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The pandemic that has affected the whole world since March 2020 is shaking up our ways of living, working and being together. In Europe, cultural and creative sectors are among the most severely impacted by the pandemic crisis and according to preliminary estimates by Eurostat, the COVID-19 crisis may affect about 7.3 million cultural and creative jobs across the EU. Over 30% of the people affected are self-employed and lack adequate social protection. Among the cultural subsectors, the performing arts have suffered the most serious consequences with the suspension over many months of their establishments and even the definitive closure of some of them as well as the disappearing of many artists.The fall of the live performances did not create a fall of all of the artistic practices and of their social and psychological positive impact. In general, people during the pandemic have recognized the wellbeing benefits of arts and cultural activities, and according to the data now available, more than 60% or European (and US) citizens believed that access to arts through creative activities, at home or on line, affected them positively. Both online and in-person formats were effective, indicating the potential for the intervention to reach larger audiences.But the day after is not what many people expected, and the public policies aimed to overcome the health crisis have not made possible to find again the starting point. In fact, we can wonder if Covid 19 has not activated problems that already existed but were little visible or underestimated. Two more structural interpretations of the theatre crisis can be evoked here: the first one concerning the whole of the performing arts, and the second focused on the future of "dramatic" theatre as traditionally understood in Europe. It seems that the model began to run out of steam long before the Covid 19 crisis, this latter only accelerating ongoing changes. Then we have to enrich our point of view on the socio-economic model

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Une communication orale dans le cadre du séminaire de recherche du M. le Professeur Philippe Morel " L'Incarnation dans la peinture italienne de la Renaissance ", destinée à la publication dans l'ouvrage collectif issu de ce séminaire (les Éditions de la Sorbonne, coll. Histo.art, v. 15, à venir).

Ce séminaire méthodologique étant dédié à la présentation de l'état actuel des recherches en thèse, nous avons choisi de communiquer les résultats obtenus au cours du travail sur un article en préparation (à venir prochainement).

During the last decades the question of defining life has gained increased interest but, at the same time, the difficulty in reaching consensus on a possible answer has led many to skeptical positions. This, in turn, has raised a wider debate about why defining life is so hard and controversial. Such a debate (or ‘meta-debate’) introduces additional aspects to be considered, like the role and nature of a definition of life itself. In this paper, we will focus on those aspects, arguing that progress can be made (and has, indeed, been made) if we conceive definitions of life as open heuristic tools that contribute(d) to develop specific research strategies in the biological sciences and, more generally, to increase our understanding of life’s complexity. In contrast with pragmatic or operationalist approaches, we will defend that definitions of life comprise a set of ontological assumptions, together with an inherent unifying vocation, so they should be subject to comparison and critical assessment, closely related to the success or failure of the corresponding research programs, but also to the success or failure in establishing well-grounded interconnections among the latter. We consider that the search for a more coherent, integrated and generalized theory of biology cannot be pursued without keeping an empirical standpoint, and the exercise of defining life should not be taken as an obstacle but as a valuable (and, of course, evaluable) instrument to achieve that goal.

