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The goal of this study was to apply aspects of the heuristic model advanced by Eisenberg, Cumberland, and Spinrad (1998) to the study of socialization that takes place in preschool and elementary school classrooms. Investigating socialization in this context is important given the number of hours students spend in school, the emotional nature of social interactions that take place involving teachers and students, and the emotions students often experience in the context of academic work. Guided by Eisenberg, Cumberland, et al.'s (1998) call to consider complex socialization pathways, we focus our discussion on ways teachers, peers, and the classroom context can shape students' emotion-related outcomes (e.g., self-regulation, adjustment) and academic-related outcomes (e.g., school engagement, achievement) indirectly and differentially (e.g., as a function of student or classroom characteristics). Our illustrative review of the intervention literature demonstrates that the proposed classroom-based socialization processes have clear applied implications, and efforts to improve socialization in the classroom can promote students' emotional and academic competence. We conclude our discussion by outlining areas that require additional study. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).

Guided by social information processing and affective social competence models, the focal objective of this research was to examine the relations among anxious children's cognitive distortions, social skill competence, and reluctance to express emotion. In addition, we explored whether children's attention control played any meaningful role. Using a sample of 111 anxious children (M age  = 9.63, SD = 0.73; 75.7% girls; 56% Hispanic/Latino), we found that cognitive distortions were negatively related to social competence. In addition, tests of moderated mediation showed that the negative association between cognitive distortions and social skill competence was indirect via reluctance to express emotion, but this only was the case for anxious children with high attention control and for distortions in the academic domain. The findings of this study may set the stage for new ways to conceptualize the role of higher attention control among anxious youth. Statement of contribution What is already known on this subject? Cognitive errors are prevalent in anxious youth Anxious children show socio-emotion deficits What does this study add? Cognitive errors are related to socio-emotion deficits in anxious youth Relations depend on attention control., (© 2017 The British Psychological Society.)

Anxious youth typically experience sleep-related difficulties, but little is known about the role children's coping and perceived control over anxiety may play in these relations. We examined children's perceived levels of control over external anxiety-provoking events and internal anxious emotional reactions, as well as two dispositional coping tendencies (avoidant, support-seeking), and whether these were associated with anxious children's (N = 86) presleep arousal. Low perceived control over anxiety was significantly associated with high levels of presleep arousal. For children with low perceived control, higher avoidance was associated with greater presleep arousal, whereas lower avoidance was associated with lower presleep arousal levels. Findings suggest that efforts to avoid stressful life events may contribute to presleep arousal, especially under conditions where anxious arousal seems uncontrollable.

The use of clinical practice guidelines (CPGs), particularly the routine implementation of evidence-based cardiovascular health maintenance and disease management recommendations, affords both expert and nonexpert practitioners the opportunity to achieve better, and at least theoretically similar, patient outcomes. However, health care practitioners are often stymied in their efforts to follow even well-researched and well-written CPGs as a consequence of contradictory information. The purposeful integration and harmonization of Canadian cardiovascular CPGs, regardless of their specific risk factor or clinical management focus, is critical to their widespread acceptance and implementation. This level of cooperation and coordination among CPG groups and organizations would help to ensure that their clinical practice roadmaps (ie, best practice recommendations) contain clear, concise and complementary, rather than contradictory, patient care information. Similarly, the application of specific tools intended to improve the quality of CPGs, such as the Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation (AGREE) assessment tool, may also lead to improvements in CPG quality and potentially enhance their acceptance and implementation.

What is believed to be a novel holographic optical encoding scheme has been developed to enhance the performance of laser sensors designed for the measurement of wavelength and angular trajectory. A prototype holographic imaging diffractometer has been created to reconstruct holographic cueing patterns superimposed in the focal plane of wide-angle scene imagery. Based on experimental pattern metric measurements at the focal plane, a theoretical model is used to compute the laser source wavelength and its apparent propagation direction within the sensor's field of view. The benefits of incorporating holographic enhancements within an imager-based sensor architecture are discussed.

