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Introduction The risk of degenerative diseases in the elderly is higher due to aging and decreased body function. This process affects both systemic conditions and locally in the oral cavity. Aside from aging, degenerative disease itself can trigger the incidence of soft tissue abnormalities. Aging can cause structural and functional changes in the systemic vasculature, resulting in a degenerative disease such as hypertension. Elderly who suffers from hypertension can develop oral mucosa abnormalities and most of them are found on the tongue. This study was aimed to identify the prevalence of normal variant lesions on the tongue in the elderly with hypertension. Methods This was an observational descriptive study with a cross-sectional design done in January–March 2020. Samples were elderly obtained from several public health centers in Surabaya that matched the inclusion criteria. Subjective and clinical examinations were performed by oral medicine residents and specialists. Results A total of 401 elderly were screened and 147 elderly (36.65%) met the inclusion criteria which are having hypertension and willing to participate in this study. Those who met the criteria, mainly were female from the 60 to 74 years old age group. Normal variants of tongue obtained from the examination were fissured tongue (90.48%), coated tongue (63.95%), crenated tongue (33.33%), lingual varices (12.24%), and benign migratory glossitis (4.08%). Conclusion From this study, we figured out that fissured tongue was the most common normal variant lesion of the tongue in the elderly with hypertension. Coexistence between hypertension and tongue lesions can be developed from pathological changes of disease or as side effects of medication taken such as antihypertensive drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs) are a group of oral lesions or conditions with a higher risk of malignant transformation. OPMD affects 4.47% of people worldwide, with predilection in males. The high tendency of frequent tobacco smoking and alcohol consumption may lead the male motorcycle community to have a higher risk for developing OPMD and malignant transformation. Objectives This article determines the level of knowledge about OPMD within a male motorcycle community. Methods This study uses a survey research design that is a questionnaire-based and descriptive study. Data were obtained using a Google Form, and IBM SPSS was used for analysis. Simple random sampling is the sampling method applied. The total knowledge score is divided into three levels, low (0–4), moderate (5–9), and high (10–15). Results The questionnaire was finished by 60 people entirely. All respondents (100%) were men, and the majority (83.00%) was aged between 20 and 21. A total of 26 respondents (43.30%) had moderate knowledge levels, followed by 21 with high knowledge levels (35.0%), and 13 with low knowledge levels (21.70%). Conclusion The majority of the male motorcycle community (43.30%) has a moderate knowledge level regarding OPMD. This study indicates the need for educational measures to improve awareness regarding OPMD in a high-risk community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Xerostomia is a subjective sign of dry mouth t may or may not be accompanied by objective signs of hyposalivation. The condition of xerostomia has been associated with increasing age in line with the aging process, with a global prevalence of 30%. in the elderly aged 65 years and above. This can have an impact on the health and quality of life of the elderly. Also, xerostomia is the most common symptom in patients during periods of anxiety, stress, depression, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and systemic diseases, as well as in individuals who have a history of polypharmacy or who use certain drugs. This study aimed to review the most recent available evidence regarding the most common causes of xerostomia in the elderly. The PCC strategy (population, context, and concept) was used as a guide for retrieving the relevant articles for this scoping review. Two databases were systematically searched using PubMed and Scopus. The draft of the scoping review and assessment of the methodological quality of the trials was carried out following the criteria of PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses). A total of 12 trials were identified that met the previously defined selection and quality criteria; 9 related to medicine, and 4 included populations in which xerostomia was a systemic disease, rheumatic disease, radiation therapy to the head or neck region, nutrition, and psychological factors. The common precipitating factor of xerostomia in the elderly is medicine. Drugs that are more commonly found to cause xerostomia are gastrointestinal drugs, psychotropic drugs, and antihypertensive drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives The prevalence of recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) among the general population worldwide is 20%. This study aims to discover any correlations between RAS predisposing factors and the gender and year of study of undergraduate dental students at the Faculty of Dental Medicine at Airlangga University. Methods A cross-sectional analytical study using simple random sampling was performed. The respondents answered seven questions on a