[ES] This data-paper presents and describes a consolidated, harmonized, internationally comparable database to quantify the impacts of the housing affordability crisis. Local harmonized indicators allow to examine the unequal spatial patterns of housing affordability across a selection of European cities. This study seeks at informing and mapping the increased and unequal affordability gap, a critical issue for social cohesion and sustainability in metropolitan areas in Europe. We characterize affordability with measures of price (property and rent) and income in a selection of European Functional Urban Areas (FUAs). The methodological goal was to cope with a data gap, i.e. a lack of harmonized spatial data to map and analyze affordability in Europe. This research, conducted in 2018-19 by a European consortium for the ESPON agency, covers 4 countries and one cross-border region: Geneva (Switzerland), Annecy-Annemasse, Avignon and Paris (France), Madrid, Barcelona and Palma de Majorca (Spain) and Warsaw, Łódź and Krakow (Poland). We bring insights on how institutional data (i.e. transactions data), can be bridged with unconventional data (“big data” harvested on line) to provide a cost-effective and harmonized data collection effort that can contribute to compare affordability within cities (between neighborhoods) and across cities, using various geographical levels (1km square-grid, municipalities, FUA). We present the structure of the database, how it has been constructed in a reproducible manner; we document the validation process, the strengths and limitations of the data provided, and document the reproducibility of the workflow., [FR] Cet article présente et décrit une base de données consolidée, harmonisée et comparable au niveau international pour quantifier les impacts de la crise de l'accessibilité (ou abordabilité) du logement. Cette base de données permet de caractériser l’inégale abordabilité du logement dans une sélection de métropoles européennes, une question cruciale pour la cohésion sociale et la durabilité dans les zones métropolitaines en Europe. La question porte sur l’inégalité d’accès au logement, en fonction des revenus. Mais cet écart s’est creusé au cours des dernières décennies : depuis les années 1990, les prix des logements ont en moyenne augmenté plus vite que les revenus des résidents et des acheteurs. La base de données caractérise l’abordabilité à l’aide de mesures du prix (propriété et loyer) et du revenu dans une sélection de zones urbaines fonctionnelles européennes (Functional Urban Areas, FUA). L’objectif méthodologique est de combler une lacune, c’est-à-dire l’absence de données spatiales harmonisées pour cartographier et analyser l’accessibilité financière en Europe. Cette étude, menée en 2018-19 par un consortium européen pour ESPON, couvre 4 pays de la zone et une région transfrontalière : Genève (Suisse), Annecy-Annemasse, Avignon et Paris (France), Madrid, Barcelone et Palma de Majorque (Espagne) et Varsovie, Łódź et Cracovie (Pologne). Nous apportons un éclairage sur la manière dont les données institutionnelles (données sur les transactions) peuvent être rapprochées des données collectées en ligne, et harmonisées pour contribuer à comparer l’accessibilité financière au sein des villes (entre les quartiers) et entre les villes, en utilisant différents niveaux géographiques (grille carroyée de 1 km, municipalités, FUA). Nous présentons la structure de la base de données, comment elle a été construite de manière reproductible ; nous documentons le processus de validation, les forces et les limites des données fournies, et documentons la reproductibilité d, [ES] Este artículo presenta y describe una base de datos consolidada, armonizada e internacionalmente comparable para cuantificar los impactos de la crisis de acceso a la vivienda, un tema crucial para la cohesión social y sostenibilidad en las áreas metropolitanas de Europa. La base de datos caracteriza tal proceso en una muestra de las metrópolis europeas, abordando la interrogante sobre la desigualdad en el acceso a la vivienda en función de los ingresos, brecha que se ha visto incrementada en las últimas décadas. Desde los años 1990, los precios de la vivienda en promedio han aumentado más rápido que los ingresos de residentes y compradores. La base de datos caracteriza el acceso utilizando medidas de precio (propiedad y arriendo) e ingresos en una selección de áreas urbanas funcionales europeas (FUA). El objetivo metodológico es contribuir al vacío y falta de datos espaciales armonizados para cartografiar y analizar la accesibilidad financiera en Europa. Este estudio, realizado en 2018-19 por un consorcio europeo para ESPON, cubre 4 países de la zona y una región transfronteriza: Ginebra (Suiza); Annecy-Annemasse, Aviñón y París (Francia); Madrid, Barcelona y Palma de Mallorca (España); Varsovia, Lodz y Cracovia (Polonia). El trabajo aporta cómo los datos institucionales (datos en las transacciones) pueden vincularse con los datos recopilados en línea y armonizar una base para contribuir a comparar la accesibilidad financiera al interior de las ciudades (entre barrios) y entre ciudades, utilizando diferentes escalas geográficas (cuadrícula de 1 km, municipios, FUA). Presentamos y documentamos la estructura de la base de datos, su elaboración y validación, las fortalezas y limitaciones de los datos proporcionados, y la reproducibilidad del análisis.

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In 1976, Robert Lucas explicitly criticized Keynesian macroeconometric models for their inability to correctly predict the effects of alternative economic policies. Today, most contemporary macroeconomists and some historians of economics consider that Lucas’s critique led forcefully to an immediate disqualification of the Keynesian macroeconometric approach. This narrative is based on the interpretation of the Lucas critique as a fundamental principle for economic reasoning that was (and still is) logically unquestionable. We consider that this narrative is problematic both in terms of historiography and the effects that it can have in the field as a way of assigning importance and credit to particular macroeconomists. Indeed, the point of view of the Keynesian economists is missing despite the fact that they were the target of Lucas’s paper and that throughout the 1970s and 1980s they produced a fierce reaction against it. In this article we analyze the reactions by a broad set of authors (which we label “Keynesians”) that disputed the relevance of the critique. In spite of their diversity in methodological, theoretical, and policy issues, these reactions were characterized by their common questioning of the empirical and practical relevance of the Lucas critique.

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This paper introduces multi-quality firms within a Schumpeterian framework. Featuring non-homothetic preferences and income disparities in an otherwise standard quality-ladder model, it shows that the resulting differences in the willingness to pay for quality among consumers generate both positive investments in R&D by industry leaders and positive market shares for more than one quality, hence allowing for the emergence of multi-product firms within a vertical innovation framework. This positive investment in R&D by incumbents is obtained with complete equal treatment in the R&D field between the incumbent patent holder and the challengers: in this framework, the incentive for a leader to invest in R&D stems from a ``surplus appropriation effect'' specific to vertically-differentiated markets, i.e. the perspective of more efficient price discrimination when expanding the product portfolio. Such a framework makes it possible to analyse the impact of income distribution, as well as that of several possible R&D policies, both on long-term growth and on the allocation of R&D activities between challengers and incumbents.

The article shows that Sargent’s macroeconomic vision differs from Lucas' one. For the latter, the assumptions of a model are “un-realistic”, i.e., the model does not aim to represent reality. It is a simulation tool that allows the assessment of different economic policies. The “Lucasian” ideal is a macroeconomist, who is therefore destined to become an engineer in charge of providing public authorities with an “economic policy software”. The engineer uses this software to guide policymakers on a scientific basis. For its part, Sargent considers that in order to substitute the Keynesian paradigm, the new classical economics must be able to fulfill the same tasks. And one of these tasks is to advise public authorities by providing them with an interpretative framework for the economic and social phenomena and with intuitive tools to discuss the economic policies that will be set up. Sargent wants to apply what he calls the Rational Expectations Theory to a set of concrete events (Poincaré stabilization, German hyperinflation, Thatcher and Reagan policies) in order to demonstrate the relevance of this interpretative framework used to think about contemporary economic problems.

