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Purpose: Proper posture is essential for maintaining musculoskeletal health. The stability of the spine depends largely on the curvature of the human upright spine, and deviations in sagittal arches may signify a displacement in the body’s center of gravity. This study aims to investigate the relationship between spinal curvature and postural stability to promote optimal spinal health. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 120 recreationally active university students (60 men and 60 women) were selected and grouped by gender. Postural stability was assessed using the balance error scoring system (BESS), and the craniovertebral angle (CVA) was evaluated through photographic methods. Kyphosis and lordosis angles were also measured using specific anatomical landmarks. Correlation analyses were performed using Pearson’s and Spearman’s tests, with a statistical significance of P≤0.05, to explore the relationship between the variables Results: The study’s results showed no significant correlations between thoracic kyphosis, lower back lordosis, and the CVA with BESS scores, except within the male group, where a significant correlation was found between BESS and kyphosis (P=0.01). Conclusion: This study suggests that evaluating thoracic kyphosis can be crucial to enhance postural stability in recreationally active adults. Further research can investigate interventions aimed at improving postural stability among individuals with kyphosis.

Abstract Background Dynamic knee valgus (DKV) accompanied by poor balance is the cause of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury in athletes, and the identification and correction of these factors are always of interest to researchers. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to investigate the effect of the STOP-X program on the knee valgus angle and static and dynamic balance in female basketball players with DKV defects. Methods The present study was a quasi-experimental study. Thirty female basketball players with DKV defects were purposefully identified by the single-leg landing (SLL) test and were randomly assigned to two control (n = 15) and experimental (n = 15) groups. Static balance status was evaluated with the BASS STICK test, and dynamic balance status was evaluated with the Y-balance test (YBT). The experimental group performed the STOP-X program for 25–40 min for eight weeks (three times per week), and the control group performed their traditional warm-up program. Data were analyzed by means of 2 × 2 repeated measures ANOVA followed by post hoc comparison (Bonferroni) at the significance level of (P

Abstract Background Fatigue is the most disabling symptom for individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS), which can significantly affect postural control (PC) by impairing the ability of the central nervous system to modulate sensory inputs and coordinate motor responses. This systematic review aimed to investigate the effect of fatigue on PC in individuals with MS.. Methods This systematic review is reported according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guideline and registered in PROSPERO with ID CRD42022376262. A systematic search was performed in the Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar until January 2023, and a manual search was performed using the reference lists of included studies. Two authors independently selected the studies, extracted data, and evaluated their methodological quality using the Downs and Black checklist. The process was later discussed with a third author.. Results Five studies were included in this review, of which consistent evidence investigating a direct relationship between fatigue and PC in individuals with MS. All the studies reported negative effects on PC. Four studies employed walking tests as their primary protocol for inducing fatigue, while one study implemented a strength testing protocol for both legs, serving as a fatigue-inducing activity. Conclusions The evidence suggests that individuals with MS may experience PC deficits due to fatigue. However, the present body of literature exhibits limitations regarding its quality and methodology. Gender differences, balance, fatigue task, and muscle function are essential factors that need to be considered when investigating the relationship between fatigue and PC deficits in MS. Further high-quality research is necessary to comprehend the complex interplay between MS-related fatigue and PC deficits after physical activity.

Abstract Background Patients with a history of COVID-19 infection may suffer from different physical problems. This study aimed to investigate the effect of corrective and breathing exercises on improving respiratory function among patients with a history of COVID-19 infection. Methods In this clinical trial study, thirty elderlies with a history of COVID-19 disease were divided into two groups (mean age 63.60 ± 3.56 experimental, 59.87 ± 2.99 control groups) based on the study inclusion criteria. Exercise interventions included two sections- breathing exercises and corrective exercises in the cervical and thoracic spine. The spirometry test, craniovertebral angle, and thoracic kyphosis test were used. To evaluate differences between variables, paired-samples t-test and ANCOVA were used (p-value 0.01). The Eta-squared value of 0.51 for the Craniovertebral angle and the SPO2 indicates a large effect size. Conclusions The results showed the combination of corrective and breathing exercises could improve pulmonary function and correct cervical and thoracic posture in patients with a history of COVID-19 infection. Therefore, corrective and breathing exercises can be helpful as a complementary treatment along with pharmaceutical therapy to reduce chronic pulmonary complications in patients infected with COVID-19. Trial registration This research was registered in the Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials (IRCT registration number: IRCT20160815029373N7, First trial registration: 23/08/2021, Registration date: 01/09/2021).

Background and Aims Karate is one of the most popular martial arts worldwide, and flat foot deformity is one of the most common disorders in people participating in this sport. This disorder can negatively affect the static and dynamic balance in individuals. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of corrective exercises on foot posture and balance in female karate athletes with flat foot.Methods This research was a quasi-experimental study performed in two phases: pre-test and post-test. Forty female karatekas with flexible flat foot postures entered the study as subjects. They were randomly divided into exercise group (Mean±SD age: Mean±SD 20.00±1.81 y, Mean±SD height: 161.4±6.49 cm, and Mean±SD weight: 55.27±6.56 kg) and control (Mean±SD age: 21.02±2.19 y, Mean±SD height cm: 160.4±4.23, and Mean±SD weight: 55.75±3.90 kg). As one of the inclusion criteria, a navicular drop test was performed for all subjects to assess the condition of the foot posture. Also, the balance error scoring system and Y balance tests were used for all subjects to check the static and dynamic balance. Then, the exercise group performed 6 weeks of corrective exercises, but the control group did not perform any specific exercises during this period. After 6 weeks, the tests were repeated. Statistical analysis was performed in SPSS software version 26. A covariance analysis test was used to evaluate the between-group differences, and paired sample t test was used to evaluate the within-group changes.Results This study’s findings showed that the corrective exercise group in thepost-test had a better performance than the pre-test in the navicular drop test, in all three directions of the Y balance test, and in the balance error scoring system (P=0.0001). But in the control group, no significant difference was observed between the two stages of the test (P>0.05). It was also observed in the comparison between groups that in thepost-test in the variables of the navicular drop test and also in all three directions of the Y balance test and the test of the scoring system, the balance error scoring system of the experimental group achieved better results than the control group (P>0.05). Conclusion This study showed that 6 weeks of corrective exercises has significantly improved foot posture and static and dynamic balance in karate women with flexible flat feet. According to the results obtained in this study, it seems that comprehensive corrective exercises can be used in this group to improve balance and posture.

