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E-cigarette use is a growing public health concern, especially because of the potential health risks it poses. This study focuses on assessing e-cigarette dependence and the factors associated with it among Palestinian young adults. A cross-sectional survey was conducted from January to May 2023 among university students in the West Bank. A self-administered questionnaire was used to collect demographic data, knowledge, and attitudes regarding e-cigarettes. E-cigarette dependence was assessed using the Penn State Electronic Cigarette Dependence Index. The study included 386 university students who used e-cigarettes. Many of them started using e-cigarettes at a young age, and 54.7% were dual users of e-cigarettes and traditional tobacco. High levels of dependence were reported in 11.4% of participants, and moderate dependence in 28.8%. Several factors were identified through multivariate linear regression as significantly associated with e-cigarette dependence: a higher monthly allowance (β = 0.116, 95% CI: 0.128- 1.124, p =.014), having a father who uses tobacco (β = 0.095, 95% CI: 0.030- 1.638, p =.042), having a close friend who smokes traditional cigarettes (β = 0.095, 95% CI: 0.019- 1.667, p =.045), using e-cigarettes in areas where traditional smoking is prohibited (β = 0.175, 95% CI: 0.689–2.330, p <.001), using e-cigarettes to quit other forms of tobacco (β = 0.134, 95% CI: 0.434–2.314, p =.004), and a more negative attitude score (β = − 0.210, 95% CI: − 0.285- − 0.112, p <.001). The study revealed high levels of e-cigarettes dependence among the participants among young adults, with associated variables such as monthly allowance, attitudes, and age of e-cigarette initiation. Policymakers, educators, and healthcare professionals should collaborate to address e-cigarette dependence among young adults, taking into consideration social, environmental, and socioeconomic factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The acquisition of healthy lifestyle habits by adolescents is largely influenced by close interpersonal relationships including their parents and teachers. Methods: A cross-sectional survey regarding tobacco use was conducted among 304 parents and 41 teachers of secondary school adolescents (12–17 years of age) enrolled in the first, second, and third grades of compulsory secondary education at the largest high school in Sueca, Valencia, Spain. Results: The prevalence of smoking was 36.2% among parents (occasional smokers 75.4%) and 19.5% among teachers (occasional smokers 62.5%). Most parents (89.8%) did not believe that their child smoked and 95.7% viewed it negatively if they did. Also, 75.2% of parents agreed that tobacco consumption encourages adolescents to use cannabis or other drugs. Friends who smoke and additives added to cigarettes were considered very influential factors for starting smoking. Most teachers (90.2%) reported having given a recommendation to their students to quit smoking. Cannabis and cigarette smoking were rated as harmful to health. Most respondents believed that cigarette smoking may favor the consumption of cannabis. Conclusions: The use of e-cigarettes was also considered a risk factor for starting smoking. It would be advantageous incorporating parents and teachers as role models in multidisciplinary interventions addressing smoking behavior in secondary school students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract E-cigarette use is a growing public health concern, especially because of the potential health risks it poses. This study focuses on assessing e-cigarette dependence and the factors associated with it among Palestinian young adults. A cross-sectional survey was conducted from January to May 2023 among university students in the West Bank. A self-administered questionnaire was used to collect demographic data, knowledge, and attitudes regarding e-cigarettes. E-cigarette dependence was assessed using the Penn State Electronic Cigarette Dependence Index. The study included 386 university students who used e-cigarettes. Many of them started using e-cigarettes at a young age, and 54.7% were dual users of e-cigarettes and traditional tobacco. High levels of dependence were reported in 11.4% of participants, and moderate dependence in 28.8%. Several factors were identified through multivariate linear regression as significantly associated with e-cigarette dependence: a higher monthly allowance (β = 0.116, 95% CI: 0.128- 1.124, p = .014), having a father who uses tobacco (β = 0.095, 95% CI: 0.030- 1.638, p = .042), having a close friend who smokes traditional cigarettes (β = 0.095, 95% CI: 0.019- 1.667, p = .045), using e-cigarettes in areas where traditional smoking is prohibited (β = 0.175, 95% CI: 0.689–2.330, p

Tobacco use continues to be a prevalent behavior among many mothers and fathers throughout pregnancy and the postpartum period. The current review provides a framework for understanding parental tobacco smoking during a critical period of child development and its potential impact on postpartum caregiving. It is well documented that maternal illicit substance use can compromise caregiving, increasing the risk of child neglect and maltreatment. However, to date, few studies have specifically investigated the impact of tobacco smoking among mothers and fathers during the prenatal and postpartum periods and how parental tobacco smoking may influence postpartum caregiving. We review current literature on parental tobacco smoking, with a predominant focus on mothers who use tobacco, and the potential impact on postpartum caregiving with a view to informing and tailoring tobacco-cessation programs for expectant and new parents who smoke tobacco. Highlights: The continuation of tobacco-use among mothers and fathers during the prenatal and postpartum periods is of significance. Maternal tobacco-use is influenced by paternal tobacco smoking behaviors. Postpartum tobacco-use can lead to suboptimal caregiving behaviors, such as reduced breastfeeding initiation and duration. Maternal tobacco-use has been associated with attenuated perceptual and attentional processing of infant facial cues. Future studies need to examine the specific effects of parental tobacco-use to postpartum caregiving. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Although several studies have found a link between parental or workplace smoking and asthma risk, particularly in children and adolescents, only a few studies have found this link in adults. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate the associations of sociodemographic factors, health behavior, and parental or workplace smoking with adult asthma risk in the United States (US). METHODS: A secondary data analysis on 874 participants aged 25–45 was performed using data from the 2011–2014 National Survey of Midlife Development in the United States Refresher. Participants were divided into smokers and nonsmokers. Participants were further divided into groups A (a father or mother with a smoking history) and B (others in the house or colleagues in the workplace who had a smoking history). RESULTS: Findings from the FREQ procedure revealed that sociodemographic (female, black, school or college education, unmarried/divorced, and employed) and lifestyle (no alcohol intake, physically inactive, and obese) and clinical (diabetes and joint disease) factors were significantly associated with one- or more-fold odds of asthma among adult smokers than nonsmokers. Adult smokers in group A, particularly females, those with a high school or college education, physically inactive, and overweight or obese, had a higher risk of asthma than those in group B. CONCLUSION: Adult smokers' risk of developing asthma is increased in the US by having smoked with their parents, being a woman, being black, having a school or college education, being single or divorced, working, not drinking alcohol, being physically inactive, being obese, having diabetes, and having a joint disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Childhood obesity is one of the most concerning public health issues globally and its implications on mortality and morbidity in adulthood are increasingly important. This study uses a unique dataset of Australian children aged 4–16 to examine the impact of parental smoking on childhood obesity. It confirms a significant link between parental smoking (stronger for mothers) and higher obesity risk in children, regardless of income, age, family size, or birth order. Importantly, we explore whether heightened preference for unhealthy foods can mediate the effect of parental smoking. Our findings suggest that increased consumption of unhealthy foods among children can be associated with parental smoking.

Background: The acquisition of healthy lifestyle habits by adolescents is largely influenced by close interpersonal relationships including their parents and teachers. Methods: A cross-sectional survey regarding tobacco use was conducted among 304 parents and 41 teachers of secondary school adolescents (12–17 years of age) enrolled in the first, second, and third grades of compulsory secondary education at the largest high school in Sueca, Valencia, Spain. Results: The prevalence of smoking was 36.2% among parents (occasional smokers 75.4%) and 19.5% among teachers (occasional smokers 62.5%). Most parents (89.8%) did not believe that their child smoked and 95.7% viewed it negatively if they did. Also, 75.2% of parents agreed that tobacco consumption encourages adolescents to use cannabis or other drugs. Friends who smoke and additives added to cigarettes were considered very influential factors for starting smoking. Most teachers (90.2%) reported having given a recommendation to their students to quit smoking. Cannabis and cigarette smoking were rated as harmful to health. Most respondents believed that cigarette smoking may favor the consumption of cannabis. Conclusions: The use of e-cigarettes was also considered a risk factor for starting smoking. It would be advantageous incorporating parents and teachers as role models in multidisciplinary interventions addressing smoking behavior in secondary school students.

Background and aims: The relationship between childhood tobacco smoke exposure and cardiac structure and function in midlife is unclear. We investigated the association between parental smoking with cardiac structure and function in adulthood. Methods: 1250 participants (56.5% female) from the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study who had data on parental smoking and/or serum cotinine, a biomarker of exposure to tobacco smoke, at baseline 1980 (age 3–18 years) and echocardiography performed in 2011. Parental smoking hygiene (i.e., smoking in the vicinity of children) was categorized by parental smoking and serum cotinine levels in offspring. Dimensions of the left ventricle, diastolic and systolic function, and cardiac remodeling were used as outcomes. Analyses were adjusted for sex, age, and covariates (blood pressure (BP), serum lipids, body mass index, socioeconomic status, smoking (only in adulthood)) in childhood and adulthood. Results: Parental smoking was not associated with systolic or diastolic function in adulthood. Participants exposed to parental smoking (odds ratio (OR) 1.90, 95%CI 1.23–2.92), hygienic parental smoking (OR 1.74, 95%CI 1.12–2.71), and non-hygienic parental smoking (OR 1.88, 95%CI 1.02–3.45) had higher odds of concentric remodeling (relative wall thickness >85th sex-specific percentile without left ventricular hypertrophy). These associations were attenuated after adjustment for child and adult covariates in the non-hygienic parental smoking group. Conclusions: Exposure to parental smoking in childhood was associated with a higher likelihood of concentric remodeling and thicker left ventricular and interventricular septal walls in midlife, which was not improved by parents who smoked hygienically. Parental smoking was not related to systolic or diastolic function in this relatively young population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Childhood obesity is one of the most concerning public health issues globally and its implications in mortality and morbidity in adulthood are increasingly important. This study uses a unique dataset of Australian children aged 4–16 to examine the impact of parental smoking on childhood obesity. It confirms a significant link between parental smoking (stronger for mothers) and