self-reported online questionnaire set up using Google Forms. Chi-square analyses were conducted to determine any correlation between RAS predisposing factors and the gender and year of study of the students. Results The highest predisposing factors for RAS in undergraduate dental students were local trauma (77.7%) followed by stress (71.3%) and nutritional deficiencies (41.5%). Stress correlated strongly with the year of study (p = 0.015). There was no correlation between gender and RAS predisposing factors (p > 0.05). Conclusion There was a correlation between stress, one of the predisposing factors for RAS, and the year of study, but there was no correlation between gender and RAS predisposing factors including local trauma, stress, nutritional deficiency, genetics, allergies, and systemic diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective This study aims to assess whether community empowerment as a health promotion program can improve the knowledge of the elderly and develop self-awareness about their oral health. The elderly population has increased in number and needs special attention, especially regarding the improvement of hygiene and health. Community empowerment is a type of health promotion program that can take the form of counseling and providing knowledge about oral health to the elderly. Materials and Methods Participants are elderly aged 60 years or older. Counseling was done by oral medicine specialists and residents to provide knowledge about oral health problems. Assessment of knowledge improvement was done using pretest and posttest in a written questionnaire. Statistical Analysis The Shapiro–Wilk test followed by the Wilcoxon test was used to compare the difference before and after counseling. Results From a total of 38 elderly included in this study, 29 (76.32%) showed an improved score in posttest compared with pretest. Statistical analysis showed a significant difference between pretest and posttest scores of study participants (p < 0.005). Conclusion Counseling in empowerment programs can help the elderly improve their knowledge about oral health, so that improvements can be expected to be followed by the development of self-awareness in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Population aged 60 years old and above are growing in number. The increase was due to the increasing life expectancy in Indonesia; a fact that will have an impact on general and oral health in the future. Tongue lesions are related to degenerative diseases such as diabetes mellitus, hypertension and heart disease. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of tongue lesions related to degenerative diseases in the elderly at Ketabang Public Health Center, Surabaya City, East Java. This is an observational descriptive study with a cross-sectional design. Intraoral soft tissue examination was performed by the general dentist and oral medicine specialist in elderly patients coming to Ketabang Public Health Center between January and March 2020. During this period, there were 85 elderly patients with degenerative diseases and prevalence of tongue lesions, namely fissured tongue (77.6%), coated tongue (67.1%), crenated tongue (32.9%), atrophic glossitis (29.4%), lingual varices (12.9%), and oral melanotic macule (1.1%). Fissured tongue is the most common tongue lesion found in 77% elderly patients with degenerative diseases. Fissured tongue often develops with age and in patients with hyposalivation related to diabetes mellitus and anti-hypertension drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anti Tuberculosis Drug is a combination of medicine. The First Line drug such as Rifampisin, Pyrazinamid, Etambutolol, INH and Streptomycin and the second line of drug such as Kanamycin, Kapreomycin and Etionamid used for treatment in Pulmonary Tuberculosis. Long-term used of Anti Tuberculosis drug may increase the risk of oral candidiasis. Candida spp might increase because of Multi Drug Resistance 1 Receptor (MDR1). Not only Candida albicans found in patients, but also non-Candida albicans such as Candida glabrata and Candida tropicalis. This study helped for proper antifungal treatments for Candida infection for each Candida Spp. The purpose of this study is to describe the distribution of Candida Spp in Pulmonary TB treated with Anti-Tuberculosis Drug in TB-DOTS RSUD Dr. Soetomo Surabaya. All patient examined by anamnesis, swab on bucal mucosa oral and tongue, incubation in Saboraud Dextrose Agar (SDA) and Cornmeal Tween 80, Candida species identification with direct microscopic slide culture, glucose farmentated test and CHROM Agar Candida Candida. The distribution of Candida albicans was 83.3% (5 patients) in 40 years old, in female patients, with Anti-Tuberculosis Drug. Candida glabrata distribution was 16.7% (1 patient) over 40 years old, in female patient and with First Line of Anti-Tuberculosis Drug. Distribution of Candida species was mostly Candida albicans followed by Candida glabrata. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Candida albicans is a yeast that commensally inhabits the oral cavity might cause opportunistic infections and become pathogen in immunesupressed condition. More than 90% oral candidiasis caused by C. albicans infections. Citrus limon peel has active compound that may inhibits C. albicans growth. The purpose of this study is to investigate in vitro effectivness concentration of Citrus limon peel oil on C. albicans growth. Citrus limon peel essential oil that has obtained the serial dilution concentrations of 25%, 12.5%, 6.25%, 3.125%, 1.56%, 0.78%, 0.39% and 0.195% and added Candida albicans that had been grown in Sabouraud broth media. Furthermore, C.albicans grown on Sabouraud Dextrose Agar and colonies were counted. MIC (Minimum Inhibitory Concentration) Citrus limon peel essential oil was 0.78%. MFC (Minimum Fungicidal Concentration) Citrus lemon peel essential oil 1.56%. Citrus limon peel essential oil with concentration 25%, 12.5%, 6.25%, 3.125% and 1.56% had in vitro effectiveness inhibiting and cause C. albicans death and Citrus limon peel esential oil with concentration 0.78% had in vitro effectiveness inhibiting C. albicans growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tuberculosis (TB) is a chronic infectious granulomatous disease that interfere various organs, including the lung. TB disease is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB). Until now, TB disease is still a health problem that can cause death in various countries, especially in Indonesia. TB disease may demonstrate clinical manifestations in the oral cavity such as tuberculous ulcers, noduls, and granulomatous lesion on gingiva. TB lesions in the oral cavity are clinically non-specific and often misdiagnosed by the dentist. As a dentist it is important to be aware of the clinical form of oral tuberculosis (TB) ulcer lesions and to consider in the differential diagnosis of other ulcer lesions. By knowing the clinical oral manifestations in TB patients, the dentist can help prevents the infectious tuberculosis transmissions among dentist, healtcare workers, and patients. This study aims to know the prevalence of oral tuberculosis ulcer in Dr. Soetomo Hospital in 2017.This research is a descriptive observational research with cross sectional design. This research using a purposive sampling technique. The study was conducted in outpatient TB DOTS, Dr. Soetomo hospital during July-November 2017. From 23 subjects, no oral ulcer tuberculosis (0%) was obtained. Not every tuberculosis case would show oral manifestations such as oral ulcer tuberculosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acute sore throat is a condition of inflammation, characterized by pain, swelling, and burning sensation, which result from inflammation of the upper respiratory tract. Throat lozenges and refreshment candy containing the antiseptics and local anesthetics are commonly used to relieve the symptoms of sore throat. Side effects of using throat lozenges and refreshment candy have not been reported. This case report presents the case of glossitis mimicking median rhomboid glossitis induced by throat lozenges and refreshment candy, which is used to relieve the symptoms of sore throat. Management includes anamnesis, clinical examination, and instructions for stopping throat lozenges and refreshment candy consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Xerostomia is a subjective complaint of dry mouth associated with objectively measured hyposalivation. The Chronic xerostomia significantly increasing the oral diseases incident that may negatively affect quality of life. 66-years-old female patient came with chief complaint of dry mouth, burning mouth sensation, difficult to swallow, speech and halitosis for one year. Patient had a menopause history and admitted in stress condition. Intra-oral examination showed foamy unclear with thick and sticky saliva consistency. A minor single ulcer 2 mm in sinistra vestibulum with a necrotic and erythema area was found. Diagnose of xerostomia and hyposalivation detected by means of Unstimulated Saliva Flowrate (USF) examined using Sialometry (<0,1ml/min). Patient referred to Psychiatrist for further psychological examination by means of Depression Anxiety Stress (DAS) test. Patient reflected a hyposalivation condition (USF <0.1ml/min, SF < .5ml/min). DAS test showed Depression Severe (23> n=9), Anxiety Moderate (12> n=7), Stress Moderate (18> n=9). The patient was prescribed with Chlorine Dioxide Lemon Mint oral rinse as an antiseptic, anti-halitosis, anti-inflammation and saliva secretion stimulator. Moreover, the patient was instructed to drink water daily, use the mouthwash regularly, increase the oral hygiene and manage the stress condition. Initial evaluation of patients with xerostomia should include a detailed health history to facilitate early detection and identify underlying cause. Thus, it can relieve xerostomia that can improve the patient’s quality of life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) constitutes a group of symptoms of disease caused by damage to, or degradation of, the immune system as a result of infection with the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). The most common pathogen during the course of HIVrelated disease progression is that of an Oral Fungal Infection (OFI), such as Oral Candidiasis (OC). AIDS may place an infected individual at risk from a variety of opportunistic infections caused by the high prevalence of drug use that increases the risk of Drug-Related Problems (DRPs). To investigate aspects of drug utilization, including: type of antifungal, dosage regimens, methods of administration and potential DRPs among HIV/AIDS patients suffering from OC in the Unit