Background and Aims This study addresses only those interventions, such as feedback and kinesio taping, that affect lower limb function in athletes with impaired lower limb movement patterns.Methods This research is a systematic review study that examined all published articles in English about the effect of feedback and kinesio taping on correcting defective movement patterns and reducing injury risk factors. The current study was conducted by searching foreign databases such as Google Scholar, PubMed, and ScienceDirect and domestic databases, including Magiran and Irandoc with the keywords of “videotape augmented feedback,” “taping,” “kinesio taping,” and “lower extremity” from January 2000 to January 2021.Results After reviewing the full texts of 45 articles, 24 articles were finally selected according to the purpose of the research. Of 24 articles, 20 were interventional studies, 1 was a systematic review, 1 was a meta-analysis, and 2 were meta-analysis and systematic reviews. In all studies, feedback training methods positively affected lower limb biomechanics, and tipping methods improved pain.Conclusion After comparing the effects of feedback and kinesio taping interventions in the studied studies, it can be concluded that feedback is better than kinesio taping taping in improving kinetic and kinematic variables in people with lower limb movement pattern defects.

Background: Eating disorder is one of the most common disorders reported among young girls. This study aimed to identify the relationship between eating disorder (nutrition attitudes) and nutrition knowledge, physical activity levels, and corona-induced anxiety in female students. Materials and Methods: This is a cross-sectional and correlational study. The statistical population included the female students of Farhangian University of Mashhad, Shahid Hasheminejad Campus (n=655) in the academic year of 2021-2022, out of which 247 female students were randomly enrolled. They completed questionnaires of nutrition knowledge, eating disorders, corona-induced anxiety, physical activity level and anthropometric indicators related to health. Data analysis was done by Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Pearson and linear regression tests in SPSS version 21 software. Results: Eating disorders had a significant correlation with corona-induced anxiety, and the level of physical activity (P˂0.01). The results of Linear regression showed that corona-induced anxiety can predict eating disorders among female students (P˂0.01). Despite the significant negative relationship between eating disorders and physical activity levels, the results of the regression model showed that physical activity levels could not predict eating disorders in female students (P>0.05). Conclusion: In crisis situations, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, increased levels of anxiety can cause a higher frequency of eating disorders. It seems that decreased anxiety levels and techniques for coping with anxiety can be useful ways to overcome eating disorders among female students.

Abstract Background Children with intellectual disabilities (ID) may show declines in motor skills during the Covid-19 restrictions. This study compared the effects of physical inactivity due to COVID-19 on the motor skills of active and inactive children with ID. Method In this prospective cohort study, 30 boys with ID were divided into two groups based on study inclusion criteria (mean age 10.86 ± 1.81 active, 10.20 ± 1.42 inactive). The BESS test, the Y test, the Timed Up and Go (TUG) test, and the Bruininks-Oseretsky test-short form were used. Results Results showed a significant difference between active and inactive groups in the total score of gross motor skills (P = 0.001), fine motor skills (P = 0.002), motor skills (P = 0.001), postural control (P = 0.01), and dynamic balance (P = 0.01). Conclusions The results showed a significant difference between active and inactive children with ID in terms of gross and fine motor skills after a one-year movement restriction. Therefore, considering the tendency to be sedentary among these people and the subsequent complications caused by this inactivity, including obesity and chronic diseases, it is suggested that parents and educators design practical and numerous exercises and encourage them to be more active and participate in physical activity programs.

Background and Aims: Balance is one of the important factors that help to maintain the independent life of people with intellectual disabilities. A variety of methods are used to assess balance in these individuals. However, so far no review study has been conducted to determine what kind of tests are used to assess balance in this group. Therefore, The purpose of this study was to investigate the methods of assessing postural control and balance used in studies on intellectual disabilities.Methods: In this study, a comprehensive search was performed on functional assessment tests of balance in people with intellectual disabilities. PubMed, Medline, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Clinical Trials, Google Scholar, Scopus, Magiran, IranDoc, Iran Medex, MedLib, and SID were searched from 1991 to November 2020. After collecting the search results, first, the title and then the summary of the articles were studied. If the articles met the inclusion criteria, the results were used in the review study and otherwise discarded.Results: Based on the criteria and objectives of the research, 20 articles were selected after the evaluation process. All articles were provided in full text. Then, 23 Functional Balance Assessment Tests were used to measure functional balance in people with intellectual disabilities.Conclusion: Studies had examined the evaluation of functional balance in intellectual disabilities in several ways; therefore, it seems that a specific test cannot be suggested to measure the balance of intellectually disabled people.

Background and Aims Inadequate mobility in intellectual disability causes imbalance. Therefore, the purpose of this review was to investigate the effect of motor interventions on improving the balance of intellectual disability.Methods In this study, a comprehensive review of the effect of motor interventions on improving the balance of the intellectual disability was done by searching the Google Scholar, PubMed, and ScienceDirect databases with the keywords balance, equilibrium, balance in intellectual disability, balance in mentally retarded, intellectual disabled, and also Persian databases of Google Scholar, Megapaper, IranDoc, Magiran, SID, MedLib and IranMedex from 2000 to February 2021. In this search, two languages, Persian and English, were used. After collecting the search results, first, the title and then the abstract of the articles were studied. If the articles complied with the inclusion and exclusion criteria, their results were used in the present review study and otherwise discarded.Results In the search of texts, a total of 110 articles were found and after deleting similar cases, 44 articles (18 Persian articles and 26 English articles) were selected from the articles that were very closely related to the studied subject.Conclusion A review of studies has shown that performing motor interventions in most studies improves the balance of intellectual disability. However, due to the limitations of the studies, the conclusions of the present study should be interpreted with caution. Although these results can help coaches, exercise teachers, physiotherapists, and therapists improve the balance of intellectual disability, more detailed studies are needed.