higher obesity risk in children, regardless of income, age, family size, or birth order. Importantly, we explore whether heightened preference for unhealthy foods can mediate the effect of parental smoking. Our findings suggest that increased consumption of unhealthy foods among children can be associated with parental smoking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Introduction Low parental education level and parental smoking are major risk factors for household secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure among adolescents. We investigated the trend in household SHS exposure according to sex, school, and parental education level to determine whether the decline in household SHS exposure over time depends on parental education level. Methods We used cross-sectional Korea Youth Risk Behavior datasets (2006–2020; 806829 subjects were eligible). We applied binary logistic regression to assess household SHS exposure trends and evaluated the interaction between period and parental education level. Results Household SHS exposure over 15 years has declined. The difference (0.121) was the smallest for male middle school students with low-educated parents. The slope for the estimated probability of household SHS exposure among students with high-educated parents was steeper than that for those with low-educated parents, except for female high school students (difference=0.141). Students with low-educated parents were at higher risk of household SHS exposure (male middle school students, adjusted odds ratio, AOR=1.52; 95% CI: 1.47–1.56; male high school students, AOR=1.42; 95% CI: 1.38–1.47; female middle school students, AOR=1.62; 95% CI: 1.58–1.67; female high school students, AOR=1.62; 95% CI: 1.57–1.67). The interaction between parental education level and period was significant. We also found a significant interaction between parental education level and parental smoking (other × present interaction, AOR=0.64; 95% CI: 0.60–0.67; low–low × present interaction, AOR=0.89; 95% CI: 0.83–0.95). Conclusions Changes in parental education level over time mainly contributed to changes in adolescents’ household SHS exposure. Adolescents with low-educated parents were at higher risk of household SHS exposure, with a slower decline. These gaps must be considered when creating and implementing interventions. Campaigns and community programs to prevent household SHS need to be emphasized among vulnerable adolescents.

The anticipated financial and health impacts of smoking exposure on children's malnutrition status have been a global concern. Albeit the emerging double burden of malnutrition along with the remarkably high prevalence of smokers in Indonesia, only a few studies have examined the impacts of parental smoking on children's nutritional status. Using a balanced panel data of the Indonesia Family Life Survey, we analyze the extent of paternal smoking effects on the likelihood of stunting, thinness, and overweight in children. We employ a Probit Random Effect Model with Mundlak correction to eliminate the endogeneity issue of paternal smoking and estimate the impact of paternal smoking (smoking status and smoking intensity) on child malnutrition. The finding shows that a child whose father has moderate or high smoking intensity tends to have a higher probability of thinness and stunting by 2.93 and 3.47 percentage points, respectively. In contrast, the impact of a father's smoking intensity on a child's overweight status is not significant. This study also observes the nonsignificant effect of the father's smoking status on all child malnutrition status. Overall, exposure to paternal smoking increases children's risk of stunting and thinness. Key policies in tobacco control should be encouraged to reduce the potential long-term effects of paternal smoking on the country's future human capital and economic growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background and Objectives Previous small studies have proposed a higher incidence of acute mastoiditis in Israeli pediatric patients than in other Western countries. The aim of this study was to describe the incidence of acute mastoiditis and its epidemiological features over a decade, in order to identify variables that could possibly affect the incidence. Methods All admitted patients aged

Background and aims: Among European countries, France is particularly concerned by adolescent tobacco smoking, especially in disadvantaged socio‐economic backgrounds (SES). We measured the respective contributions of parental smoking and family living arrangement to social disparities in smoking during adolescence. Design: Secondary analysis of survey data. Setting: A cross‐sectional nation‐wide exhaustive 12‐day survey in March 2017 of French youth aged 17–18.5 years participating in the national mandatory civic information day. Participants: A total of 13 314 adolescents answering a pen‐and‐paper questionnaire about their own tobacco consumption and the smoking of their parents. Measurements Risk ratios (RRs) were computed using modified Poisson regressions, and population‐attributable fraction (PAF) was used as a measure of the explanatory roles of the different factors as mediators of SES. Findings Adolescents living within very privileged and privileged SES were significantly less likely to report daily tobacco smoking (20.4 and 22.7%, respectively) than those within modest and disadvantaged ones (26.0 and 28.6%, respectively). Parental smoking and family living arrangement independently explained the smoking inequalities among adolescents. After adjusting for schooling factors, the risks associated with parental smoking ranged between RR = 1.64 [95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.50–1.79] when the father only smoked and RR = 2.17 (95% CI = 1.99–2.36) when both parents smoked, compared with non‐smoking parents; the risk associated with living in a non‐intact family was 1.35 (95% CI = 1.26–1.43) and that of living outside the parental home was 1.20 (95% CI = 1.10–1.30). Apprentices and adolescents out of school had higher risks than those at school (RR = 1.82, 95% CI = 1.68–1.98) and RR = 2.10, 95% CI = 1.92–2.29). The contribution of parental smoking to adolescent smoking (PAF = 32%) was greater than that of SES (PAF = 9%), family living arrangement (PAF = 17%) or schooling factors (14%). The share of SES decreased from 18 to 9% when considering these mediating factors. Conclusion: In France, parental smoking appears to be the factor that most influences adolescent smoking, followed by family living arrangement; the role of family socio‐economic status is small in comparison. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: Previous small studies have proposed a higher incidence of acute mastoiditis in Israeli pediatric patients than in other Western countries. The aim of this study was to describe the incidence of acute mastoiditis and its epidemiological features over a decade, in order to identify variables that could possibly affect the incidence. Methods: All admitted patients aged <18 years diagnosed with acute mastoiditis between 2008 and 2018 at Clalit Healthcare Services were identified and a database was generated. Results: A total of 1189 and 1115 patients met the inclusion criteria, respectively. Acute mastoiditis diagnosis was confirmed in 95.2% of the patients. The incidence was 7.78 cases per 100,000 children‐years but was significantly higher in children under 2 years of age (average of 38.31 per 100,000 children‐years). No specific pattern was observed in the annualized incidence rate during the study period. Acute mastoiditis was significantly more common in children of Jewish descent than non‐Jewish (10.4 vs. 3.03 per 100,000 children‐years, P < 0.001) and of high socioeconomic status and is more common in the winter. The prevalence of household parental smoking (52%) was more than double that previously reported in the Israeli population. Conclusions: A higher incidence of acute mastoiditis was observed in the Israeli population than in other reports. The age‐dependent rate was identified along with unique epidemiological features such as seasonality, higher incidence in patients of Jewish descent, or high socioeconomic status. Related parental smoking habits lend further support against the exposure of young children to household smoking. Level of evidence: Individual retrospective cohort study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Secondhand smoke exposes children to numerous toxic chemicals. Passive cigarette smoke causes a number of diseases, such as respiratory disease. Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a progressive disease with a dismal prognosis. Some research studies have identified hypoxia and genetic variables as the etiological factors for PAH. As a result, it appears that environmental factors, such as tobacco smoke, disrupt the function of vascular endothelial cells. 1) Evaluating the correlation between parental smoking and PAH in infants. 2) Examining the correlation between the number of cigarettes smoked per day by parents and systolic pulmonary arterial pressure (SPAP) during a year. In a cohort study, 140 neonates were classified into smokers and non-smokers. Birth weight and SPAP in neonates were measured in the smoker parental group. Following the measurement of the variables, the second group consisted of neonates with non-smoking parents whose birth weight and SPAP were matched one-to-one with the first group. After one year, we measured SPAP in two groups. At birth, all neonates had normal SPAP. The mean infant SPAP was different between smoker and non-smoker parents; this difference was statistically significant (P -value <0.0001). Over 45 % of infants whose parents smoked developed PAH. There was an association between the number of cigarettes that parents smoke daily and infant SPAP levels (P-value <0.0001). There was no association between PAH and the gender of the infants (p -value = 0.497). This research revealed a significant association between parental smoking and PAH in infants. Also, the infant SPAP was significantly linked to the number of cigarettes that the parents smoked per day. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The emergence of heated tobacco products (HTPs) has made it important to monitor HTP-generated aerosols in addition to combustible cigarette (CC) smoke as a source of secondhand tobacco (SHT) exposure. We investigated the trend of SHT exposure in school-aged children and assessed whether SHT exposure depended on household tobacco use status., Methods: This repeated cross-sectional study from 2011 to 2021 (15,927 participants) was based on data from an annual survey of fourth-grade students (aged 10 years) in Kumagaya City, Japan. In addition to a questionnaire which includes questions about household tobacco use status, we measured urinary cotinine levels of each participant by their first morning urine sample to objectively assess SHT exposure. We defined the participants with urinary cotinine levels ≥5.0 ng/ml as being exposed to SHT., Results: The prevalence of SHT exposure decreased over the 11-year period from 18.6% in 2011 to 5.3% in 2021. It was significantly higher in households with tobacco users than without tobacco users (t-test P<0.001). Prevalence of SHT exposure was 1.4% among the 68.1% of households not using tobacco, 22.9% among the 16.5% using only CC, 3.1% among the 12.3% using only HTP and 27.6% among the 3.9% of households using CC and HTP., Conclusions: While the prevalence of SHT exposure showed a decreasing trend from 2011 to 2021, the prevalence of SHT exposure was higher in children with household members using tobacco products, regardless of the type of tobacco product, than in those without tobacco users., Implications: This study observed that the prevalence of SHT exposure was higher among children in households with tobacco users than among those without tobacco users, regardless of the type of tobacco product. Our findings highlight the importance of advocating that HTPs do not reduce the likelihood of SHT exposure to bystanders., (© The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco. All rights reserved. For commercial re-use, please contact reprints@oup.com for reprints and translation rights for reprints. All other permissions can be obtained through our RightsLink service via the Permissions link on the article page on our site—for further information please contact journals.permissions@oup.com.)