This article studies the dissemination of the Natural Rate of Unemployment Hypothesis (NRH) in macroeconomics during the 1970s, by studying the reaction of Robert J. Gordon to the argument of Friedman (1968). In the early 1970s, Gordon opposed the NRH, arguing that the estimated parameter on expected inflation was below one. Confronting to new data and to rising inflation, Gordon adopted the NRH after 1973. Nevertheless, the adoption anticipated any clear empirical proof. We explain that this conversion was due to Friedman’s influence on Gordon, but also to the fact it did not prevent Gordon to support active stabilization policies.

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This paper presents a benchmark endogenous growth model including biodiversity preservation dynamics. Producing food requires land, and increasing the share of total land devoted to farming mechanically reduces the share of land devoted to biodiversity conservation. However, safeguarding a greater number of species guarantee better ecosystem services – pollination, flood control, pest control, etc., which in turn ensure lower volatility of agricultural productivity. The optimal conversion/preservation rule is explicitly characterized, as well as the value of biological diversity, in terms of the welfare gain from biodiversity conservation. The Epstein-Zin-Weil specification of the utility function allows us to disentangle the effects of risk aversion and aversion to fluctuations. A twoplayer game extension of the model highlights the effect of volatility externalities and the Paretian sub-optimality of the decentralized choice.

This paper studies the impact of liberalization of capital market on the performance of foreign aid (FA). I consider two cases where FA is transferred to the households and where it is used to finance public investment. Two sources of endogenous productivity growth is considered: (i) public investment (ii) Learning-by-doing generated by tradable sector. Saving is endogenous. I compare two recipient economies with closed and open capital market. I show that transferred-aid reduces productivity and growth through de-industrialization if the capital market is liberalized. In the case of closed capital market transferred-aid can improve the growth (through improving the accumulation of capital) if LBD effect and consumption intensity to N-sector are small. On the contrary, the effect of invested-aid on growth is positive only if the quality of aid is high and the LBD effect and the intensity of public investment to N-sector are low. In this case, the effect of invested-aid on productivity is higher in the case of closed capital market. Nevertheless, productive foreign aid crowds out capital accumulation if capital market is closed while it leads to capital inflow if capital market is open. I show that the impact of invested-aid on GDP is more important for financially liberalized economy if LBD effect is low and private consumption is not very intensive to the N-sector.

This paper contributes to the literature on current account imbalances. Econometric analysis of the paper finds evidence that wage centralization, in a cross-section of industrialized economies, significantly improve current accounts through reducing budget deficits. To explain this empirical finding, the paper provides a political economy framework in which the government follows preferences of N-sector workers (majority rule). An increase in public and so, current account deficits by issuing external public debt leads to real appreciation of the currency. As between-sector mobility is constrained by friction in the labor market, wages in N-sector rises. The opposite happens if the government improves the two balances by rising its saving. Thus, N-sector workers relatively support (oppose) more a rise (reform) in the two deficits. Centralization of wage bargaining moderates the benefit and costs from such twin-deficit policies by reducing the responsiveness of sectoral wage with respect to sectoral prices. Thus, the more centralized is the wage determination, the less N-sector workers support (oppose) a rise (reform) in the two deficits. Correspondingly, more centralized wage bargaining reduces the government's political incentive (cost) to deteriorate (reform) the external balance through the fiscal balance.

We build a general equilibrium model in which both illegal immigration and the size of the informal sector are endogenously determined and interact in a non-trivial way. We show that policy measures such as tax reduction and detection of informal activities can be used as substitutes for border enforcement, in order to contrast illegal immigration. In our framework, a welfare-maximising Government will never choose to drive illegal immigration to zero, but will set the tax rate to a lower value if it includes illegal immigration in its objective function.

Cette thèse relate la conception d’une entreprise artiste créée par l’auteur, artiste entrepreneuse, dans l’intention de témoigner des mutations des villes et des choix effectués en matière de conservation ou de destruction. Urban Memory, entreprise de « rechargement en contenu mnémonique », a vu le jour en 2012 à Dresde, capitale saxonne, bombardée en 1945. Située à l’est de l’Allemagne, cette ville est en constant chantier depuis des décennies. C’est par l’intermédiaire d’une pratique artistique mêlant la peinture et la sérigraphie avec des moyens de communication mis en scène dans l’urbain qu’Urban Memory entend rendre compte des transformations du paysage architectural et accompagner les débats autour de l’identité et la mémoire de la ville. Dans une première partie, l’auteur retrace son parcours de découverte et de réflexion sur Dresde au travers de premiers travaux ; présente le contexte historique, politique et économique des mutations ; puis nous livre une analyse des entreprises artistes à partir de laquelle elle a conçu Urban Memory, son mode de fonctionnement et ses stratégies. Dans une seconde partie, l’auteur nous guide dans le centre historique de Dresde, le long de ses monuments et mémoriaux, afin de souligner tantôt l’éloquence, tantôt le silence dont sont capables de tels édifices et installations dans la ville ; puis se tourne vers la scène artistique contemporaine et ses moyens de création d’une mémoire « vivante ». Enfin, après avoir mis en lien ses propres outils artistiques et le contexte de sa recherche, l’auteur nous révèle les premières réalisations et les projets d’installation in situ de son entreprise., This thesis examines the author’s conceptualization and establishment of an artist company with the objective of tracing urban transformations and of assessing decisions to conserve or destroy parts of the city. Urban Memory, a company that has as its goal the “recharging of mnemonic content,” was founded in Saxony’s capital city Dresden in 2012. Located in the east of Germany, this city, bombarded in 1945, has constantly been under construction in the past decades. Urban Memory takes account of the architectural landscape’s transformations and accompanies debates about the identity and memory of the city. It does so by means of a hybrid form of artistic practices—painting and serigraphy—and communication media placed in the urban context. The first section of this thesis explores the artist’s discovery and initial reflections on Dresden in the context of her first works; it explores the historical, political and economic context of the city’s transformations; and it analyzes artist companies based on which Urban Memory has been conceived as well as its basic functional framework and strategic outlook. The second part zooms in on the historical center of Dresden, its monuments and memorial sites, so as to expose both the eloquence and silence with which the built environment of the city treats its past. Moreover, this part turns to the milieu of contemporary artists and their means of creating a ‘living’ memory. Finally, after having discussed and related the artistic dimension of her project, the author presents the company’s first projects and in situ installations.

