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Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) promoter activation associated with normal wound repair is manifested in transgenic mice that express an engineered version of the A. victoria green fluorescent protein under the control of the human VEGF promoter by fluorescence developing at the wound margins. This fluorescence extends throughout the granulation tissue. VEGF is widely expressed in normal tissues, and it seems likely in principle that almost any cell type could act as a source for VEGF upon hypoxic or ischemic demand.

The research data on host switching leading to viral emergence based on known examples on the evolutionary mechanisms, virus-host interactions, host range barriers to infection, and processes that allow efficient host-to-host transmission in the new host population are reviewed. The studies identified many factors that control or influence virus host switching and better information on the origins of new viruses could help to control and prevent new viral diseases by animal-to-human.