BackgroundPrevious studies revealed that maternal smoking exposure during pregnancy was an essential risk factor for offspring developing attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The impact of paternal smoking exposure 1 year before pregnancy on offspring ADHD risk is still unclear.MethodsThe present study included 2,477 school-age children and their parents from the Shanghai Child and Adolescent Health Cohort who had complete data for offspring ADHD diagnosis and parents' smoking exposure before and during pregnancy information. A multivariate logistic regression model and Firth's logistic regression model were used to determine the associations of paternal smoking and parental smoke exposure patterns before and during pregnancy with offspring ADHD risk.ResultsChildren whose fathers smoked before pregnancy had a higher risk of developing ADHD [odds ratio (OR) = 2.59, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.35–4.98] compared to those whose fathers had never been exposed to smoking. Similarly, parents who were exposed to smoking or second-hand smoke before pregnancy had 1.96 times (OR = 1.96, 95% CI: 1.19–3.22) more likely to have offspring with ADHD. Moreover, children whose parents were exposed to smoking both before and during pregnancy were 2.01 times (OR = 2.01, 95% CI: 1.29–3.12) more likely to develop ADHD.ConclusionPaternal smoking before pregnancy and parental smoking exposure 1 year ahead of and throughout pregnancy were all risk factors for offspring developing ADHD.

While maternal smoking during and after pregnancy has been widely documented in the existing literature, paternal smoking behavior before and after childbirth has received relatively less attention by researchers. During pregnancy and childbirth, fathers may attempt to quit smoking because their spouse and newborn baby can be exposed to secondhand smoke. Using the panel data from 2009 to 2016 of the Korea Health Survey, we examined the changes in paternal smoking behavior before and up to two years after childbirth. Findings revealed that childbirth was associated with decreased participation in smoking behavior (OR = 0.599, p < 0.05) and reduction in daily cigarette consumption (IRR = 0.880, p < 0.05). However, the impact of childbirth on paternal smoking became non-significant during the first two years following the birth, which might imply a relapse in smoking cessation. Further, fathers were not likely to reduce or quit smoking during the pregnancy. In light of these findings, smoking cessation counseling during prenatal visits should involve fathers, and continued aids for smoking cessation should be available to parents after childbirth to prevent a relapse as well as support a new quit attempt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examined whether secondhand smoke exposure during childhood was associated with cancer mortality in adulthood among never smokers. In the Japan Collaborative Cohort Study for Evaluation of Cancer Risk, we analyzed data from 45,722 Japanese lifetime nonsmokers aged 40–79 years with no history of cancer at baseline (1988–1990) who had completed a lifestyle questionnaire, including information on the number of family members who had smoked at home during their childhood (0, 1, 2, or ≥3 family members). A Cox proportional hazards model and competing-risks regression were used to calculate multivariable hazard ratios and subdistribution hazard ratios with 95% confidence intervals for overall and site-specific cancer mortality according to the number of family members who smoked during the participant's childhood, after adjusting for potentially confounding factors. During a median follow-up period of 19.2 years, a total of 2,356 cancer deaths were documented. Secondhand smoke exposure was positively associated with the risk of mortality from pancreatic cancer in adulthood; the multivariable hazard ratio for having 3 or more family members who smoked (as compared with none) was 2.32 (95% confidence interval: 1.14, 4.72). Associations were not evident for total cancer risk or risk of other types of smoking-related cancer. In this study, secondhand smoke exposure during childhood was associated with an increased risk of pancreatic cancer mortality in adulthood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Data from three UK birth cohorts were used in this study: the IOWBC, Manchester Asthma and Allergy Study (MAAS), and The Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) (see Supplementary Methods for cohort details, Table S1). All analyses in the IOWBC (and where data were available in MAAS and ALSPAC at their respective time points, Table S1) were adjusted for gender, maternal asthma, paternal asthma, and sibling asthma. Keywords: ALSPAC; childhood asthma; meta-analysis; parental smoking; polygenic risk score; PRS-by-environment interactions EN ALSPAC childhood asthma meta-analysis parental smoking polygenic risk score PRS-by-environment interactions 1 4 4 04/28/22 20220401 NES 220401 AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS B Dilini M. Kothalawala: b Conceptualization (equal); Data curation (equal); Formal analysis (equal); Investigation (equal); Methodology (lead); Project administration (lead); Software (equal); Validation (equal); Visualization (lead); Writing - original draft (lead); Writing - review & editing (lead). Covariates are gender, maternal asthma, paternal asthma, and sibling asthma. [Extracted from the article]

Children are vulnerable to exposure of secondhand smoking (SHS) which is a major preventable cause of disease and death. This study aimed to investigate the association between parental tobacco use or SHS exposure, respectively, and under‐five mortality. Data were obtained from the nationally representative and population‐based Demographic and Health Surveys in low‐ and middle‐income countries (LMICs) between 2000 and 2018. Cox proportional hazard regression models with complex survey design were conducted to examine the adjusted associations between parental smoking and SHS exposure and child under‐five mortality. In the pooled analysis of parental smoking, 437 322 children were included. Compared with children whose parents are not smoking, those whose father or both parents smoked any form of tobacco had higher risks of mortality (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.08, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.03–1.13; HR = 1.18, 95% CI = 1.06–1.32, respectively). In addition, parental using smokeless tobacco, smoking tobacco, and using smokeless tobacco and smoking tobacco simultaneously was significantly associated with child under‐five mortality (HR = 1.07, 95% CI = 1.01–1.12; HR = 1.12, 95%CI = 1.04–1.21; and HR = 1.17, 95%CI = 1.06–1.30, respectively). In the pooled analysis of SHS exposure, 605 442 children were included, and weekly and daily SHS exposure were significantly associated with child under‐five mortality (HR = 1.11, 95% CI = 1.03–1.20, and HR = 1.10, 95% CI = 1.06–1.15, respectively). The results were robust in most stratification analyses and sensitivity analyses. Parental tobacco use and indoor SHS exposure were associated with increased risk of under‐five mortality in LMICs. Comprehensive tobacco control programs should be considered by