Introduction: High-arch and flat foot deformities can negatively impact an individual’s performance in different situations. They may also balance as well as disturb postural control, which is essential for performing optimal routine and port activities, in addition to preventing injuries. This is a comparative meta-analysis of postural control in people with high-arch and flat foot deformities with normal feet. Materials and Methods: This is a systematic review of articles published from 2004 to 2021 in Medline/PubMed, Embase/Scopus, LILACS, CINAHL, CENTRAL (cochrane central register of controlled trials), Web of Science, PEDro, and Google Scholar databases. Results: The results revealed that the total balance score in people with high-arch and flat foot deformities was lower (P=0.001), compared to normal people. However, no significant difference was observed in the total balance of people with high-arch and flat foot deformities (P>0.05). Additionally, flat-foot people showed a weaker balance in the postural control test on a force plate, when compared to individuals with high-arch feet (P=0.001). Nevertheless, the results of dynamic balance were the same for all groups (P>0.05). Conclusion: Our findings indicate that people with high-arch and flat foot deformities suffer from weaker postural control when compared to their normal peers. Moreover, flat-foot people showed lower scores on postural control tests on force plates, compared to subjects with high-arch feet, even though they had no significant differences for static and dynamic tests. There was no difference in the results of dynamic balance among the 3 groups.

Purpose: Karate is one of the most popular martial arts around the world, and flatfoot deformity is one of the most common disorders in people participating in this sport. This disorder can negatively affect the function and joint position sense (JPS). This study aimed to investigate the effect of 6 weeks of comprehensive corrective exercise training on the function of the lower limb and JPS in female karatekas with flatfoot. Methods: In this field trial study, 40 female karatekas with flexible flatfoot postures were recruited and randomly divided into two groups of exercise and control. The Staheli index test was performed for all subjects to assess the condition of the foot posture, as one of the inclusion criteria also, single leg 6-m timed hop test, single leg triple hop for distance test, and ankle joint JPS were used to evaluate the function of the lower limb. Then, the exercise group performed 6 weeks of corrective exercises, but the control group did not perform any specific exercises during this period. After 6 weeks, the tests were repeated. A covariance analysis test was used to evaluate the between-groups differences, and paired sample t-test was used to evaluate the within-group changes. Results: Corrective exercise group in the post-test had a better performance than the pre-test in the Staheli index test, JPS, the single leg 6-m timed hop test, and single leg triple hop for distance test (P=0.0001). However, in the control group, no significant difference was observed between the two stages of the test (P>0.05). Also, by comparing groups in the post-test via the Staheli index test, JPS, single leg 6-m timed hop test, and single leg triple hop for distance test. It was found that the experimental group achieved better results than the control group (P>0.05). Conclusion: Six weeks of comprehensive corrective training has significantly improved foot posture, JPS, and function of the lower limb in female karatekas with flatfoot. Thus, comprehensive corrective exercises can be used in this group to improve foot posture, JPS, and function of the lower limb.

Abstract Background Children with Intellectual disabilities who suffer from developmental coordination disorder represent insignificant physical fitness, strength, and balance. The prime objective of this research is to explore the impact of eight weeks of neuromuscular (combined physio-hemsball) training on postural control and balance of students with intellectual disabilities suffering from developmental coordination disorder. Methods The present study was a prospective randomized clinical trial with a pretest–posttest design. The statistical population consisted of boys with intellectual disabilities, suffering from developmental coordination disorder randomly divided into two groups: the experimental group (n = 15) and the control group (n = 15). informed consent was obtained from all participants’ parents. Parents completed developmental coordination disorder questionnaires. Tests (Balance Error Scoring System, Y-Balance, timed Get Up & Go) were used to determine postural control, dynamic balance, and functional balance of subjects. The experimental group performed a combined physio-hemsball training for 8 weeks. Ethical considerations were observed according to the Helsinki Declaration and the CONSORT guidelines and regulations were followed to report this study. Results Results showed that combined physio-hemsball training for 8 weeks can greatly improve postural control and dynamic and postural balance among students with intellectual disabilities suffering from developmental coordination disorder. Conclusions According to the results, instructors can use this type of training to improve postural control and balance in boys with intellectual disabilities enduring developmental coordination disorders. Trial registration This research was registered by the clinical trial centers of Iran (code IRCT20200125046254N1 , Date of registration: 24/04/2020).

Abstract Background This study aimed to investigate the durability of the effects of corrective exercises on the postural alignment and stability of hyperkyphotic elderly with a history of falls. Balance disturbance and recurrent falls are directly related to changes in the alignment of physical posture and function of the elderly, and effective methods with durable effects on improving the postural stability of the elderly have always been under the attention of researchers. Methods This study was a randomized clinical trial, and the statistical population included the elderly referred to neurology clinics. According to the research inclusion criteria (hyperkyphotic elderly with a history of falls during the last six months), 30 elderly aged 60 to 75 years old were purposefully selected and randomly divided into two groups of corrective exercises and control. The experimental group performed an exercise program based on the Alexander posture correction technique. Both groups were evaluated with forward head angle, kyphosis, the timed up and go test, postural stability, and fear of falling tests in three phases. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS 21 software and the MANCOVA test and repeated-measures analysis of variance. Results Data analysis showed significant improvements in the variables of forward head (p = 0.007), kyphosis(p = .001), balance(p = 0.002), postural stability(p = 0.001), and fear of falling(p = 0.001) in the experimental group. Post-test comparisons between the experimental and control groups showed significant differences in all variables except for kyphosis(p > .05), and follow-up analysis also revealed significant differences in all variables, except for the variables of forward head and kyphosis(p > .05). Conclusions Although the effects of corrective exercises in the elderly decreased regarding spinal alignment after three months, more lasting effects were seen in functional balance, postural stability, and fear of falling, suggesting this strategy as a stimulus for more mobility and a lower risk of falling in the elderly. Therefore, when using corrective exercises, it is possible to apply these exercises for a longer period of time to achieve more durable outcomes, especially regarding spinal alignment. Trial registration This research was registered in the Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials ( IRCT2016081529373N1 , Date of registration: 19/04/2017).

