Search

A simple protocol catalyzed by a Brønsted acid, trifluoromethanesulfonic acid (CF3SO3H), to synthesize conjugated diene-diones from easily accessible tertiary propargyl alcohols and 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds is described. Reactions are performed in an air atmosphere by using undried solvents with water being the environmentally benign side product of the process. Preliminary synthetic applications of the conjugated diene-diones in the formation of conjugated dieneones and furans are also reported herein.

Ambient Air Quality (AAQ) of an important industrial cluster of country, Paradip, Odisha has been assessedby monitoring of four ambient air quality parameters: particulate matter (PM10, PM2.5), sulphur dioxide(SO2), oxides of nitrogen (NOx), carbon monoxide (CO) and by using Air Quality Index (AQI). The resultrevealed severe air pollution at all six sites of the town out of which highest index value of 168.62 .25 isrecorded at location A3. Co-relation study shows a strongly direct relation among AQI and CO (r=0.733).Regression study reflects PM10 is good at predicting AQI (R2=0.6703). This study also identifies potentialsources of pollution, the extent of air pollution caused due to industrial operation and suggested mitigativemeasures.

Background: Yoghurt is a widely consumed dairy product all over the world. It has been used as an apt fortification and nutrient delivery medium in recent years. Methods: The present study aimed to assess the suitability of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticle as a potential source of fortification of zinc in yoghurt. Three different levels of ZnO nanoparticles, as well as micro-sized ZnO, were added in yoghurt. Physicochemical, sensory, microbiological, rheological and textural characteristics of yoghurt were determined during 7 days of storage at 7±1°C. Result: Significant differences in physicochemical properties were observed in yoghurt samples during storage. All the yoghurt samples showed non-Newtonian characteristics. Zinc oxide nanoparticle added @ 75 ppm was found best for yoghurt fortification and showed advantages over fortification with conventional micro-sized ZnO. In this study, the effects of fortification of yoghurt with zinc oxide nanoparticle during storage were investigated. The FFA content of yoghurt was found to be 0.46% oleic acid and the Peroxide Value was found to be 0.32 Milli equivalent/kg fat, which was found to increase during storage. The tyrosine value at zero day was found to be 2.2 mg/g. The LAB count was 10.59 log10 CFU/g. Plastic viscosity of yoghurt was found to be 10.8.3 cP. Fortification of yoghurt with zinc oxide nanoparticle proved to be advantageous over fortification with micro-sized zinc oxide in terms of physico-chemical, microbiological, rheological and textural characteristics. Fortification of yoghurt with zinc oxide nanoparticle proved to be highly promising for zinc enrichment in the food system.

A sulfonic acid functionalized tetraphenylethylene-based hypercrosslinked polymer (THP-SO3H) with a well-developed porous network and accessible sulfonic acid sites was synthesized and characterized by different analytical techniques. The catalytic prowess of the synthesized material THP-SO3H was investigated in a challenging dual C–C bond-breaking reaction for the synthesis of symmetrical triarylmethanes (TRAMs) in high yield. The scope of the developed metal-free method was also explored with a wide variety of substrates. The organocatalyst can be easily recovered by filtration and reused up to five consecutive cycles without substantial loss in its catalytic efficacy.

A simple protocol to synthesize indenes efficiently by PTSA catalyzed tandem Friedel–Crafts alkylation/hydroarylation of tertiary propargylic alcohol with electron-rich arenes is described. The desired indenes were obtained regioselectively in good to very good yields under mild reaction conditions. The allene intermediate was isolated to get an insight into the mechanistic pathway of the indene forming reaction.

Haringhata Black is the only registered indigenous poultry genetic resource of West Bengal till date. Molecular characterization of HB revealed that Bu-1 to be highly glycoylated transmembrane protein unlike mammalian Bu-1, whereas TLR2 of HB chicken was observed to be rich in Leucine rich repeat. HB chicken was observed to be genetically close to chicken of Japan, while distant to chicken breed of UK and Chicago. Avian species wise evolution study indicates genetic closeness of HB chicken with turkey. Differential mRNA expression profile for the immune response genes (TLR2, TLR4 and Bu1 gene) were studied for HB chicken with respect to other chicken breed and poultry birds, which reveals that HB chicken were better in terms of B cell mediated immunity and hence better response to vaccination. Hence HB chicken is one of the best poultry genetic resources to be reared under backyard system where biosecurity measures are almost lacking.