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We study the optimal dynamics of an AK economy where population is uniformly distributed along the unit circle. Locations only differ in initial capital endowments. Spatio-temporal capital dynamics are described by a parabolic partial differential equation. The application of the maximum principle leads to necessary but non-sufficient first-order conditions. Thanks to the linearity of the production technology and the special spatial setting considered, the value function of the problem is found explicitly, and the (unique) optimal control is identified in feedback form. Despite constant returns to capital, we prove that the spatio-temporal dynamics, induced by the willingness of the planner to give the same (detrended) consumption over space and time, lead to convergence in the level of capital across locations in the long-run.

Ce dossier documentaire illustre les modes d'élaboration et la production des écrits de gestion (polyptyques, censiers) dans le diocèse de Reims (en particulier à l'abbaye de Saint-Remi) depuis le VIIe jusqu'au XIe siècle. Les sources principales abordées sont les biographies d'évêques contenues dans l'Historia de Flodoard de Reims, les strates successives du polyptyque de Saint-Remi (c.850-Xe siècle), la notice des cens de Saint-Remi (début XIe) et une notice des bienfaiteurs de l'abbaye, témoin d'un obituaire disparu du XIe siècle., info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

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Les regions són projectes territorials establerts pels actors locals a fi de definir una estratègia de desenvolupament dins una lògica intermunicipal, tenint en compte les especificitats territorials heretades. La dimensió del temps hi és, doncs, central. Aquest article analitza els jocs temporals a l’ús a dos països d’Aquitània: el Libornès i el Perigord Negre. En primer lloc s’aborda la manera com el passat, el present i el futur s’articulen en aquests projectes, com es combinen i la posada en escena dels territoris dins el discurs dels actors locals. La resta de l’article aborda la pluralitat de les temporalitats que intervenen a la dinàmica del projecte. En efecte, més enllà de la linealitat del temps del projecte, es dibuixa un altre sistema temporal més complex, derivat de la multiplicitat dels actors que hi intervenen, contribuint al caràcter transitori dels projectes de territori.Paraules clau: territoris de projecte, temporalitats, actors., The pays are territorial projects set up by local actors in order to define a development strategy. They are grounded upon an intercommunal logic that takes into account inherited territorial specificities, thus making time a key dimension. The present paper focuses on the interplay of timescales in two pays of the Aquitaine region: Libournais and Périgord Noir. We first show how past, present and future are interwoven in these projects through storytelling and staging of the territories in the discourse of local actors. Then, we analyze the plurality of timescales in the project dynamics. Beyond the timeline of the project, an other and far more complex time system emerges from the multiplicity of actors involved, thus contributing to the transitional nature of the territorialprojects.Key words: territorial projects, timescales, local actors., Las regiones son proyectos territoriales establecidos por los actores locales con el fin de definir una estrategia de desarrollo en el seno de una lógica intermunicipal, y teniendo en cuenta las especificidades territoriales heredadas. La dimensión del tiempo es, por tanto, central. Este artículo analiza los juegos temporales al uso en dos regiones de Aquitania: el Libornés i el Perigord Negro. En primer lugar se aborda la manera cómo el pasado,el presente y el futuro se articulan en estos proyectos, cómo se combinan y la puesta en escena de los territorios en el discurso de los actores locales. El resto del artículo aborda la pluralidad de las temporalidades que intervienen en la dinámica del proyecto. En efecto, más allá de la linealidad del tiempo del proyecto, se dibuja otro sistema temporal más complejo, derivado de la multiplicidad de los actores que intervienen en elmismo, contribuyendo al carácter transitorio de los proyectos de territorio.Palabras clave: territorios de proyecto, temporalidades, actores., Les pays sont des projets de territoires établis par les acteurs locaux afin de définir une stratégie de développement dans une logique intercommunale, et en tenant compte de spécificités territoriales héritées. La dimension du temps y est donc centrale. Cet article analyse les jeux temporels à l’oeuvre dans deux pays aquitains: le Libournais et le Périgord noir. Dans un premier temps est abordée la manière dont le passé, le présent et le futur s’articulent dans ces projets, par la mise en récit et la mise en scène des territoires dans le discours des acteurs locaux. La suite de l’article aborde la pluralité des temporalités intervenantdans la dynamique de projet. En effet, au-delà de la linéarité du temps du projet, c’est un système temporel complexe qui se dessine, du fait de la multiplicité des acteurs intervenant dans le projet, entretenant le caractère transitoire des projets de territoire.Mots-clés: territoires de projet, temporalités, acteurs.

