike and covered with thick white fluff., Published as part of Cock, Matthew J. W. & Congdon, Colin E., 2012, Observations on the biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera) principally from Kenya. Part 4. Hesperiinae: Aeromachini and Baorini, pp. 1-42 in Zootaxa 3438 on page 31, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.246331, {"references":["Trimen, R. (1889) South - African Butterflies: a Monograph of the Extra - Tropical Species. Vol. III. Papilionidae and Hesperidae. Trubner & Co., Ludgate Hill, London, 438 pp, plates 10 - 12.","Larsen, T. B. (1991) The Butterflies of Kenya and their Natural History. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, 490 pp.","Dickson, C. G. C. & Kroon, D. M. (Eds.) (1978) Pennington's Butterflies of Southern Africa. A. D. Donker, Johannesburg, South Africa, 670 pp.","Pringle, E. L. L., Henning, G. A. & Ball, J. B. (Eds.) (1994) Pennington's Butterflies of Southern Africa. Second Edition. Struik Winchester, Cape Town, South Africa, 800 pp.","Heinrichs, E. A. & Barrion, A. T. (2004) Rice-feeding insects and selected natural enemies in West Africa: Biology, ecology, identification. International Rice Research Institute, Los Banos, Philippines; and WARDA - The Africa Rice Center, Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire, 243 pp.","Descamps, M. (1956) Insectes nuisibles au riz dans le Nord Cameroun. Agronomie tropicale, 11 (6), 732 - 755.","Vuattoux, R. (1999) Les lepidopteres hesperiides de la Station de Lamto (Cote d'Ivoire). Lambillionea, 94, 562 - 568.","Ackery, P. R., Smith, C. R. & Vane-Wright, R. I. (1995) Carcasson's African Butterflies. An annotated catalogue of the Papilionoidea and Hesperioidea of the Afrotropical Region. CSIRO Publications, Melbourne, Australia, 803 pp.","Evans, W. H. (1947) Revisional notes on African Hesperiidae. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 11, 13, 641 - 648.","Heath, A., Newport, M. A. & Hancock, D. (2002) The Butterflies of Zambia. African Butterfly Research Institute and The Lepidopterists' Society of Africa, Nairobi, Kenya, 137 pp. + CD.","Larsen, T. B. (2005) Butterflies of West Africa. 2 vols. Apollo Books, Stenstrup, Denmark, 595 + 270 pp."]}