RIG-I is associated to the DExD/H box RNA Helicases. It is a Pattern Recognition Receptor (PRR), playing a crucial role in the system and is a germ line encoded host sensor to perceive Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns or PAMPs. So far reports were available for the role of RIG-I in antiviral immunity. This is the first report we have documented the role of RIG-I in parasitic immunity.Haemonchus contortusis a deadly parasite affecting sheep industry which has a tremendous economic importance and the parasite reported to be prevalent in the hot and humid agroclimatic region. We had characterized RIG-I gene in sheep (Ovis aries) and identified the important domains or binding site withHaemonchus contortusthroughin silicostudies. Differential mRNA expression analysis revealed upregulation of RIG-I gene in abomassum of infected sheep compared to that of healthy sheep, further confirming the findings. Thus it is evident that in infected sheep, expression of RIG-I is triggered for binding to more pathogen (Haemonchus contortus). Genetic similar studies with human and other livestock species were conducted to reveal that sheep may be efficiently used a model organism for studying the role of RIG-I in antiparasitic immunity of human.

A facile iron-catalyzed dual C–C bond cleaving reaction involving 1,3-dicarbonyl units along with electron-rich and sterically bulky arenes as efficient carbon-based leaving groups has been developed. The scope of the dual C–C bond breaking reaction was studied in detail using a range of nucleophiles to synthesize symmetrical triarylmethanes in good to excellent yields. We found success in isolating the intermediate of the reaction, formed via the initial Csp3–Csp3 bond cleavage, and subsequently converted the intermediate to the final product via the Csp3–Csp2 bond cleavage. A notable difference in the leaving aptitudes of the two carbon-based leaving groups perceived during the study enabled us to develop an application of the dual C–C bond breaking reaction for the synthesis of unsymmetrical triarylmethanes in a stepwise manner. To improve the synthetic utility, we have also fashioned a one-pot procedure to generate unsymmetrical triarylmethanes via sequential C–C bond breaking reactions. In addition to studying a novel dual C–C bond breaking reaction and providing a hint to the mechanistic pathway, the application molded from the study for the synthesis of symmetrical and especially unsymmetrical triarylmethanes may render value to the present work.

Active Sn(0) particles are synthesized in high yields by the chemical reduction of the blue–black stannous oxide using freshly prepared sodium stannite solution as reducing agent at 40 °C and 60 °C. The Sn(0) particles are characterized using powder XRD, SEM, and DSC. The as-synthesized Sn(0) particles are applied as reagent for the regioselective synthesis of homopropargyl alcohols from propargyl bromide and aldehydes in distilled water at room temperature (in 50%–84% yields). No assistance of heat, microwave, ultrasound, organic co-solvent, co-reagent, or inert atmosphere is required for this reaction. The propargylation reaction is highly chemoselective towards aldehyde over other less electrophilic carbonyl functional groups such as ketone, amide, and carboxylic acid. Our in-house synthesized homopropargyl alcohols can be used to synthesize conjugated 1,3-diynes.

A novel redox-driven method to synthesize Pd-γ-Fe 2 O 3 nanocomposite from Fe 3 O 4 and PdCl 2 under modified hydrothermal technique has been developed. The synthesized nanocomposite was characterized by XRD, FT-IR, XPS, FESEM, TEM and EDX to understand the composition as well as morphology. The Pd-γ-Fe 2 O 3 nanocomposite was found to show excellent catalytic activity towards Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reactions in water without the assistance of ligands, organic solvents or phase transfer catalysts. A wide range of functional substitutions in aryl halide as well as arylboronic acid moieties is tolerated in the developed protocol. The nanocatalyst can be recovered magnetically, and reused up to six cycles without significant loss in its catalytic activity.

Pomegranate fruit peel is a great source of natural polyphenols. The objective of the present study was to evaluate efficacy of pomegranate peel infusion (PPI) on growth characteristics, feed efficiency, blood metabolites and antioxidant profile of broiler chicken. A total of 200 broiler chickens were randomly assigned to 4 treatments with 5 replicates of 10 birds. Pomegranate peel infusion was supplemented in drinking water to 3 treatment groups in a graded dose. At the end of the trial (42 days), 2 broiler chickens from each pen were sampled for serum and liver tissue. Results revealed that low-dose (50 mL/L) PPI influenced (L: P