The gradual reorientations in crystal geometry encountered during angle-multiplexed holographic recording with obliquely incident recording beams can create significant parametric exposure-time and recording-angle dependencies in both grating writing- and erasure-time constants. We present a parametric extension of the classically derived backward-recursion algorithm that compensates for the intermingling effects of recording geometry, writing-beam intensity variations, and unique crystal behavior. We present experimental data for a sequence of 301 holograms recorded with the goal of equal hologram strength and, separately, the same sequence recorded with the goal of equal hologram reconstruction intensity-which are different cases for a steeply incident readout beam.

Objectives: This study assessed whether combination therapy with aspirin and warfarin for 10 weeks reduces the risk of progression or reocclusion of the unstable coronary artery lesion., Background: Reocclusion of the culprit coronary artery occurs in up to one third of patients during the 3 months after myocardial infarction (MI) or unstable angina and is associated with increased morbidity and mortality., Methods: Fifty-seven patients presenting with unstable angina or MI who had an identifiable culprit lesion at coronary angiography were randomized in double-blind manner to receive warfarin (target international normalized ratio [INR] 2.0 to 2.5) or placebo in addition to aspirin (150 mg daily). Changes in the culprit lesion were assessed by quantitative angiography in 50 patients after 10 weeks of therapy or after a clinical event. Progression of the culprit lesion was defined as a decrease in minimal lumen diameter > 0.4 mm or a new total occlusion. Regression was defined as an increase in minimal lumen diameter > 0.4 mm., Results: In subjects randomized to receive warfarin, the culprit lesion was less likely to progress (1 [4%] vs. 8 [33%]) and more likely to regress (5[19%] vs. 2[9%]) than in subjects receiving placebo (p = 0.02). Recurrent MI or a new occlusion at angiography occurred in 2 (7%) of 29 patients receiving warfarin versus 11 (39%) of 28 patients receiving placebo (p = 0.005)., Conclusions: In patients with an acute coronary syndrome, combined therapy with aspirin and warfarin with a target INR of 2.0 to 2.5 for 10 weeks reduces the risk of progression or reocclusion of the culprit coronary lesion.

Measurements of the spatial, spectral, and temporal characteristics of the beam irradiance of a carbon arc solar simulator are reported. Pyroelectric radiometer measurements of total irradiance and spectroradiometer measurements of spectral irradiance are presented. The solar simulator spectral irradiance is compared with the ASTM standard AM 1.5 global solar spectral irradiance over a wavelength region of 300-2500 nm. The suitability of the solar simulator for laser receiver testing is discussed.

Amplitude distributions produced by a novel reflective membrane optical scintillator (RMOS) showed excellent statistical agreement with experimental field data taken from actual atmospheric measurements. Laboratory simulated atmospheric turbulence using RMOS was found to have a log-normal amplitude distribution. This included two test cases representing subsets of real weak turbulence and moderate turbulence regimes.

The extracellular polysaccharide polymers can bind microbes to surfaces and can cause physical modification of the microenvironment. Since uronic acids appear to be the components of these extracellular films that are most concentrated in a location outside the cell membrane, a quantitative assay for uronic acids was developed. Polymers containing uronic acids are resistant to quantitative hydrolysis, and the uronic acids, once released, form lactones irreproducibly and are difficult to separate from the neutral sugars. These problems were obviated by the methylation of the uronic acids and their subsequent reduction with sodium borodeuteride to the corresponding alcohol while they were in the polymer and could not form lactones. This caused the polymers to lose the ability to adhere to their substrates, so they could be quantitatively recovered. The hydrolysis of the dideuterated sugars was reproducible and could be performed under conditions that were mild enough that other cellular and extracellular polymers were not affected. The resulting neutral sugars were readily derivatized and then were separated and assayed by glass capillary gas-liquid chromatography. The dideuterated portion of each pentose, hexose, or heptose, identified by combined capillary gas-liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry, accurately provided the proportion of each uronic acid in each carbohydrate of the polymer. Examples of the applications of this methodology include the composition of extracellular polymers in marine bacteria, invertebrate feeding tubes and fecal structures, and the microfouling films formed on titanium and aluminum surfaces exposed to seawater.