We investigate how the proximity to multinational exporters influences the creation of new export linkages (extensive margin of trade) by domestic firms in China. Using panel data from Chinese customs for 1997-2007, we show that domestic firms’ capacity to start exporting new varieties to new markets positively responds to the export activity of neighboring foreign firms for that same product-country pair. We find that foreign export spillovers are limited to ordinary trade activities. No foreign export spillovers are found for processing trade. More, export spillovers are stronger for sophisticated products indicating that proximity to foreign exporters may help domestic exporters to upgrade their exports. However we observe that foreign export spillovers are weaker when the technology gap between foreign and domestic firms is large, suggesting that upgrading may not occur when foreign firms have already a strong edge.

Aircraft engines are designed to be used during several tens of years. Ensuring a proper operation of engines over their lifetime is therefore an important and difficult task. The maintenance can be improved if efficient procedures for the understanding of data flows produced by sensors for monitoring purposes are implemented. This paper details such a procedure aiming at visualizing in a meaningful way successive data measured on aircraft engines and finding for every possible request sequence of data measurement similar behaviour already observed in the past which may help to anticipate failures. The core of the procedure is based on Self-Organizing Maps (SOM) which are used to visualize the evolution of the data measured on the engines. Rough measurements can not be directly used as inputs, because they are influenced by external conditions. A preprocessing procedure is set up to extract meaningful information and remove uninteresting variations due to change of environmental conditions. The proposed procedure contains four main modules to tackle these difficulties: environmental conditions normalization (ECN), change detection and adaptive signal modeling (CD), visualization with Self-Organizing Maps (SOM) and finally minimal Edit Distance search (SEARCH). The architecture of the procedure and of its modules is described in this paper and results on real data are also supplied.

We develop a theoretical framework that allows us to study which bilateral links and coalition structures are going to emerge at equilibrium. We define the notion of coalitional network to represent a network and a coalition structure, where the network specifies the nature of the relationship each individual has with her coalition members and with individuals outside her coalition. To predict the coalitional networks that are going to emerge at equilibrium we propose the concepts of strong stability and of contractual stability. Contractual stability imposes that any change made to the coalitional network needs the consent of both the deviating players and their original coalition partners. Requiring the consent of coalition members under the simple majority or unanimity decision rule may help to reconcile stability and efficiency. Moreover, this new framework can provide in- sights that one cannot obtain if coalition formation and network formation are tackled separately and independently.

In this study, we explore how the intensity of foreign export spillovers in China varies depending on the difficulty of entry on export markets. We rely on different proxies to define what a "difficult" country is and we find that the presence of surrounding foreign exporting firms helps domestic ones to start exporting, especially when destination countries are difficult. While on average exposure to foreign exporters is associated with a 10% increase of the probability that domestic firms from the same province start exporting the year after, the figure is around 50% higher when the targeted destination country is identified as difficult. Our results are consistent with the idea that exposure to foreign exporters helps to reduce the fixed cost of creating new trade linkages. Our finding hence suggests that the increasing presence of foreign exporting firms in China might contribute to the diversification of Chinese domestic firms' exports towards more difficult and previously inaccessible destinations.

In this study, we explore the role of export spillovers on the capacity of French firms to conquer Asian markets. We confirm, in the context of France, previous results emphasizing the positive impact of surrounding exporters on the probability that a firm starts exporting a given product to a given country. We find that export spillovers are more important for export starts to Asia than for export starts to other countries. Moreover, for the specific Asian destinations, we find evidence of a heterogeneous effect of export spillovers. The presence of surrounding exporting firms appears especially beneficial to small and less productive firms, ad more intense for export starts to Asian countries characterized by low GDP per capita and tough administrative procedures on imports. Hence, export spillovers may help small firms to enter on the most difficult Asian markets.