policymakers in LMICs to promote smoke‐free environments for children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acute respiratory infections (ARIs) continue to be the most important cause of morbidity and mortality among under-five children. Some demographic and environmental factors are associated with ARIs among under-five children. This study was conducted with the objective to estimate the prevalence of ARIs among under-five children in the rural areas and densely populated urban slum areas in Maharashtra, India and to assess the association of the selected sociodemographic and household environmental factors with ARI. This study was conducted in 16 selected clusters from the rural areas and densely populated urban slum areas of the two districts in Maharashtra, India. Structured and validated proforma was used for collecting the data on the sociodemographic and household environmental risk factors. A total of 3,671 under-five children were surveyed. The prevalence of ARIs for the preceding month was 50.4%. It was higher among the children living in the rural areas (54.2%) compared to the children living in the urban areas (46.7%) (p = 0.01). The prevalence of ARIs was reported to be 51.4 and 49.4% in boys and girls, respectively. In the multivariate analysis, the researchers found that living in rural areas (p = 0.01) and parental smoking (p = 0.04) were significantly associated with the ARIs. An intervention such as reducing parental smoking habits at the household level may reduce ARIs.

Aim: The influence of parental smoking on overweight condition of children in Indonesia is poorly understood. We assessed the association between parental smoking and child being overweight (including obesity) in urban and rural areas. Subject and methods: We performed a secondary analysis on the 2013 Riskesdas (or Basic Health Research), a cross-sectional, nationally representative survey of the Indonesian population. Height, weight, information regarding parental smoking, and basic characteristics of the study population were collected from parents with children aged 0 to 5 years (n = 63,237) in 2013. Results: Using logistic regression model adjusted for covariates, the odds ratios for smoking fathers, smoking mothers, and both parents smoking showed an association with a risk of overweight in their children. From the stratified analyses, children of smoking fathers, smoking mothers, and both parents smoking in urban areas (odds ratio (OR) (95% confidence interval (CI)): 1.28 (1.17–1.40), 20.30 (8.93–46.16), 2.40 (1.71–3.37), respectively) were associated with higher odds of overweight than those in rural areas. Conclusion: Residence was found to be an effect modifier of the relationship between parental smoking and child being overweight. Smoking cessation/intervention program ought to be put in place for adults and prioritized to areas with increased likelihood of children being overweight. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Josefina Patiño-Masó,1 Sílvia Font-Mayolas,2 Anna Salamó,2 Montserrat Arboix,3 Mark JM Sullman,4 Maria-Eugenia Gras21Department of Nursing, Institut de Recerca Sobre Qualitat de Vida, Universitat de Girona, Girona, Catalunya, Spain; 2Department of Psychology, Institut de Recerca Sobre Qualitat de Vida, Universitat de Girona, Girona, Catalunya, Spain; 3Department of Health, Escola Municipal del Treball, Granollers, Catalunya, Spain; 4Department of Social Sciences, School of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Nicosia, Nicosia, CyprusPurpose: Tobacco is the second most commonly used drug by Spanish high school students and e-cigarette use has increased over the last three years among this population. Students who reported smoking tobacco and/or e-cigarette use often have friends and family that also consume these substances. The aims of the present study were to: determine the prevalence of tobacco and electronic cigarette consumption among young adolescents, the age of initiation and the intention to consume both of these substances in the future; study the relationships between their current tobacco and e-cigarette consumption status, intentions to consume these substances in the future and the consumption of these substances by family members living in their home and friend’s consumption status; investigate the relationship between their current tobacco and e-cigarette consumption status, friends’ consumption status and their intention to consume each substance in the future; analyse the relationship between current consumption status, intentions to consume in the future and perceived risk; identify the main predictors of intentions to use these substances in the future.Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted in 2017. The sample consisted of 468 school students in the first cycle of secondary education in Catalonia, Spain. The participants who were aged between 11 and 15 years old, with 49.4% being female.Results: A stepwise binary logistic regression showed that the best predictors of the intention to smoke tobacco in the future were: having tried tobacco, being a current consumer, having a family member smoking at home and having a low perceived risk of smoking. The best predictors of the intention to use electronic cigarettes in the future were: having tried tobacco, being a current consumer and having friends who smoke or use electronic cigarettes.Conclusion: Smoking prevention programs must consider the social network surrounding teenagers, particularly close friends and family. Intervention strategies for delaying the onset of tobacco or e-cigarette consumption are greatly needed.Keywords: adolescence, tobacco use, electronic cigarette, parental smoking, risk perceptions, adolescent smoking

Abstract Background Current evidence on the health effects of passive smoking on childhood blood pressure is limited and inconsistent. We investigated the associations between exposure to parental smoking and blood pressure in children and adolescents. Methods A cross-sectional analysis was performed in a national sample of 42,745 children and adolescents (50.2% boys) aged 7–18 years from seven provinces in China. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) were measured. Information on parental smoking was collected through questionnaire. Multivariable linear regression and logistic regression was used to investigate the associations of parental smoking with blood pressure and prevalent hypertension, respectively. Results The reported parental smoking rates were 49.7 and 50.2% in boys and girls, respectively. After adjustment for a range of potential confounders, exposure to parental smoking was associated with 0.44 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.16, 0.72] mmHg and 0.26 (95% CI: 0.04, 0.47) mmHg higher SBP and DBP in girls. Girls exposed to parental smoking were also more likely to have hypertension compared with those without exposure (odds ratio = 1.11, 95% CI: 1.02, 1.20). No significant associations were found in boys. Conclusions Exposure to parental smoking was associated with increased blood pressure and higher prevalence of hypertension in girls, but not in boys. Urgent strategies are needed for the promotion of smoking-free environment, especially for children and adolescents.