Active bismuth is synthesized by the chemical reduction of bismuth trichloride using freshly prepared sodium stannite solution as the reducing agent at room temperature. The as-synthesized active bismuth is applied as a reagent for the synthesis of homoallyl alcohol/homopropargyl alcohol from allyl bromide/propargyl bromide and carbonyl compounds in water at $$50\,{^{\circ }}\hbox {C}$$ . The homoallyl amines are also synthesized from N-tosyl aldimines and allyl bromide using active bismuth reagent in good yields. No assistance of organic co-solvent, co-reagent, phase transfer catalyst or inert atmosphere is required for this reaction. The waste bismuth material obtained after the completion of the organic reaction can be reduced to active bismuth by sodium stannite solution and successfully reused for mediating the allylation of aldehydes. Synopsis Active bismuth mediated allylation/crotylation of aldehydes is developed in water to get homoallyl alcohols. The method is also applied for the allylation of N-tosyl aldimines and propargylation of aldehydes in water to achieve the homoallyl amines and homopropargyl alcohols, respectively. The reactions do not require the assistance of organic co-solvent, co-reagent, phase transfer catalyst or inert atmosphere.

Cytochrome B is the mitochondrial protein, which functions as part of the electron transport chain and is the main subunit of transmembrane cytochrome bc1 and b6f complexes affecting energy metabolism through oxidative phosphorylation. The present study was conducted to study the effect of mutation of Cytochrome B gene on the health condition of sheep, which the first report of association of mitochondrial gene with disease traits in livestock species. Non-synonymous substitutions (F33 L and D171N) and Indel mutations were observed for Cytochrome B gene, leading to a truncated protein, where anemia, malfunctioning of most of the vital organs as liver, kidney and mineral status was observed and debility with exercise intolerance and cardiomyopathy in extreme cases were depicted. These findings were confirmed by bioinformatics analysis, haematological and biochemical data analysis, and other phenotypical physiological data pertaining to different vital organs. The molecular mechanism of cytochrome B mutation was that the mutant variant interferes with the site of heme binding (iron containing) domain and calcium binding essential for electron transport chain. Mutation at amino acid site 33 is located within transmembrane helix A, a hydrophobic environment at the Qi site and close to heme binding domain, and mutation effects these domain and diseases occur. Thermodynamic stability was also observed to decrease in mutant variant. Sheep Cytochrome B being genetically more similar to the human, it may be used as a model for studying human diseases related to cytochrome B defects. Future prospect of the study includes the therapeutic application of recombinant protein, gene therapy and marker-assisted selection of disease-resistant livestock.

The decline in the male reproductive ability in terms of sexual behavior and seminal traits might lead to nonavailability of required number of bulls in a progeny testing program. The present study was conducted in 493 crossbred cattle (Bos taurus × Bos indicus) bulls to study polymorphisms of growth hormone (GH) gene and its association with seminal and sexual behavioral characteristics. A 428-base pair fragment of GH gene spanning over the fourth exon, fourth intron, and fifth exon was amplified and digested with AluI restriction enzyme. Bulls were found to be polymorphic, with two variants, LL and LV, and higher genotypic frequency for LL being 0.88. Twelve nucleotide changes and a single nonsynonymous substitution of Leucine by Valine were observed from GH1 (L) to GH2 (V). Statistical analysis revealed that the genotype of the GH gene had a significant effect on libido score, reaction time, Flehmen response, requirement of mounting stimulus, sperm mass activity, number of semen doses per collection, individual fresh sperm motility, postthaw sperm motility, acrosome integrity, hypo-osmotic swelling test, live and dead count, total morphological abnormality, and head abnormality of sperm in crossbred bulls. Growth hormone gene might be considered a candidate gene for seminal and sexual behavioral traits in crossbred cattle.

The heterobimetallic complex [Ir(COD)(SnCl3)Cl(μ-Cl)]2 catalyzes the aza-Friedel–Crafts reaction of 1,3,5-trimethoxybenzene, as well as substituted indoles with N-sulfonyl aldimines leading to the formation of diarylamines and triarylmethanes in good yields. The symmetrical triarylmethanes were also obtained from diarylamines and suitable nucleophiles via simultaneous cleavage of sp3 C–N bond and elimination of 1,3,5-trimethoxybenzene.

Biodiversity in West Bengal, India is enormous in terms of climate and living creatures, particularly animals. Livestock species as sheep and goat forms the main backbone for rural economy and reared basically for meat production. The objective of the present study was to characterize them and study the growth, biomorphometric traits, reproduction, wool characteristics, blood biochemical profile, and disease resistance traits and aimed to reveal the biodiversity existing within the goat and sheep breeds reared in different agroclimatic zones of the state. Phylogenetic tree constructed by multivariate cluster analysis with identified traits of eight different sheep breeds of eastern India revealed the emergence of Birbhum sheep as a genetically distinct sheep breed of dry arid region of India with greater percentage of rudimentary ear as its unique physical characteristic. Molecular characterization with mitochondrial gene as Cytochrome B gene confirmed genetic uniqueness of Birbhum sheep. Black Bengal (BB) goat was found to be the only goat breed distributed throughout the West Bengal.