Perawatan Intermediet Penyakit Infeksi (UPIPI) RSUD, Dr. Soetomo Hospital, Surabaya. Observational descriptive research featuring a combination of cross-sectional and total sampling methods. The samples consisted of 88 HIV/AIDS patients treated at UPIPI Dr. Soetomo General Hospital, Surabaya from July to August, 2014. The diagnosis of OC was based on clinical appearance, mycology examination and the history of antifungal therapy contained in patients' medical records. Of 68 cases of OC only 28 patients (41,18%) had undergone treatment. The majority (92.86%) were administered Nystatin, a topical antifungal drug, while only 18 cases (69.23%) received an appropriate dose (4 dd gtt V) in accordance with hospital guidelines. The most potent side-effect of the antifungal drug was that of nausea (53.57%). Certain DRPs, such as inappropriate dosages and indication, were identified in this study. Nausea represented the most probable side-effect of antifungal therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Candida is most common opportunistic infection during Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection. The clinical severity of candidiasis and Candida species prevalence may be a reflection of decreased CD4+ counts in HIV seropositive patients. To investigate the changing pattern of Candida species prevalence and its corelation with CD4+ count in HIV/AIDS patients at UPIPI RSUD Dr. Soetomo 2014. The study was analytical observational research with cross-sectional and total sampling method. The samples consisted of 88 HIV/AIDS seropositive were being followed up at the service treated in UPIPI RSUD Dr. Soetomo Surabaya from July-August 2014. HIV/AIDS Patients were recruited for Candida microbial screening and examined by Oral Medicine Specialist (n=5). Clinical specimens including oral swabs were collected to determine the clinical, immunological, and microbiological Candida species prevalence in HIV/AIDS seropositive cases. CD4+ count obtained from patient's medical record. There were 68 cases of Oral Candidiasis (OC), 50 cases (73,53%) Pseudomembranous Candidiasis(PC), 9 cases (13,24%) Erythematous Candidiasis (EC), 1 case (1,47%) Denture Stomatitis (DS), 8 cases (11,76%) Chronic Hyperplastic Candidiasis (CHC). Candida species were identified. C. albicans (51%) was the most common species isolated followed by C. glabrata (19%), C. Dubliniensis (11.5%)., C. Krusei (10.5%), C. tropicalis (8%). OC was found to be significantly correlated with decreased CD4+ counts <200 cells/mm3 (p < 0.05). PC was the highest prevalence and C. albicans (50%) was the most common species isolated. OC was found to be significantly correlated with decreased CD4 cell counts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recurrent oral ulceration (ROU) presents as recurrent, round ulcers of yellow or grey surface, single or multiple, with erythematous halo. ROU associated with systemic diseases such as infection, immune defects and degenerative diseases. Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) was a cardiovascular disease due to non-suppurative complications of Group Aβ-Hemolytic Streptococcus (GAS) caused by delayed immune response. Oral Streptococci has been suggested to play important role in oral ulceration. This article reviewed a case of ROU associated to reinfection of GAS in post-RHD patient. A 21 year female complained of highly ROU which almost never healed since her teenage years. She was diagnosed with RHD at 9 years old and underwent treatment until 15 years old. Oral ulcers treated with combination of topical anti-inflammatory and antiseptic. Oral hygiene improved by scalling and root planning treatment. Complete blood count and Anti-Streptolysin Titer O (ASTO) tests resulted in 3200 IU/ml of titer (N <200 IU/ml). Referral to the cardiologist was made to confirm RHD reactivation. Patient treated with Penicillin G benzathine injection monthly for a year and advised to avoid tooth extraction. GAS infection plays a role in the recurrence of oral ulceration and should not be mistreated as recurrent ulcers of other origins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indonesia is a one of the countries in South East Asia with a high prevalence of HIV/AIDS cases. Oral Hairy Leukoplakia (OHL) is the one of the oral manifestations that often found in HIV/AIDS patient decreased CD4+ counts. OHL play an important role and it can be used as a clinical biomarker to determine the stage, progression, predict the onset of opportunistic diseases and a strong indicator of immunodeficiency condition. The aim of this study to investigate correlation OHL and CD4+ counts in HIV/AIDS patients at UPIPI RSUD DR. Soetomo Surabaya 2014. This study was an analytic observational study with cross-sectional and total sampling method was conductet at UPIPI RSUD Dr. Soetomo. The samples consisted of 88 HIV/AIDS patients from July-August 2014. Diagnosed of OHL based on clinical appearance, the oral cavity of research subjects examined by oral medicine specialist. CD4+ counts obtained from patient's medical record. 