Objective Excessive dynamic knee valgus, as a defective movement pattern, predisposes patients to lower limb injuries. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to study dynamic knee valgus in male soccer players. Methods In this review article, an attempt was made to collect studies conducted on the subject of research from 2000 to June 2021. The websites Google Scholar, PubMed, Science Direct, SID, ISC and Magiran were used and keywords related to the topic were used to search for articles. Results According to the search method, 50 articles were found, which were finalized according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria of 12 articles. Finally, 7 articles were reported in the present study. Dynamic knee valgus condition is more common in women than men, and varus are more common with increasing age of male soccer players. Different situations during the game such as tackling, jumping, imbalance after strike to the ball and landing after jumping are also among the situations that are associated with increased dynamic knee valgus and players are exposed to knee injury. The first minutes of the halves due to the lower angle of flexion of the knee and also late in the game due to fatigue can increase the dynamic valgus and increase the risk of knee injury. Conclusion All studies have pointed to the role of dynamic valgus in the incidence of knee joint injuries, especially the anterior cruciate ligament, so it is necessary to identify the mechanism of injury and correct the direction of dynamic valgus among soccer players.

Purpose: The purpose of current review was investigating the effect of core stability exercises (CSE) on volleyball players. Methods: Current research was a PRISMA systematic review. It reviewed comprehensively the Impact of CSE on volleyball players. It carried out searching in Google Scholar, PubMed, Science Direct, PEDro, EMBASE, Web of Science, and Scopus databases and in Persian Google Scholar, Megapaper databases, IRANDOC, Magiran, SID, Medilib, IranMedex. The keywords in two groups including: Group 1: “Core stability exercise” OR “core stability training” OR “core stability endurance” OR “trunk stability” OR “central stability exercises” OR “core intervention” OR “core stability control” OR “core strengthening exercise” OR “trunk resistance exercise” and group 2: “Volleyball” OR “volleyball player“ OR “volleyball athletes” from 2000 to February of 2023. Current research used both English and Persian languages. Results: We got 146 articles. After removing duplicate titles, we selected 127 abstracts for review. Finally, 18 articles were included in the present review. Conclusion: The outcomes of current review show that CSE have the ability to improve movement capabilities, performance, and sports skills as well as prevent injuries from volleyball players. Of course, to interpret the outcomes of the current research caution needs to be taken, considering the restrictions such as the difference in the sample size under study, measurement methods, and components of different core stability protocols.

Background: Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is one of the most common diseases of the Central Nervous System (CNS). Numerous studies have reported Fear of Falling (FOF) among MS patients. FOF is a factor limiting physical activity. Regular physical activity is very important for maintaining good health and preventing the complications of MS patients and can make these people more active and reduce FOF. Objectives: The aim of the present study was to do a meta-analyze about the effect of exercise programs on FOF among MS patients Materials & Methods: Primary sources were obtained from 9 databases including, PubMed, EMBASE, SCOPUS, LILACS, CINAHL, CENTRAL, Web of Science, PEDro, and Google Scholar, from inception until April 2021. Data analysis was carried out using Comprehensive Meta-Analysis ver. 2. Results: Nine studies with 350 participants were included in the review. The results of the meta-analysis showed the effect of exercise programs on the FOF among MS patients. The Hedges’ adjusted Effect Size (ES) regarding the effects of exercise programs on FOF among MS patients was -0.15 (95%CI: -0.52 - 0.22). The results of the meta-analysis showed no significant difference between the effect of exercise programs on FOF among MS patients (p=0.44). Conclusion: It was found that all exercise programs have a significant effect on FOF among MS patients. There was no statistically significant difference between exercise programs regarding which exercise programs led to a higher reduction in FOF among these patients; however, Pilates and virtual reality exercises were more effective than other exercise programs.

Purpose: Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) is common among intellectual disability children that can worsen motor problems, especially motor skills. The purpose of the study was to examine the effect of combining core stability exercises with coordination exercises on motor proficiency of intellectual disability children with DCD. Methods: The population was boys with intellectual disability and DCD studying in Golestan School of Tabriz randomly that were divided into two groups of 15 subjects in the experimental group and 15 in the control group. Motor skills were evaluated using the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency-Short Form in the pre- and post-test. The experimental group performed three sessions (every week) of 60 minutes of combined core stability with coordination training for eight weeks. SPSS v. 21, dependent t-test, and analysis of covariance at the significance level of P

Objective: Perform repetitive movements or long-term positioning causes adaptations in muscles and jointsand it can cause various disorders. To correct it, it is necessary to correct the movement pattern and use exercises to return to the desired muscle and joint position. The aim of this study was to investigate The effect of comprehensive corrective exercises on posture of the wushu athletes with upper cross syndrome. Methods: The method of the present study is quasi-experimental with pre-test and post-test. The statistical population of this study included wushu men living in Kerman province with at least 3 years of sports experience. To this end, 30 Wooshakar males with forward Head, forward shoulder and kyphosis malalignment participated voluntarily in this study. A randomized placebo group was divided into two control groups and experimental were divided. Experimental group was selected for correction exercises for 10 weeks and 3 sessions per week for 20 to 60 minutes, while the control group did not receive any training program during this period. The evaluation of forward Head and forward shoulder and kyphosis angle were performed in two stages. Paired t-test and covariance analysis were used for data analysis. SPSS software was used at the significance level (P≤0.05). Results: The results showed that the mean forward Head and forward shoulder and kyphosis angle of the subjects decreased after participating in the corrective training program (P=0.001). Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, it is recommended to use the selected corrective exercise program to reduce the amount of head forward, shoulder forward, kyphosis and improve the upper limb function of athletes prone to the upper cross syndrome. Therefore, in addition to reducing the mentioned complications, it can also affect their performance.

