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Background and aimsChronic hepatitis B (CHB) can lead to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). While both tenofovir disoproxil (TDF) and entecavir (ETV) have been shown to reduce the risk of HCC, their comparative effectiveness is unclear. We estimated the comparative effectiveness of these two agents in reducing the risk of HCC in patients with CHB, through a systematic review and meta-analysis.Approach and resultsWe searched multiple electronic databases from January 1, 1998, to October 31, 2019, for randomized controlled trials and observational comparative effectiveness studies in adults with CHB treated with ETV compared to TDF, reporting the incidence of HCC (minimum follow-up 12 months). Primary outcome was incidence of HCC, calculated as incidence rate ratio (IRR) with 95% confidence interval (CI, unadjusted analysis) and hazard ratio (HR) with 95% CI (adjusted analysis, where reported). Of 1,971 records identified, 14 studies (263,947 person-years) were included for quantitative analysis. On unadjusted meta-analysis of 14 studies, the risk of HCC was not statistically different between ETV and TDF (IRR, 1.28; 95% CI, 0.99-1.66). When using available adjusted data (multivariate or propensity-matched data), the risk of HCC among patients treated with ETV was 27% higher when compared to TDF (seven studies; 95% CI, 1.01-1.60, P = 0.04). Additional analysis of adjusted data when separately reported among patients with cirrhosis demonstrated an adjusted HR of 0.90 (95% CI, 0.66-1.23), suggesting no difference between ETV-treated and TDF-treated groups. The overall confidence in estimates was very low (observational studies, high heterogeneity).ConclusionsTDF may be associated with lower risk of HCC when compared to ETV.

Web-based interventions that promote physical activity have been tested in various populations and proven effective. However, information on recruiting and retaining ethnic minorities in these interventions is limited. This study discusses practical issues in recruitment and retention of Asian Americans using three strategies: (1) only Web-based intervention (Group 1), (2) one with Fitbit Charge HR (Group 2), and (3) one with Fitbit Charge HR and office visits (Group 3). Recruitment and retention rates, minutes of weekly research team meetings, and the researchers' memos were collected. Retention rates were analyzed using descriptive statistics, and the minutes and memos were content analyzed following Weber's methods. Retention rates varied by the end of the first (12% in Group 3, 36.9% in Group 2) and third month (0% in Group 3, 36.9% in Group 2). The practical issues were (1) difficulties in recruitment across strategies, (2) the necessity of using community consultants/leaders across strategies, (3) subethnic differences across strategies, (4) timing issues across strategies, (5) Fitbit as a facilitator with several hindrances, and (6) office visits as an inhibitor. Fitbits with user guidelines and community consultants'/leaders' involvement are proposed for future Web-based interventions to promote physical activity in Asian Americans.

Purpose: This study aimed to validate the Korean version of the Global Interprofessional Therapeutic Communication Scale (K-GITCS), with the ultimate goal of improving therapeutic communication and patient engagement among Korean nurses. Methods: The study rigorously adhered to the original authors' translation guidelines. A sample of 300 registered nurses from a tertiary hospital in South Korea participated in this research. Confirmatory factor analysis was conducted to verify the tool's validity, and Cronbach's α coefficients were calculated to evaluate the internal consistency of the K-GITCS. Results: The instrument's reliability was substantiated by an adequate comparative fit index (0.984) and a high Cronbach's α coefficient (0.94). The empirical results supported the three-factor structure of the K-GITCS, which comprised trust and rapport building, power sharing, and empathy. Conclusion: The study confirms that the K-GITCS is a valid, reliable, and culturally sensitive instrument for assessing therapeutic communication skills among nurses in Korea. It also highlights the importance of culturally tailored therapeutic communication training, particularly for promoting empathy in patient care. The study emphasizes the potential of the K-GITCS to significantly enhance nurses' therapeutic communication practices, thereby improving the quality and safety of patient care. It is recommended to apply this tool among nursing students, academic institutions, and interprofessional healthcare providers to