Abstract Background With increasing interest in exposure effects across generations, it is crucial to assess the validity of information given on behalf of others. Aims To compare adult’s report of their parent’s smoking status against parent’s own report and examine predictors for discrepant answers. Methods We studied 7185 offspring (18-51 years) and one of their parents, n = 5307 (27-67 years) participating in the Respiratory Health in Northern Europe, Spain and Australia (RHINESSA) generation study. Information about parent’s smoking status during offspring’s childhood and mother’s smoking status during pregnancy was obtained by questionnaires from parents and their offspring. We calculated sensitivity, specificity and Cohen’s Kappa [κ] for agreement using parent’s own report as the gold standard. We performed logistic regression to examine if offspring’s sex, age, educational level, asthma status, own smoking status or parental status, as well as the parent’s sex and amount of smoking during childhood predicted disagreement. Results The sensitivity for offspring’s correct report of parent’s smoking status during childhood (0-10 years) was 0.82 (95% CI 0.81–0.84), specificity was 0.95 (95% CI 0.95–0.96) and a good agreement was observed, κ = 0.79 (95% CI 0.78–0.80). Offspring’s report of mothers’ smoking status during pregnancy showed a lower sensitivity, 0.66 (95% CI 0.60–0.71), a slightly lower specificity, 0.92 (95% CI 0.90–0.95) and a good agreement, κ = 0.61 (95% CI 0.55–0.67). In multivariate logistic regression analysis, offspring not having children was a predictor for discrepant answers (odds ratio [OR] 2.11 [95% CI 1.21–3.69]). Low amount of parents’ tobacco consumption,

We studied whether exposure to parental smoking in childhood/adolescence is associated with midlife cognitive function, leveraging data from the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study. A population-based cohort of 3,596 children/adolescents aged 3–18 years was followed between 1980 and 2011. In 2011, cognitive testing was performed on 2,026 participants aged 34–49 years using computerized testing. Measures of secondhand smoke exposure in childhood/adolescence consisted of parental self-reports of smoking and participants' serum cotinine levels. Participants were classified into 3 exposure groups: 1) no exposure (nonsmoking parents, cotinine <1.0 ng/mL); 2) hygienic parental smoking (1–2 smoking parents, cotinine <1.0 ng/mL); and 3) nonhygienic parental smoking (1–2 smoking parents, cotinine ≥1.0 ng/mL). Analyses adjusted for sex, age, family socioeconomic status, polygenic risk score for cognitive function, adolescent/adult smoking, blood pressure, and serum total cholesterol level. Compared with the nonexposed, participants exposed to nonhygienic parental smoking were at higher risk of poor (lowest quartile) midlife episodic memory and associative learning (relative risk (RR) = 1.38, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.08, 1.75), and a weak association was found for short-term and spatial working memory (RR = 1.25, 95% CI: 0.98, 1.58). Associations for those exposed to hygienic parental smoking were nonsignificant (episodic memory and associative learning: RR = 1.19, 95% CI: 0.92, 1.54; short-term and spatial working memory: RR = 1.10, 95% CI: 0.85, 1.34). We conclude that avoiding childhood/adolescence secondhand smoke exposure promotes adulthood cognitive function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: E-cigarette use has been on the rise among children and adolescents. This study aimed to assess the knowledge and attitudes of the health hazards and laws regarding e-cigarette use among parents in Saudi Arabia. In addition, we evaluated the effect of parental smoking on parent's knowledge. Methods: This study was conducted with parents of children below 18 years of age in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Jeddah was divided into four areas (north, south, east, and west) and in each area, the largest shopping mall was selected. Data were gathered using a self-administered questionnaire. Results: Out of 1386 parents, 61.7% were smokers, 13.3% reported that their children used e-cigarettes, and 73.6% did not discuss e-cigarette use with their children. In total, 77.3% of parents thought it was important to be educated about e-cigarette use. However, their ability to discuss e-cigarette use with their children was 13.9% lower than their ability to discuss regular cigarette smoking with their children. Parents who were smokers were more accepting of their children using e-cigarettes (P< 0.0001). Mothers who smoked were more accepting than fathers of their children using e-cigarettes (P< 0.0001). Conclusion: Parents reported a lack of knowledge and attitudes regarding e-cigarette use. Parental smoking, especially among mothers, was statistically significantly related to their e-cigarette use knowledge and attitudes. Parents agreed that it was important to educate parents regarding e-cigarette use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mechanisms by which passive smoking leads to cardiometabolic risks, and the tissues involved still require elucidation. We aimed to evaluate the association of parental smoking exposure (PSE) with the secretion of adipocyte-derived hormones and cardiometabolic risk factors in Chinese children. We included 3150 school children aged 6-18 years