An atom economic and catalytic substitution reaction of π-activated alcohols by a multimetallic Ir–Sn3 complex has been demonstrated. The multimetallic Ir–Sn3 complex can be easily synthesized from the reaction between [Cp∗IrCl2]2 and SnCl2. In presence of as little as 1 mol % of the catalyst three different types of π-activated alcohols, namely benzyl, allyl, and propargyl alcohols, have been successfully transformed into alkylated products using carbon (arenes, heteroarenes, allyltrimethylsilane, and 1,3-dicarbonyls), nitrogen (sulfonamides), oxygen (alcohols), and sulfur (thiols) nucleophiles in very high yields. An electrophilic mechanism is proposed from the Hammett correlation study.

The intestinal gut health is one of the primary determinants of broiler growth and performance. Among the various enteric diseases, necrotic enteritis (NE) is an enterotoxemic disease caused by Clostridium perfringens, which can result in severe economic losses in poultry farming. Antibiotics like bacitracin methylene disalicylate (BMD) and avilamycin (AVL) are commonly used antibiotic growth promoters (AGP) in poultry feed to control necrotic enteritis in birds. Bacillus subtilis PB6 was reported to prevent necrotic enteritis and improve performance in birds. This paper investigated the influence of Bacillus subtilis PB6 in improving the performance of broiler birds in comparison with BMD and avilamycin. A 35 day trial was conducted with 240 day-old commercial broiler chicks (VenCobb 400), which were divided into four treatment groups, where each treatment group was composed of 6 replicates each containing 10 birds, for a total of 60 birds per treatment. The treatment groups included a negative control (no AGP), Bacillus subtilis PB6, BMD, and avilamycin. The parameters analyzed included body weight, feed conversion ratio (FCR), mortality, villus histomorphometry, and European efficiency factor (EEF). Bacillus subtilis PB6 significantly (P < 0.05) improved body weight and FCR (8 points) compared to the control. The group supplemented with B. subtilis PB6 or BMD had higher (P < 0.05) body weight compared to all other treatment groups. The supplementation of B. subtilis PB6 significantly improved the villus height (P < 0.05) compared to control and other AGP groups. The EEF was found to be the highest in the B. subtilis PB6 supplemented group at 35th day as compared to other treatment groups. The combined data from this study indicate that supplementation of B. subtilis PB6 improves overall performance of broilers compared to BMD and avilamycin, and can be used as potential AGP replacement in poultry farming.

A nucleophilic substitution of allylic alcohols with carbon (arene, heteroarene, allyltrimethylsilane, and 1,3-dicarbonyl compound), sulfur (thiol), oxygen (alcohol), and nitrogen (sulfonamide) nucleophiles has been demonstrated using an in house developed [Ir(COD)(SnCl 3 )l(μ-Cl)] 2 heterobimetallic catalyst in 1,2-dichloroethane to afford the corresponding allylic products in moderate to excellent yields. In 4-hydroxycoumarin, allylation occurs at the 3-position. The diaryl-substituted allylic alcohols undergo disproportionation in presence of the heterobimetallic catalyst to provide the corresponding alkenes and chalcones. An electrophilic mechanism is proposed from Hammett correlation study.

The heterobimetallic complex [Ir(COD)(SnCl3)Cl(μ-Cl)]2 catalyzes the direct substitution of hydroxyl groups in benzylic and propargylic alcohols by 1,3-dicarbonyl moiety. In 4-hydroxycoumarin, benzylation and propargylation occurs at the 3-position. Selective propargylation or allenylation takes place depending on the nature of propargylic alcohol. By applying the methodology, multi-substituted furans and pyrroles have been synthesized in good yields.

A nucleophilic substitution of propargylic alcohols with carbon (arene, heteroarene, and allyltrimethylsilane), sulfur (thiol), oxygen (alcohol), and nitrogen (sulfonamide) nucleophiles has been demonstrated using a high-valent [Ir(COD)(SnCl(3))Cl(mu-Cl)](2) catalyst in 1,2-dichloroethane to afford the corresponding propargylic products in moderate to excellent yields. Alkyl or aryl substituted tertiary propargylic alcohols produce substituted indenes with bulky arenes via allenylic intermediate. An electrophilic mechanism is proposed from Hammett correlation.