Previous authors have considered that allergy to certain foodstuffs may play an important role in the aetiology of ulcerative colitis, but immunological evidence for dietary allergy in ulcerative colitis is inconclusive. A study is reported of 22 patients with ulcerative colitis, with matched controls, in whom total serum IgE and specific IgE to certain foodstuffs have been estimated by the Phadebas PRIST and RAST (Pharmacia) techniques. Allergens tested were egg-white, milk, wheat, rye, oat, fish (cod) and peanut. There was no significant difference in the total serum IgE levels and the food specific IgE activity between the two groups.

Biochemical measures have provided insight into the biomass and community structure of sedimentary microbiota without the requirement of selection by growth or quantitative removal from the sediment grains. This study used the assay of the hydroxy fatty acids released from the lipid A of the lipopolysaccharide in sediments to provide an estimate of the gram-negative bacteria. The method was sensitive to picomolar amounts of hydroxy fatty acids. The recovery of lipopolysaccharide hydroxy fatty acids from organisms added to sediments was quantitative. The lipids were extracted from the sediments with single-phase chloroform-methanol extraction. The lipid-extraction residue was hydrolyzed in 1 N HCl, and the hydroxy fatty acids of the lipopolysaccharide were recovered in chloroform for analysis by gas-liquid chromatography. This method proved to be about fivefold more sensitive than the classical phenol-water or trichloroacetic acid methods when applied to marine sediments. By examination of the patterns of hydroxy fatty acids, it was also possible to help define the community structure of the sedimentary gram-negative bacteria.

A medium containing chlorolactate has been devised to enrich for mutants that are unable to utilize lactate for growth, and therefore that may be defective in cytochrome c. Complementation tests of 6,520 chlorolactate-resistant mutants that were obtained spontaneously or induced with UV, ICR-170, or nitrosoimidazolidone resulted in the identification of 195 mutations at the cyc1 locus, which controls the primary structure of iso-1-cytochrome c. These 195 mutants, with 16 cyc1 mutants previously isolated, were examined for total cytochrome c by spectroscopic methods, growth on lactate medium, suppressibility by defined nonsense suppressors, mutational sites by x-ray-induced recombination, ability to revert, and in 86 cases, whether intragenic revertants contain altered iso-1-cytochrome c. Except for the deletion mutant cyc1-1, all of the mutants appeared to contain single-site mutations that could be assigned to at least 35 different sites within the gene. The cyc1 mutants either completely lacked iso-1-cytochrome c or contained iso-1- cytochromes c that were completely or partially nonfunctional. In spite of the fact that the cyc1 mutants obtained by the chlorolactate procedure were selected on the basis of defective function, 68% appeared to completely lack iso-1-cytochrome c. The remaining cyc1 mutants contained below normal amounts of iso-1-cytochromes c. Studies at several incubation temperatures indicated that these nonfunctional iso-1-cytochromes c were thermolabile. It is suggested that the predominant means for abolishing iso-1-cytochrome c by mutations are either through a complete loss, such as produced by chain terminating codons, or impairments through drastic changes of tertiary structure which lead to instability and thermolability.

We describe a pilot study of a community IgE service which serves a large rural area and is centred on the biochemistry laboratory and allergy clinic of a district general hospital. The service has proved useful because in many cases it has made attendance at an outpatient department unnecessary. The results appear to be reliable and have provided the general practitioners with additional knowledge of their patients. Other benefits included the investigation of larger numbers of patients, the performance of fewer skin tests and greater precision in test results because the tests were carried out by one investigator under standard conditions.

Results are presented which show that the D-xylose isomerases present in Streptomyces olivaceus and Streptomyces phaeochromogenes NRRL B-3559 are incapable of utilizing D-lyxose as a substrate. The implications of these findings as related to the use of D-lyxose in the selection of constitutive mutants are discussed.