Diese Dissertation über Epistemologie der Geographie befasst sich mit dem Problem, wie sich französische und deutsche Geographen der ersten Hälfte des 20. Jahrhunderts auf das Konzept der Landschaftskunde stützten, sei es um Ihre Forschungsdisziplin zu definieren, sei es bei ihrer praktischen Arbeit als Geographen. Im Rahmen der histoire croisée von Michael Werner versuche ich, die Wissenszirkulation zwischen französischen und deutschen Geographen aufzuzeigen. Zu diesem Zweck verflechte ich die semantischen, terminologischen, bibliographischen, institutionalen und thematischen Analysen zum Thema Landschaft. Ich betone dabei die Spannungsfelder, die Ähnlichkeiten und die Zusammenhängen zwischen Landschaftskunde, Länderkunde und géographie régionale. Der erste Teil stellt zunächst den Kontext der deutsch-franösischen Beziehungen hinsichtlich der Landschaftskunde dar. Dafür untersuche ich die landschaftlichen Begriffe, ihre problematischen Übersetzungen, ihre semantischen Entwicklung und ihre Rezeption durch geographischen Zeitschriften. Im Zentrum des zweiten Teils stehen die Akteure und die verschiedenen möglichen Optionen, die der Landschaftsbegriff in Deutschland und in Frankreich für die Definition der Geographie bietet. Einerseits interessiere ich mich für die akademischen Geographen: Auf deutscher Seite Banse, Gradmann, Krebs, Schlüter, Volz und besonders Passarge, auf der französischen Vidal de la Blache, Vallaux, Maurette, Dion, Clozier und Cholley. Andererseits werden die Menschen, die das Wissen übermitteln, betrachtet und typisiert, als « passeurs » / « Übermittler » (wie die Redakteure der bibliographischen Notizen), als « tiers » / « Dritte » (wie belgische oder amerikanische Geographen, die das französische und deutsche geographische Material weiterverarbeiten) und als « pivot » / « Schlüsselfiguren » (wie Davis, im Spiegel dessen die französischen und deutschen Geographen die Methodologie, Praxis und Definition der Geogaphie erörtern). Der dritte Teil a, Cette thèse en épistémologie de la géographie vise à savoir dans quelle mesure et comment les géographes français et allemands de la première moitié du XXe siècle s’appuient sur la géographie du paysage pour définir leur discipline et/ou pour la pratiquer. En utilisant la méthodologie de l’« histoire croisée » développée par Michael Werner, on examine les modes de circulation des savoirs entre géographes français et allemands, en menant des approches terminologiques, bibliographiques, sémantiques, institutionnelles et thématiques sur un ensemble de lectures croisées concernant la question du paysage et celle de la géographie du paysage. On insiste sur les mises en tension, les similitudes et les articulations entre géographie du paysage et géographie régionale. La partie 1 présente le contexte des relations franco-allemandes concernant la géographie du paysage, d’où l’étude des concepts paysagers, les problèmes de leur traduction et de leur évolution sémantique ainsi que de leur réception dans les revues de géographie. La partie 2 centre l’analyse sur les acteurs et sur les possibles options offertes par le concept de paysage, en Allemagne comme en France, pour définir la géographie. L’accent est mis d’une part sur les géographes académiques : Banse, Gradmann, Krebs, Schlüter, Volz et surtout Passarge, ainsi que Vidal de la Blache, Vallaux, Maurette, Dion, Clozier et Cholley. D’autre part, cette partie est consacrée à des auteurs qui assurent une circulation des savoirs, des filtrages ou une reconfigurations, et que je définis comme des « passeurs », des « tiers » et des « pivots ». Enfin, la partie 3 permet d’aborder deux scènes privilégiées de la rencontre franco-allemande : la section Paysage des Congrès internationaux de géographie et l’analyse paysagère effectuée en géomorphologie, via les excursions internationales et l’étude des carnets de terrain., In this doctoral thesis of epistemology of geography, I would like to know how French and German geographers in the first half of the XXe century use landscape geography to define and / or to practice geography. In the methodology of histoire croisée developed by Michael Werner, I’m trying to show the knowledge circulation between French and German geographers. In this aim I study the crossing approaches of landscape concept in the semantic, terminological, bibliographical, institutional and thematic fields focusing on the strained relationships, the similarities and links between the landscape geography and the regional geography. The first part deals with the context of the French-German relationships regarding the landscape geography, hence the study of landscape concepts, its translation problem and its semantical evolution as well as its reception in geographical reviews. The second part focuses upon actors and the possible given options in France and Germany through the landscape concept to define geography. The emphasis is put on academic geographers on one hand : Banse, Gradmann, Krebs, Schlüter, Volz and mostly Passarge in Germany, as well as Vidal de la Blache, Vallaux, Maurette, Dion, Clozier and Cholley in France. On the other hand, I emphasize geographers who ensure a knowledge circulation of landscape geography and that I see as « passeurs », « tiers » and « pivots ». At least, the third part analyses two priviledged scenes of the French-German meetings : the landscape session at the International Geographical Congress, and the landscape on the field of geomorphology thanks to international excursions and notebooks., História cruzada (histoire croisée) entre os geógrafos franceses e alemães na primeira metade do século XX: a geografia da paisagem (Landschaftskunde) em questão. Nesta tese, na epistemologia da geografia, eu quero saber como os geógrafos franceses e alemães da primeira metade do século XX contam como base na geografia da paisagem para definir a geografia e / ou praticá-la. A geografia da paisagem, que tem o objetivo principal do conceito de paisagem, é tanto uma metodologia que uma prática. Usando a estrutura da história cruzada, desenvolvida por Michael Werner, eu tento mostrar a circulação de conhecimentos entre os geógrafos franceses e alemães: por isso cruzo dados da semântica, terminologia, bibliografias, institucional e temática da paisagem . Parte 1 discute o contexto das relações franco-alemãs sobre a geografia da paisagem, por isso estudo os conceitos de paisagem, os problemas de tradução e seu desenvolvimento semântico, bem como a sua recepção através de revistas de geografia. Parte 2 foco a análise sobre os atores e as opções disponíveis na Alemanha como na França, para definir o conceito de paisagem na geografia. A ênfase é colocada sobre aqueles que fornecem a circulação do conhecimento: os « intermédiarios » (« passeurs »), « o terceiro » (« tiers »), « o pivô » (« pivot »). Por fim, a Parte 3 permite abordar duas cenas previlegiadas pelo o encontro franco-alemão : a paisagem ao Congresso Internacional de Geografia e a geomorfologia através excursaos internacionais e estudo dos cadernos de campo., Histoire Croisée entre géografos Franceses y Alemanes en la primera mitad del siglo XX : la geografìa de dicho paisaje ( Landschaftskunde). Esta tesis en Epistemología de la Geografìa apunta a saber en qué medida y cómo los geógrafos franceses y alemanes de la primera mitad del Siglo XX se apoyan en la geografìa del paisaje para definir su disciplina y/o para practicarla. Utilisando la metodología de la Histoire croisée desarrollada por Michael Wener, se examina los modos de circulación del saber entre los geógrafos franceses y alemanes, valiendose de aproximaciones terminológicas, bibliogràficas, semànticas, institucionales y temàticas sobre un conjunto de lecturas cruzadas concernientes al tema del paisaje y al de la geogafìa del paisaje. Se insiste sobre las tensiones, las similitudes y las articulaciones entre geografìa del paisaje y geografìa regional. La parte 1 presenta el contexto de las relaciones franco-alemanas que conciernen la geografìa del paisaje; de ahí el estudio de los conceptos destinados a producir un efecto de paisaje natural, los problemas de su traducción y de su evolución semàntica, al igual que la recepción en las revistas de geografìa. La parte 2 centra el anàlisis sobre los actores y sobre las posibles opciones ofrecidas por el concepto de paisaje tanto en Alemania como en Francia para definir la geografìa. El énfasis por una parte, està puesto en los geógrafos académicos: Banse, Gradmann, Krebs, Schlüter, Volz y sobre todo, Passarge, al igual que Vidal de la Blache, Vallaux, Maurette, Dion, clozier y Cholley. Por otra parte, el texto està consagrado a los autores, que aseguran una circulación del saber, de las filtraciones y de las reconfiguraciones, y que yo defino como los « passeurs », los « tiers » y los « pivots ». Para terminar, la parte 3 permite abordar dos escenas privilegiadas del encuentro franco-alemàn: la sección, Paisaje de los Congresos Internacionales de geografìa y el anàlisis del espacio cercano efectuado en geomorfologì