The authors present a convenient way for the formation of di- and triarylmethanes and heteroarylmethanes.

An atom economic and catalytic substitution reaction of π-activated benzyl, allyl, and propargyl alcohols by the multimetallic title complex is presented.

A variety of cinnamic alcohol derivatives undergo substitution of the free hydroxyl group by O-, N-, S- or C-nucleophiles in the presence of a bimetallic Ir—Sn catalyst.

In addition to the benzylation and propargylation of 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds, hydroxycoumarin (XXI) is alkylated at the 3-position.

The propargylic alcohols smoothly and regioselectively react with various nucleophiles to afford diverse synthetically important propargylic compounds.

Bis(1,5-cyclooctadiene)diiridium(I) dichloride [12112-67-3] [Ir(μ-Cl)(C8H12)]2 (MW 671.70) InChI = 1S/2C8H12.2ClH.2Ir/c2*1-2-4-6-8-7-5-3-1;;;;/h2*1-2,7-8H,3-6H2;2*1H;;/q;;;;2*+1/p-2/b2*2-1-,8-7-;;;; InChIKey = ZFOUDQNHNLDNLD-MIXQCLKLSA-L Alternate Name: di-μ-chlorobis(1,5-cyclooctadiene)diiridium(I). Physical Data: mp 190–205 °C (dec). Form Supplied in: orange–red crystals. Solubility: soluble in organic solvents (dichloromethane, chloroform, 1,2-dichloroethane, acetone, acetonitrile, and others). Handling, Storage, and Precautions: harmful and irritant; solutions should preferably be handled under inert atmosphere. Tin(IV) chloride [7646-78-8] SnCl4 (MW 260.50) InChI = 1S/4ClH.Sn/h4*1H;/q;;;;+4/p-4 InChIKey = HPGGPRDJHPYFRM-UHFFFAOYSA-J Alternate Name: stannic chloride. Physical Data: bp 114 °C (lit.), mp −33 °C (lit.) d 2.226 g mL−1 at 25 °C (lit.). Form Supplied in: colorless liquid; fumes in moist air. Solubility: soluble in organic solvents (alcohol, diethyl ether, dichloromethane, 1,2-dichloroethane, benzene, toluene, xylene, and others); reacts violently with water. Handling, Storage, and Precautions: toxic and hygroscopic; therefore, it should be stored and handled under moisture-free atmosphere. Di-μ-chlorodichlorobis(1,5-cyclooctadiene)bis(trichlorostannyl)diiridium [851764-45-9] [Ir(C8H12)(μ-Cl)Cl(SnCl3)]2 (MW 1191.61) InChI = 1S/2C8H12.10ClH.2Ir.2Sn/c2*1-2-4-6-8-7-5-3-1;;;;;;;;;;;;;;/h2*1-2,7-8H,3-6H2;10*1H;;;;/q;;;;;;;;;;;;2*+2;2*+3/p-10/b2*2-1-,8-7-;;;;;;;;;;;;;; InChIKey = UECFXPBEOJTBIV-HVBPBDNUSA-D Alternate Name: Di-μ-chlorobis(1,5-cyclooctadiene)bis(trichlorostannyl)diiridium(III) dichloride. Physical Data: red microcrystals; mp 241–244 °C (dec). Solubility: soluble in coordinating solvents such as dimethylsulfoxide and acetonitrile at ambient temperature and in alcohol at higher temperature. Recovery of the compound from solution is difficult. Analytical Data: 1H NMR (200 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ(ppm) = 1.71–1.79 (br, m, 8H, CH2), 2.21–2.26 (br, m, 8H, CH2), 4.16 (br, s, 8H, CH). 13C NMR (54.6 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ(ppm) = 30.7 (CH2), 54.8 (CH), 73.6 (CH). Preparative Method: the reagent is prepared from bis(1,5-cyclooctadiene)diiridium(I) dichloride [Ir(μ-Cl)(C8H12)]2 and tin(IV) chloride (SnCl4).1 Handling, Storage, and Precautions: air and moisture stable in the solid state when minimally exposed; it is recommended to handle solutions under inert atmosphere. General Reactivity: for brevity in presentation, the bimetallic reagent [Ir(μ-Cl)Cl(COD)(SnCl3)]2 is hereafter represented as IrIII–SnIV, while a dual-reagent combination of [Ir(μ-Cl)(COD)]2 and SnCl4 (1:4 molar ratio) is represented as IrI/SnIV. Both the reagents are useful for benzylation of arenes and formation of triarylmethanes and carbon–heteroatom bonds.