Background: The motion of the deaf is often inhospitable and without rhythm, and the imbalance in functionality is the root cause of such a phenomenon. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of Vestibular Stimulation Training on functional balance in children hearing impaired. Methods: This study was a semi-experimental design with pre-test and post-test design. The statistical population included the children of preschool and pre-school children of Ghotbzadeh in Rasht city. Among the statistical population, 24 were available and randomly divided into two groups: control (12) and experimental (12 people). Experimental group performed weekly three sessions of Vestibular stimulation exercises for six weeks. Before and after the training period, the static and dynamic equilibrium was measured by the Bronkins-Oseretsky sub-test and the functional equilibrium was measured by the Timed Up and Go. Results: There was a significant difference on the static equilibrium (p = 0.001), dynamic (p = 0.02) and functional (p = 0.001) in the experimental group after the intervention period. Conclusion: The assessment of the balance of hearing impaired children showed improvement in their motor abilities after six weeks of Vestibular stimulation exercises Considering the results of this study and the importance of balance for hearing impaired, it is suggested that coaches, parents and authorities of special centers and schools use these exercises because of their simplicity, cheapness and side effects to improve the balance in the program for the rehabilitation of hearing impaired children.

Introduction: People with asthma often have sedentary lifestyles and are less physically, mentally, and cardio-respiratory prepared than their peers. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the effect of selected Yoga exercises on thoracic spine alignment and respiratory capacity indices in children with asthma. Methods: The present research is a quasi-experimental study with a pretest-posttest design. For this purpose, 30 children with mild asthma were included in the study purposefully and voluntarily. The subjects were randomly divided into a control group (15 people with mean [SD] age: 11.40 [ 2.13] years) and an experimental group (15 people with mean [SD] age: 10.60 [1.76] years). Written informed consent was obtained from the parents of the children. Flexible ruler and spirometry were used to evaluate the curvature of the thoracic spine and respiratory capacity, respectively. To analyze the results of this study, we used a dependent t test and analysis of covariance at a significance level of P

Objective Excessive dynamic knee valgus, as a defective movement pattern, predisposes patients to lower limb injuries. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to study dynamic knee valgus in male soccer players. Methods In this review article, an attempt was made to collect studies conducted on the subject of research from 2000 to June 2021. The websites Google Scholar, PubMed, Science Direct, SID, ISC and Magiran were used and keywords related to the topic were used to search for articles. Results According to the search method, 50 articles were found, which were finalized according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria of 12 articles. Finally, 7 articles were reported in the present study. Dynamic knee valgus condition is more common in women than men, and varus are more common with increasing age of male soccer players. Different situations during the game such as tackling, jumping, imbalance after strike to the ball and landing after jumping are also among the situations that are associated with increased dynamic knee valgus and players are exposed to knee injury. The first minutes of the halves due to the lower angle of flexion of the knee and also late in the game due to fatigue can increase the dynamic valgus and increase the risk of knee injury. Conclusion All studies have pointed to the role of dynamic valgus in the incidence of knee joint injuries, especially the anterior cruciate ligament, so it is necessary to identify the mechanism of injury and correct the direction of dynamic valgus among soccer players.

Objective: The control ability different positions of body in space was due to interaction between neural, sensory, and muscle-skeletal systems, which is generally defined as postural control. Limitations in mobility: The prevalence of balance and gait problems is also high in persons with intellectual disabilities. Thus, the present research aimed to examine the effect of visual, proprioception, and vestibular systems manipulation on postural control in three groups of girls with Intellectual Disability. Methods: The method of the present study is comparative-causative. The statistical population of this study was all girls with oral disabilities in special schools in Rasht. Sixty girls with Intellectual Disability were assessed in groups of 7-9, 10-12, and 18-16 years old (N=20). Postural control was evaluated in four conditions: open and closed eyes and on hard and soft surfaces. Collected data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and post hoc test via SPSS software, V. 21 (P

Background and Aims Balance disorders and frequent falling are the important problems in the elderly, which is directly related to changes in their body structure and function. Many studies have been conducted to find new and safe ways to improve the balance of the elderly. This study aims to compare the effects of Pilates exercises on stable and unstable surfaces on the functional balance and core stability of older women.Methods In this quasi-experimental study, the study population includes all older women living in private nursing homes, in Rasht, Iran. Of these, 36 women aged 60-75 years were selected by a convenience sampling method and randomly assigned to three groups of control, Pilates on stable surface, and Pilates on unstable surface. The variables were assessed using the Fullerton advanced balance test, timed up & go test, and the McGill core endurance test. Experimental groups performed Pilates exercises for 8 weeks, while the control group performed their routine daily activities. Data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance, t-test and Bonferroni’s post hoc test. The significance level was set at 0.05.Results There was a significant difference between the experimental and control groups; however, there was no significant difference between the experimental groups performed exercises on stable and unstable levels (P>0.05) Conclusion It is recommended to use Pilates exercises on stable or unstable surfaces for older women, especially residents of nursing homes with low mobility, to achieve their personal autonomy.