Diese Dissertation über Epistemologie der Geographie befasst sich mit dem Problem, wie sich französische und deutsche Geographen der ersten Hälfte des 20. Jahrhunderts auf das Konzept der Landschaftskunde stützten, sei es um Ihre Forschungsdisziplin zu definieren, sei es bei ihrer praktischen Arbeit als Geographen. Im Rahmen der histoire croisée von Michael Werner versuche ich, die Wissenszirkulation zwischen französischen und deutschen Geographen aufzuzeigen. Zu diesem Zweck verflechte ich die semantischen, terminologischen, bibliographischen, institutionalen und thematischen Analysen zum Thema Landschaft. Ich betone dabei die Spannungsfelder, die Ähnlichkeiten und die Zusammenhängen zwischen Landschaftskunde, Länderkunde und géographie régionale. Der erste Teil stellt zunächst den Kontext der deutsch-franösischen Beziehungen hinsichtlich der Landschaftskunde dar. Dafür untersuche ich die landschaftlichen Begriffe, ihre problematischen Übersetzungen, ihre semantischen Entwicklung und ihre Rezeption durch geographischen Zeitschriften. Im Zentrum des zweiten Teils stehen die Akteure und die verschiedenen möglichen Optionen, die der Landschaftsbegriff in Deutschland und in Frankreich für die Definition der Geographie bietet. Einerseits interessiere ich mich für die akademischen Geographen: Auf deutscher Seite Banse, Gradmann, Krebs, Schlüter, Volz und besonders Passarge, auf der französischen Vidal de la Blache, Vallaux, Maurette, Dion, Clozier und Cholley. Andererseits werden die Menschen, die das Wissen übermitteln, betrachtet und typisiert, als « passeurs » / « Übermittler » (wie die Redakteure der bibliographischen Notizen), als « tiers » / « Dritte » (wie belgische oder amerikanische Geographen, die das französische und deutsche geographische Material weiterverarbeiten) und als « pivot » / « Schlüsselfiguren » (wie Davis, im Spiegel dessen die französischen und deutschen Geographen die Methodologie, Praxis und Definition der Geogaphie erörtern). Der dritte Teil a, Cette thèse en épistémologie de la géographie vise à savoir dans quelle mesure et comment les géographes français et allemands de la première moitié du XXe siècle s’appuient sur la géographie du paysage pour définir leur discipline et/ou pour la pratiquer. En utilisant la méthodologie de l’« histoire croisée » développée par Michael Werner, on examine les modes de circulation des savoirs entre géographes français et allemands, en menant des approches terminologiques, bibliographiques, sémantiques, institutionnelles et thématiques sur un ensemble de lectures croisées concernant la question du paysage et celle de la géographie du paysage. On insiste sur les mises en tension, les similitudes et les articulations entre géographie du paysage et géographie régionale. La partie 1 présente le contexte des relations franco-allemandes concernant la géographie du paysage, d’où l’étude des concepts paysagers, les problèmes de leur traduction et de leur évolution sémantique ainsi que de leur réception dans les revues de géographie. La partie 2 centre l’analyse sur les acteurs et sur les possibles options offertes par le concept de paysage, en Allemagne comme en France, pour définir la géographie. L’accent est mis d’une part sur les géographes académiques : Banse, Gradmann, Krebs, Schlüter, Volz et surtout Passarge, ainsi que Vidal de la Blache, Vallaux, Maurette, Dion, Clozier et Cholley. D’autre part, cette partie est consacrée à des auteurs qui assurent une circulation des savoirs, des filtrages ou une reconfigurations, et que je définis comme des « passeurs », des « tiers » et des « pivots ». Enfin, la partie 3 permet d’aborder deux scènes privilégiées de la rencontre franco-allemande : la section Paysage des Congrès internationaux de géographie et l’analyse paysagère effectuée en géomorphologie, via les excursions internationales et l’étude des carnets de terrain., In this doctoral thesis of epistemology of geography, I would like to know how French and German geographers in the first half of the XXe century use landscape geography to define and / or to practice geography. In the methodology of histoire croisée developed by Michael Werner, I’m trying to show the knowledge circulation between French and German geographers. In this aim I study the crossing approaches of landscape concept in the semantic, terminological, bibliographical, institutional and thematic fields focusing on the strained relationships, the similarities and links between the landscape geography and the regional geography. The first part deals with the context of the French-German relationships regarding the landscape geography, hence the study of landscape concepts, its translation problem and its semantical evolution as well as its reception in geographical reviews. The second part focuses upon actors and the possible given options in France and Germany through the landscape concept to define geography. The emphasis is put on academic geographers on one hand : Banse, Gradmann, Krebs, Schlüter, Volz and mostly Passarge in Germany, as well as Vidal de la Blache, Vallaux, Maurette, Dion, Clozier and Cholley in France. On the other hand, I emphasize geographers who ensure a knowledge circulation of landscape geography and that I see as « passeurs », « tiers » and « pivots ». At least, the third