facilitate structured educational interventions that will improve therapeutic communication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the screen size and pixel resolution increase, electrostatic discharging (ESD) problems have become the most detrimental issue for the next‐level OLED devices such as IT‐OLED, and QD‐OLED. Electrostatic discharging (ESD) is a well‐known phenomenon in the semiconductor and display industry. For its catastrophic failure, lots of effort has been made over the last three decades to predict ESD failures systematically in display panels, but proper methodologies for ESD hotspot prediction have not developed due to its complicated physical behaviors. Especially for the oxide TFT‐based OLED devices, the Bottom Metal Layer (BML) is introduced to shield the electric field from the external light‐induced charging and enhance the output characteristics of oxide TFT. However, this large area of the BML layer can cause serious electrostatic charging (ESD) issues during the fabrication process. In this work, we analyzed five different types of temporal charging injection mechanisms and three types of failure phenomena. To simulate the multi‐scale time‐dependent full panel ESD models, we developed simplified OLED panel design verification models by using advanced numerical techniques such as perfect boundary approximation and thin sheet metal approximation. Based on the newly developed simulation methodology, robust OLED panel designs are suggested and experimentally verified.. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we have demonstrated a high-efficiency InGaN red (625 nm) light-emitting diode (LED) with an external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 10.5% at a current density of 10 A/cm2. To achieve this, we introduced GaN cap layers on InGaN quantum wells and AlGaN interlayers. The introduction of these layers resulted in a red shift of the wavelength. The AlGaN interlayer caused band bending, while the GaN cap layer modulated the electron wavefunction, thus helping to achieve the wavelength red shift of the InGaN red LED with high EQE. This technology is crucial for the realization of discrete or monolithic full-color micro-LED displays. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Die Aktivierung chemischer Bindungen mittels H‐Brücken‐Wechselwirkungen zwischen elektronegativen Elementen wie z. B. Stickstoff und Sauerstoff stellt eine hoch wirkungsvolle Taktik in der modernen Katalyseforschung dar. Dem gegenüber sind artverwandte Katalyseverfahren, in denen schwerere, weniger elektronegative Elemente wie Selen an der Ausbildung von H‐Brücken beteiligt sind, beispielsweise zur oxidativen Aktivierung angrenzender C‐Se σ ${{\rm \sigma }}$ ‐Bindung, praktisch unerforscht. Klassische Strategien zur Erhöhung der Nukleofugalität von Selanylgruppen beruhen auf der oxidativen Addition von Elektrophilen an SeII‐Zentren, was in der Regel die Eliminierung der resultierenden SeIV‐Spezies zur Folge hat. Katalytische Verfahren, in denen diese SeIV‐Nukleofuge substituiert anstatt eliminiert werden, sind sehr selten und waren bislang nicht auf die Knüpfung von C‐C‐Bindungen anwendbar. Wie in der vorliegenden Arbeit erstmals gezeigt wird, können durch die Kombination von O−H⋅⋅⋅Se H‐Brücken‐Wechselwirkungen und katalytischer Einelektronenoxidation stabilisierte SeIII‐Nukleofuge erzeugt werden, die die Bildung neuer C‐C‐σ ${{\rm \sigma }}$ ‐Bindungen mittels einer Typ I Semipinakol‐Umlagerung in hoher Ausbeute und ausgezeichneter Selektivität ermöglichen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chemical bond activations mediated by H‐bond interactions involving highly electronegative elements such as nitrogen and oxygen are powerful tactics in modern catalysis research. On the contrary, kindred catalytic regimes in which heavier, less electronegative elements such as selenium engage in H‐bond interactions to co‐activate C−Se σ‐bonds under oxidative conditions are elusive. Traditional strategies to enhance the nucleofugality of selenium residues predicate on the oxidative addition of electrophiles onto SeII‐centers, which entails the elimination of the resulting SeIV moieties. Catalytic procedures in which SeIV nucleofuges are substituted rather than eliminated are very rare and, so far, not applicable to carbon‐carbon bond formations. In this study, we introduce an unprecedented combination of O−H⋅⋅⋅Se H‐bond interactions and single electron oxidation to catalytically generate SeIII nucleofuges that allow for the formation of new C−C σ‐bonds by means of a type I semipinacol process in high yields and excellent selectivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]