Background and Objective: Balance in intellectual disability individuals is very important due to the weakness in performing balance tasks. This study was performed to determine the effect of six weeks of vestibular stimulation exercises on the balance of children with mild intellectual disability. Methods: In this clinical trial study, 30 intellectual disability boys were randomly divided into control and experimental groups. Subjects in experimental group were receiving vestibular stimulation training for six weeks. No intervention was performed on the subjects in the control group. A single leg test was used to screen the subjects with a balance of weakness. To assessment the static, dynamic and functional Balance, the Bruninks Oseretsky test was used and a Timed Up and Go (TUG) was used, respectively. Results: After the end of the training period, static balance, dynamic balance and functional balance was significantly increased in experimental group compared to controls (P

Introduction: Balance in individual with intellectual disability has a great importance due to the failure to perform motor tasks. The purpose of the present study was to compare postural control and balance function in two groups of individual with intellectually disabled with and without developmental coordination disorder. Methods: The present study was a cross-sectional and causal-comparative. The statistical population of this study included all students with intellectually disabilities studying in an exceptional school in Rasht in 1398. According to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 52 people, including 32 students with intellectual disabilities with developmental coordination disorder and 20 students with intellectual disabilities without developmental coordination disorder were purposefully selected. BESS test, Y balance test, Timed Up and Go (TUG) test were used to evaluate postural control, dynamic balance and functional balance, respectively. For statistical analysis, SPSS version 16 software, independent t-test and Mann-Whitney U tests at a significance level of P

Purpose: Menopause in women causes problems, including osteoporosis due to hormonal changes. Besides, osteoporosis in postmenopausal women may be associated with musculoskeletal disorders followed by changes in the alignment of the body, especially the spine. Therefore, this study aimed to compare the posture of osteopenic, osteoporotic, and healthy menopausal women. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted on postmenopausal women (age range, 45-65 years) referred to the Endocrinology and Rheumatology Clinic of Guilan University of Medical Sciences. Using the purposive sampling method, 90 people were selected as the study sample from this population and divided into three groups of 30 people: osteopenic, osteoporotic, and healthy. Then, the three groups were evaluated for body alignment (forward head, unequal shoulder, rounded shoulder, kyphosis, lordosis, and lower limb alignment). The obtained data were analyzed using ANOVA and the Scheffe Post Hoc test at the significance level of 0.05, in SPSS v. 22. Results: The osteopenic and osteoporotic menopausal women significantly differed from the healthy menopause women in the following measures: forward head angle, curved neck angle, unequal shoulder (P=0.003), kyphosis, lordosis, varus knee, flat foot (P=0.006), and pelvic tilt (P=0.001). Conclusion: According to the results, the decrease in bone density at the osteopenic and osteoporotic levels can affect the postural alignment of the head, shoulders, and neck and the curvature of the spine in postmenopausal women in the three study groups. Therefore, more attention should be paid to the postural evaluation and screening of people prone to osteoporosis, to provide preventive training programs and exercises to improve their physical condition.

Objective: Dynamic Knee Valgus is a common risk factor for acute lower extremity injuries and overuse. Studies on new training methods to improve motor function and strengthen the knee and thigh joint muscles are also ongoing. The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of conventional resistance training with and without Methods: This study was quasi-experimental. The present study’s statistical population consisted of active women with dynamic valgus deformity of the knee in Chalous (Mazandaran Province, Iran) aged 18-28. Thirty-six women with dynamic knee valgus were purposefully selected as the research Participants. Subjects were evaluated for patellar orientation with a goniometer, static and dynamic balance through stork and y tests, and lower limb strength with the Sargent jump test. Subjects were randomly divided into three groups: control, conventional resistance training without restricting blood flow, and traditional resistance training restricting blood flow. They also gave training sessions for 8 weeks in three sessions per week. Results: The results showed a positive effect of exercise programs on static balance (P=0.001), dynamic balance (P=0.001), patellar alignment, and lower limb strength (P=0.001) in women with dynamic knee defects. Also, the results of covariance analysis showed a significant difference between control and training groups. Conclusion: The present study results show a significant effect of the strength training program with and without restricting blood flow on improving patellar direction, static and dynamic balance, and lower limb strength of active women. It seems that active women can use these exercise programs to improve performance and reduce injury risk.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to compare functional balance and probability of fall in elderly with or without history of fall in care centers. Methods: The statistical population of the present study consisted of 30 elderly men and women over 60 years of two elderly nursing centers in rasht. These specimens were selected according to the inclusion criteria and exit criteria. The age range was between 60 and 74 years. Individuals (15 people)were divided into two groups of aged persons (15 persons) and with a history of land (15 people). People who had no history of eating during the last six months have been knocked down in the group without a history of land eating and people who had tripped once or more in the last six months. the evaluation of the balance and the possibility of seniors fall with tests (leaves and time of rise and departure) were carried out. SPSS software was used to analyze the data. from the shayper-vink test to be natural for data distribution, descriptive statistics were used in the form of statistics such as mean, standard deviation, median, change range and direction of data describing and in the deductive statistics section with respect to comparing the variables from independent t-test. Results: Normality test results confirmed normality of data in the variables of performance equilibrium and probability of fall there was a significant difference between functional balance index in the elderly with a history of fall or without the history of fall. there was a meaningful difference between fall risk index in the elderly with a history of fall or without the history of fall. Conclusion: according to the results of this study, individuals with no history of fall in performance balance indices and probability of fall were better than those with history of fall.

Purpose: Wrestling, due to its contact and oppressive training nature, is subject to massive injuries. The present study aimed to compare musculoskeletal injuries between professional Greco-Roman and freestyle wrestlers. Methods: This was a retrospective cross-sectional study. The statistical population consists of male Greco-Roman and freestyle wrestlers (N=86; age: 15-20 years) in Guilan Province, Iran. The study participants had a history of at least two continual years of wrestling training of 3 weekly sessions and participating in national and international competitions. The modified Fuller and Hawkins questionnaire was applied for recording recent two-year injuries. Using the descriptive statistics, the retrieved data were summarized and classified in tables. Besides, the difference between the study variables was determined by the Chi-squared test in SPSS. Results: A statistically significant difference was observed in neck injuries between the investigated Greco-Roman and freestyle wrestlers (P=0.01). Additionally, a significant difference was observed in the frequency of training per week (P=0.01), techniques (P=0.001), and injury mechanisms (P=0.02) between the two study groups. Conclusion: The present study findings revealed a significant difference in neck injury between Greco-Roman and freestyle wrestlers. Furthermore, a significant difference was detected in the frequency of training, techniques, mechanism of injury, and the injury rate between the study groups. Designing appropriate training sessions and plans and teaching the principles of warm-up and procedures for preventing additional damage in wrestlers are suggested to coaches