part analyses two priviledged scenes of the French-German meetings : the landscape session at the International Geographical Congress, and the landscape on the field of geomorphology thanks to international excursions and notebooks., História cruzada (histoire croisée) entre os geógrafos franceses e alemães na primeira metade do século XX: a geografia da paisagem (Landschaftskunde) em questão. Nesta tese, na epistemologia da geografia, eu quero saber como os geógrafos franceses e alemães da primeira metade do século XX contam como base na geografia da paisagem para definir a geografia e / ou praticá-la. A geografia da paisagem, que tem o objetivo principal do conceito de paisagem, é tanto uma metodologia que uma prática. Usando a estrutura da história cruzada, desenvolvida por Michael Werner, eu tento mostrar a circulação de conhecimentos entre os geógrafos franceses e alemães: por isso cruzo dados da semântica, terminologia, bibliografias, institucional e temática da paisagem . Parte 1 discute o contexto das relações franco-alemãs sobre a geografia da paisagem, por isso estudo os conceitos de paisagem, os problemas de tradução e seu desenvolvimento semântico, bem como a sua recepção através de revistas de geografia. Parte 2 foco a análise sobre os atores e as opções disponíveis na Alemanha como na França, para definir o conceito de paisagem na geografia. A ênfase é colocada sobre aqueles que fornecem a circulação do conhecimento: os « intermédiarios » (« passeurs »), « o terceiro » (« tiers »), « o pivô » (« pivot »). Por fim, a Parte 3 permite abordar duas cenas previlegiadas pelo o encontro franco-alemão : a paisagem ao Congresso Internacional de Geografia e a geomorfologia através excursaos internacionais e estudo dos cadernos de campo., Histoire Croisée entre géografos Franceses y Alemanes en la primera mitad del siglo XX : la geografìa de dicho paisaje ( Landschaftskunde). Esta tesis en Epistemología de la Geografìa apunta a saber en qué medida y cómo los geógrafos franceses y alemanes de la primera mitad del Siglo XX se apoyan en la geografìa del paisaje para definir su disciplina y/o para practicarla. Utilisando la metodología de la Histoire croisée desarrollada por Michael Wener, se examina los modos de circulación del saber entre los geógrafos franceses y alemanes, valiendose de aproximaciones terminológicas, bibliogràficas, semànticas, institucionales y temàticas sobre un conjunto de lecturas cruzadas concernientes al tema del paisaje y al de la geogafìa del paisaje. Se insiste sobre las tensiones, las similitudes y las articulaciones entre geografìa del paisaje y geografìa regional. La parte 1 presenta el contexto de las relaciones franco-alemanas que conciernen la geografìa del paisaje; de ahí el estudio de los conceptos destinados a producir un efecto de paisaje natural, los problemas de su traducción y de su evolución semàntica, al igual que la recepción en las revistas de geografìa. La parte 2 centra el anàlisis sobre los actores y sobre las posibles opciones ofrecidas por el concepto de paisaje tanto en Alemania como en Francia para definir la geografìa. El énfasis por una parte, està puesto en los geógrafos académicos: Banse, Gradmann, Krebs, Schlüter, Volz y sobre todo, Passarge, al igual que Vidal de la Blache, Vallaux, Maurette, Dion, clozier y Cholley. Por otra parte, el texto està consagrado a los autores, que aseguran una circulación del saber, de las filtraciones y de las reconfiguraciones, y que yo defino como los « passeurs », los « tiers » y los « pivots ». Para terminar, la parte 3 permite abordar dos escenas privilegiadas del encuentro franco-alemàn: la sección, Paisaje de los Congresos Internacionales de geografìa y el anàlisis del espacio cercano efectuado en geomorfologì

We propose an objective for the firm in a model of production economies extending over time under uncertainty and with incomplete markets. We derive the objective of the firm from the assumption of initial-shareholders efficiency. Each shareholder is assumed to communicate to the firm her marginal valuation of profits at all future events (expressed in terms of initial resources). In defining her own marginal valuation of the firm's profits, a shareholder takes into consideration the direct impact of a change in the value of dividends but also the impact of future dividends on the firm's stock price when she trades shares. To predict the impact on the stock price, she uses a state price process, her price theory. The firm computes its own shadow prices for profits at all date-events by simply adding up the marginal valuations of all its initial shareholders. If no restrictions are placed on individual price theories, the existence of equilibria may require financial constraints on a firm's investment when its shareholders are more optimistic than the market about the profitability of such investment. We then impose that price theories be compatible with the observed equilibrium: they should satisfy a no-arbitrage condition. We show by means of an example that, with incomplete markets and no-short selling constraints, this restriction on price theories is not enough to bring consistency in the individuals' marginal evaluations: a financial constraint on the firm's investment may still be needed to obtain an equilibrium.