88 HIV/AIDS patients were examined; there were 15 patients with OHL (17,05%). OHL was found to be significantly correlated to decreased of CD4+ counts <200 cells/mm3 (p < 0.05). Decreased of CD4+ counts affect the occurrence of OHL. OHL may be used as an alternative to CD4 count to diagnose the immunodeficiency HIV/AIDS patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Active and passive smoking are widely known to be toxic to the human body and induces several types of cancers including oral cancer. Substances of carcinogen benzopyrene in tobacco smoke lead to carcinogenesis which can affect the regulation of cell apoptosis, not only in active smokers but also in passive smokers. The risk of malignant transformation can be observed through the apoptotic pathway with the expression of anti- apoptotic protein like B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2). Methods: Thirty-six rat (Rattus norvegicus) were divided into 4 groups, namely the exposed group to side stream cigarette smoke for 4 weeks (P4) and 8 weeks (P8), the control group which was not exposed to side stream cigarette smoke for 4 weeks (K4) and 8 weeks (K8). Exposure was done by using a smoking pump, each rat received dose exposure of 2 cigarettes everyday for 4 weeks and 8 weeks. The tongue mucosa of rat was dissected and prepared for immunohistochemical for analyzed the expression of Bcl-2. T-test was done to determine the difference between treatment and control group. Results: The expression of Bcl-2 in treatment group exposed to side stream cigarette smoke for 8 weeks (P8) is significantly higher compared with the control group not exposed to side stream cigarette smoke for 8 weeks (K8) (p=0.006) and the treatment group exposed to side stream cigarette smoke for 4 weeks (P4) (p=0.008). No differences between treatment group exposed to side stream cigarette smoke for 4 weeks (P4) and the control group not exposed to side stream cigarette smoke for 4 weeks (K4) (p=0.801). Conclusion: Higher exposure of cigarettes leading to higher expression of Bcl-2 can affect the regulation of cell apoptosis, therefore change cell structure and develop to malignancy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) tend to experience decreased levels of Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF) that can slow wound healing process, including in the oral cavity. This study was to determine the effects of propolis extract gel on EGF expression in the traumatic oral ulcers of Wistar rats suffered with diabetes mellitus (DM). Methods: The study was conducted on 36 male Wistar rats (Rattus novergicus) induced intraperitoneally by 50 mg/kg of Streptozotocin to provoke hyperglicemia, and a traumatic ulcer on their lower lip mucosa. The Wistar rats were divided into twelve groups; three for each positive control, negative control and treatment groups. Each control and treatment group consisted of three rats. The control groups were treated with HPMC 5% gel and propolis extract gel was applied topically on treatment groups. The expression of EGF was observed on day 3, 5, 7, and 9. Furthermore, the rats were sacrificed and the lower lip labial mucosa tissue of rats has been dissected for the immunohistochemical examination with monoclonal antibodies anti-EGF. Results: This study revealed that there was a the expression of EGF was increased in the treatment groups rather than positive controls. Analysis of Variance showed significant differences (p=0.05) of EGF expression between the treatment groups and positive control groups. Conclusions: The use of propolis extract gel can increase the expression of EGF that can activate cell proliferation which plays an important role in the process of wound healing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To analyse the potential use of Citrus limon L Tlekung peel oil in the treatment of traumatic ulcers in diabetic rats based on number of macrophages and transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) expression. Method: Standard steam distillation was performed to produce Citrus limon L peel oil with its components subsequently analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Diabetes was induced with streptozotocin (STZ) via administration of a single 50 mg/kg dose. A traumatic ulcer was subsequently induced with a 5 mm burnisher heated for 30 s and applied without pressure for 1 s to the lower labial mucosa of the animals. Citrus limon L oil gel containing 3% carboxyl methyl cellulose sodium was then topically administered to the traumatic ulcer for a period of three or five days. TGF-β expression was analysed through immunohistochemical staining and the macrophage number calculated with haematoxylin-eosin stain. Results: The major identified compounds in Citrus limon L peel oil include fumaric (31.78 %), dlimonene (17.38 %), z-citral (13.55 %), L-linalool (8.51 %), geraniol nerol (3.56 %), geraniol (2.94 %,), αterpineol (1.25 %) and γ-terpinene (1.03 %) together with other minor constituents. Treatment of traumatic ulcers with Citrus limon L peel oil produced higher number of macrophages and TGF-β expression (p = 0.000). Treatment over a period of five days also indicated higher expression of TGF-β and number of macrophages compared to that lasting three days with Citrus limon L peel oil (p = 0.000). Conclusion: Citrus limon L peel oil stimulates TGF-β expression and an increase of macrophage numbers in diabetic subjects during traumatic ulcer healing after three and seven days. Clinical application of Citrus limon L peel oil constitutes a potential therapy in the treatment of traumatic ulcers in diabetic subjects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]