Abstract Purpose Good posture plays a significant role for the elderly in achieving optimal quality of life. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of multicomponent functional training with postural correction on functional balance in the elderly with a history of falling. Methods This study was a randomized controlled, single‐blind study. Subjects (n = 28, mean age = 70 years) with a history of falling were selected and randomly allocated to either a multicomponent functional training (n = 14) or a control group (n = 14). The experimental group exercised for 8 weeks, three days per week for 60 min per day. The training program with strength, endurance, and balance parts was conducted in the multi‐task conditions to stimulate the physical and cognitive abilities focusing on the attentional‐correct posture. The control group received conventional care. The Berg balance and short physical performance battery tests were used in the pre‐test and post‐test. The adjusted post‐test means of experimental and control groups were analyzed using the ANCOVA test to eliminate any pretest effects. Results This study found a significant effect of training on Berg balance test (P = 0.001), Timed Up and Go with D‐T (P = 0.01), Timed Up and Go (P = 0.002), and Short Physical Performance Battery (P = 0.001). Conclusions Eight weeks of multicomponent exercise training has beneficial effects on balance and physical function and results in improved equilibrium and a decreasing probability of falling. Therefore, practitioners can use this 8‐week training program for older adults.

Background: Parkinson disease (PD) is characterized by motor and non-motor symptoms that affect patients’ functions, especially while performing dual-tasks a critical factor in everyday living. However, many controversies exist about the benefits of dual-task training in patients with PD. Objectives: This study assessed the efficacy of motor and cognitive dual-task training in improving balance and gait parameters in people with idiopathic PD. Materials & Methods: A single-blind controlled trial was conducted on PD patients living in Guilan Province of Iran, in 2018-2019. A total of 30 PD patients (Hoehn and Yahr stage II-III while on medication) were assigned to the cognitive dual-task training group (n=10), motor dual-task training group (n=10), and single-task control group (n=10). All groups received 30 sessions of different exercises for 10 consecutive weeks. The patients’ balance and some spatiotemporal gait parameters were respectively assessed with timed up and go test and HD VideoCam-Kinovea before and after training and then 1 month later. Results: Both dual-task and single-task trainings improved the outcome measures (timed up and go test (F=535.54; P=0.000), stride length (F=87.41; P=0.00), stride time (F=102.11; P=0.00), cadence (F=286.36; P=0.00), swing time (F=48.90; P=0.00), and stance time (F=40.56; P=0.00)). These improvements were maintained at 1-month follow-up, although the effect slightly reduced. No significant differences were found between the study groups (P>0.05). Conclusion: Motor/cognitive dual-task training and single-task training were found to be significantly and equally effective in improving balance and gait parameters in people with PD.

Objective Upper Crossed Syndrome (UCS) is a type of musculoskeletal system involvement that results in shortening of anterior muscles and weakening of posterior muscles. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of selected corrective exercises with physioball on the postural status of female computer users with UCS. Methods This quasi-experimental study was conducted on 24 female students with UCS who were selected using a purposive sampling method. The subjects were randomly divided into two groups of exercise (n=12) and control (n=12). The exercise group performed exercises for 6 weeks. Photogrammetry method was used to measure the angle of the forward head and round shoulder. A flexible ruler was used to measure the angle of kyphosis, and tape measure was used to measure the chest expansion. These measurements were performed before and after intervention. The collected data were analyzed using paired t-test and ANOVA at the significance level of P

Background: Somatosensory afferent signals from from the environment are required for the posture control. The disorder of somatosensory systems results in impairment in on-time and efficient signaling and its upcoming postural instability. The present study aimed at investigating the effect of proprioceptive, vestibular and visual changes on posture control among the active girls with and without medial tibial stress syndrome. Materials and Methods: In this case-control study, 60 girl athletes were purposefully selected with a history of regular physical activity, among them 30 girls had medial tibial stress syndrome and others were healthy athletes. The assessment of posture during the single-leg stance test was carried out on both groups (with and without medial tibial stress syndrome) in six different sensory positions. Results: The results showed a significant difference in posture control in five different positions (opened-eye, head hyperextension, closed eyes on hard surface, closed eyes followed by head hyperextension, opened-eye and head hyperextension and closed eyes on soft surface) between athletes with medial tibial stress syndrome and healthy athletes (P=0.001). Conclusion: It seems that in the presence of the coordinated function of three senses, the posture control of the girls with a medial tibial stress syndrome is similar to healthy girls and in the absence of each of the three senses, the posture control would impair.

Objective The purpose of this study was to investigate the postural control and its relation to some anthropometric and balance indices in active male college students. Methods The study population consisted of all active students (mean age: 21.15±2.02 years; mean height:1.78±0.07cm; mean weight: 71.50±10.15 kg; body mass index: 22.45±2.53 kg/m2) at University of Guilan in the academic year 2018-2019. Of these, 40 male students in physical education were selected randomly. The anthropometric and balance indices were chest width, chest depth, chest circumference, forward head, round shoulder, kyphosis and lordosis. For postural control assessment, single-leg stance test was used in four different position. Pearson correlation test and linear regression analysis were used to examine the relationship between variables. Results There was a significant relationship between the forward head and first condition (r=+0.633) and between the chest depth and third condition (r=-0.409), fourth condition (r=-0.372), total condition (r= -0.428), and between the chest circumference and third condition (r=-0.354). Kyphosis, lordosis, round shoulder, and chest width had no significant relationship with the postural control. Conclusion There was a significant but weak relationship between postural control and some anthropometric and balance indices. Hence, it seems that anthropometric and balance indicators alone cannot affect the postural control of active and healthy male college students.