Cement-enamel junction to alveolar crest (CEJ-AC) distances were measured in Romano-British skulls. Measurements were also made of attrition patterns. The patterns of the two measurements were similar in each group, suggesting that teeth continued to erupt and CEJ-AC alone is misleading as a measurement of bone loss and may not relate to the extent of chronic inflammatory periodontal disease. Estimated bone loss was minimal, confirming that measurements of this nature on dried skulls should only be related to periodontal conditions with caution.

Eighty-eight of 92 first admission schizophrenics from 1963, being an incidence by first admission cohort, were followed up between 1974 and 1975. Fifty-eight percent were reported as showing no social or intellectural deficit, and only 8% were unremitting institutionalized, with 51% being considered as having normal economic productivity, and 69% with a good or fair social adjustment. Despite difficulties in comparison, birth, marriage, and divorce rates appear to be not very different from those for the general population, although the percentage of married patients is lower. Deaths would seem greater than expected. Possible reasons for the improved prognosis in schizophrenia are considered to be short initial hospitalization, almost universal use of phenothiazines, use of developing community services (social and psychiatric), and generally good econimic conditions.

Free triiodothyronine (FT3) and free thyroxine (FT4) were measured in 159 women during normal pregnancy and compared with non-pregnancy reference ranges for these hormones. FT3 values fell from the reference level of 6.34 (SD 1.06) pmol/l to 3.87 (SD 0.54) pmol/l in the 3rd trimester; corresponding figures for FT4 were: reference 16.92 (SD 2.97) pmol/l, 3rd trimester 11.29 (SD 2.01) pmol/l. There were no significant changes in the 1st trimester; 4% and 69% of FT3 results in the 2nd and 3rd trimesters respectively fell below the reference range of mean +/- 2 SD. The corresponding findings for FT4 were 4% and 42%. FT3 correlated reasonably well with total T3 (r = 0.90) and was acceptably precise (within-batch CV 2.1% at 5.6 pmol/l, between-batch CV between 3.1% and 4.7% at six levels).

Eighty-eight of 92 first-admission schizophrenics from 1963, an incidence by first admission cohort, were followed up in 1974 and 1975. Epidemiologically the sample was more comparable to lower European rates and expectancy rather than to higher American figures. Prior to follow-up, factors said to predict outcome were scored. This prognostic information was complete for 79 cases. Outcome was measured on a variety of criteria. The patients fell into a "poor prognosis" group based on the prognostic indicators, which were of little value in predicting prognosis within this group. However, patients who received extensive service during the follow-up period had poorer outcomes. Outcome was better than in most earlier studies of schizophrenia, but similar to that in some other recent studies of first-admission patients; also, the use of phenothiazines, short-term hospitalization, and community services may play a part. The failure of prognostic indicators to predict more than about 25% of the outcome variance for this group of "poor prognosis" patients supports the viewpoint that "good" and "poor" prognosis schizophrenia are two different entities.

Isolation of a series of mutants, characterized by decreased ability to utilize nonfermentable carbon sources for growth and presence of all cytochromes, is reported. A total of 161 mutants, showing deficient growth on glycerol but able to reduce 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride, were isolated, purified, and characterized by ability to grow on various carbon sources. Mutants showing decreased growth were examined by low-temperature spectroscopy, and the 35 strains shown to possess all cytochromes were retained for further studies. These strains were characterized by growth on various nonfermentable carbon sources, relative yield on glucose medium, and respiration (Q(O2)) of glucose and ethyl alcohol. Genetic studies revealed that at least 19 of the 35 mutants are the result of mutation in single nuclear genes. Furthermore, at least 11 complementation groups are represented among these 19 mutants. Mutants within two complementation groups were shown to be very similar in various properties. These studies demonstrate that a large number of nuclear genes control oxidative energy metabolism and that the characteristics of mutants of the general class are extremely diverse.