Purpose: The intellectual development of people with mental retardation has been stopped or is incomplete. This condition is associated with Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) of the general cognition level and affects the verbal, motor, and cognitive abilities of these people. This study aims to investigate the effect of selective balance/corrective exercises on the balance performance of mentally-retarded students with DCD. Methods: This quasi-experimental study was conducted on 23 mentally-retarded male students with DCD. They were randomly assigned to the groups of intervention (n=12, Mean±SD age: 15.75±1.21 y, Mean±SD height: 1.67±0.08 m, Mean±SD weight: 61.28±14.34 kg) and control (n=11, Mean±SD age: 16.73±1.34 y, Mean±SD height: 1.72±0.07 m, Mean±SD weight: 70.28±15.75 kg). The intervention group performed selective balance/corrective exercises for 8 weeks (three sessions per week). To assess the static balance and dynamic balance of the samples, the modified Stork test with eyes open and closed mode and the Timed Up and Go (TUG) test were used, respectively. The Pediatric Balance Scale was used to assess functional balance. For analyzing the collected data, the Independent t test and analysis of covariance were carried out. Results: There was a significant difference between the two study groups in terms of static balance with eyes open (P=0.01) and closed (P=0.01) and dynamic balance (P=0.01); however, no significant difference was found between them with respect to functional balance (P>0.05). Conclusion: The selected balance/corrective exercises can improve the static and dynamic balance of mentally-retarded students with DCD.

Purpose: Considering the high prevalence of dynamic valgus and its impact on sports performance among the female athletes, the present study aimed to examine the effect of a course of selective plyometric training on the lower extremity functional performance indexes of female athletes with dynamic knee valgus. Methods: This research was a quasi-experimental study with a pretest-post-test design. The study population comprised the athletic girls with dynamic valgus referring to Bu-Ali Sina gymnasium of the University of Hamadan in 2018. Of them, 26 eligible girls who met the inclusion criteria were selected purposefully and then randomly assigned into experimental (Mean±SD age=20.25±2.34 y, Mean±SD BMI=21.27±2.75 kg/m2) and control (Mean±SD age=21.16±2.79 y, Mean±SD BMI=21.60±2.68 kg/m2) groups. The experimental group performed specific plyometric training for 8 weeks, 3 times a week. Assessing the dependent variable was done using dynamic balance, Sargent and Illinois Agility tests in the pretest and post-test. The comparisons between experimental and control groups in the pretest and post-test were made by analysis of covariance and the dependent t-tests, respectively in SPSS V. 20. The significance level was set at 0.05 or lower. Results: Considering the pretest as the covariate parameter, a significant improvement was found for total dynamic balance (P=0.005), anterior leg (P=0.001), medial-posterior leg (P=0.001), lateral-posterior side of right leg (P=0.028), vertical jump (P=0.001) and Illinois jumping test score (P=0.001) in the experimental group. Conclusion: An improvement was seen in the dynamic balance and the movement performance of the participants with dynamic valgus after doing plyometric exercises that result in subsequent improvement in their exercise performance.

Background. Body adaptations and the high level of achievement in different sporting fields depend on the degree of fitness and training. Hence, it is important for basketball players to have suitable body fitness for tactics and skill performance. Objectives. The present study aims to investigate the effect of selective plyometric exercises using an unstable surface on the movement performance of female basketball players. Methods. In this pre-/post-designed clinical trial, the subjects were selected from among qualified female basketball players (n=24) having a history of two-year regular specialized training in a team considered as elite. They were randomly assigned into two, experiment (age: 20.25±2.34, training history: 2.55±0.29, and BMI: 23.28±0.93) and control (age: 21.16±2.79, training history: 2.60±0.75, and BMI: 24.80±1.04) groups. The experiment group performed for eight weeks (three sessions each week with a duration of 80 min/session) progressive plyometric exercises on an unstable surface. The assessment of dependent variables was performed using functional movement screening and the star excursion balance test. The results of the control and experiment groups were compared using multivariate covariance and post hoc Bonferroni test, while the pre- and post-test results were compared using the dependent t-test at a significance level of (p

Background: Optimum functioning of the competitive swimmers depends on the adaptations in power and strength of superficial, upper and lower limbs and interaction with core stabilizing muscles of the body. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of short periods of detraining on exercise performance of elite competitive children and adolescents swimmers. Materials and Methods: In this prospective cohort study, 48 female participants with a history of more than 2 years (Damash Team) of professional exercise at Alborz province were selected based on available sampling and were assigned into 2 equal groups of children and adolescents based on their age. During the two periods, dependent variables, endurance of the trunk flexors, lateralis and flexors of the trunk, strength of the trunk muscles, dynamic balance and the performance of the swimmers (50 and 100 m) were evaluated. Results: Comparison of the results for swimming speed (50 m) showed a significant difference between the adolescent and children groups (P=0.001). In addition, total endurance of trunk muscles, power of trunk muscles and the dynamic balance in adolescents showed a significant difference (P=0.01), but the dynamic balance and swimming speed (50 and 100 m) were significant only in the children group (P=0.001). Conclusion: A 25-day detraining period results in a considerable alteration in the trunk muscle function, balance, and exercise performance of the competitive swimmers, especially among the children.

Background: Any deviation in the normal spinal alignment can alter the cardiorespiratory endurance and the posture control. The aim of present study was to investigate the correlation between cardiorespiratory endurance, dynamic postural control and kyphosis angle among the students. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out on students (n=100; 48 girls and 52 boys) selected randomly according to inclusion criteria. Cardiorespiratory endurance, postural control and kyphosis angle were assessed using shuttle run test, Y balance test and flexible ruler, respectively. Normal distribution of the data was assessed using the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test. Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation product moment and linear regression (P≤0.05). Results: The results showed a significant negative correlation between the cardiorespiratory endurance and kyphosis angle (P=0.012, r=-0.3.3). In addition, a significant negative correlation was observed between the dynamic postural control and kyphosis angle (P=0.003, r=-0.254). Conclusion: According to our findings it seems mandatory for health and school's, sport coaches to screen the student's spinal deformities and evaluate its associated complications (e.g. decreased cardiorespiratory endurance and postural balance).