from the Beijing Child and Adolescent Metabolic Syndrome (BCAMS) study. Data on PSE and potential confounders were collected. Six adipokines related to insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome (MetS) were measured. PSE was reported in nearly two-thirds of the children. After adjusting for covariates, including age, sex, pubertal stages, lifestyle factors, and family history, PSE was independently associated with increases of 39.2% in leptin and 3.9% in retinol binding protein-4 and decreases of 11.4% in fibroblast growth factor 21 and 4.6% in adiponectin levels (p < 0.05 for all), plus risks for central obesity (OR 1.59, 95% CI 1.33–1.90), elevated blood pressure (1.22, 1.02–1.46) and MetS (1.43, 1.11–1.85). However, the associations of PSE with hypertension and MetS were abolished when adjusted for adiposity parameters or the above-mentioned adipokine profiles. PSE was associated with dysregulation of adipokine levels, which might mediate the development of MetS in early life. Image 1 • Parental smoking exposure was not only associated with adiposity, but also with unfavorable adipokine profiles. • Parental smoking exposure was associated with metabolic syndrome and its components in Chinese children. • Alterations in adipokine levels might mediate the relation between passive smoking and cardiometabolic disorders in children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Family courts address a multitude of issues when determining the rules of a child’s life after his or her parents divorce or otherwise seek court intervention on custody and visitation arrangements. Most states have enacted statutes setting parameters for custody and visitation determinations.However, the nature of these cases requires that trial courts retain significant discretion in weighing the various factors and crafting orders reflecting the best interests of the children before them. With the abundance of scientific evidence describing the dangers of exposure to secondhandsmoke or environmental tobacco smoke (secondhand smoke), particularly for children, and the increasing public awareness and understanding of these dangers, the issue of a child’s exposure to secondhand smoke is being raised more frequently in custody and visitation cases. Although there is nothing novel about a family court considering factors that affect a child’s health, the impact that secondhand smoke has on children generally and on a particular child in a custody proceeding are relatively new issues for most trial courts and family law attorneys. This Synopsis is designed to assist courts, practitioners and lay people who are faced with a custody or visitation proceeding in which a child’s exposure to secondhand smoke has been or may be raised.Section I presents a summary of the adverse health effects suffered by children who are exposed to secondhand smoke. Section II provides a general overview of the process by which family courts draft custody and visitation orders, and how this process permits consideration of secondhand smoke exposure. Section III discusses specific cases that involve the use of secondhand smoke exposure as a factor in custody or visitation decisions. Cases regarding children who are particularly susceptible to secondhand smoke exposure, as well as those concerning healthy children, are considered. Section IV discusses the use of judicial notice to introduce scientific data regarding the adverse health effects of secondhand smoke exposure. Section V explains why the consideration of parental smoking in custody and visitation disputes does not infringe upon the right to parental autonomy.

Background: The presence of melanin pigmentation of the gingiva has unfavorable effects on esthetics in children. Although there are several local and systemic factors that cause melanin pigmentation, they may also be induced by the stimulation of melanocytes by stimuli present in tobacco smoke., Aim: The aim of the study was to correlate the effect of parental smoking on the pigmentation of gingiva in children of Modinagar, Uttar Pradesh, India., Materials and Methods: The study was a cross-sectional observational study. The study sample was formed by all children between 8 and 14 years of age. Only medically compromised children were excluded from the study. The children were examined for the presence of gingival melanin pigmentation. The status was recorded as present or absent. Determination of the smoking status of family members was done by a self-formulated questionnaire., Results: The presence of pigmentation was seen in 114 (82%) children, whereas pigmentation was absent in 26 (18%) children. Out of the total sample of 140 children, 95 had one or more family members who were smoking. The Chi-squared test performed to form an association between pigmentation and the type of tobacco used revealed high significance ( p = 0.00) for the father who smokes bidi., Conclusion: There is a correlation between parental smoking and melanin pigmentation in the gingiva of children, and the correlation is very high when the father is a smoker, especially when he smokes bidi., How to Cite This Article: Anand A, Raja T, Thakur V, et al. Evaluation of the Effect of Parental Smoking on Gingival Melanin Pigmentation in Children. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2024;17(2):173-175., Competing Interests: Source of support: Nil Conflict of interest: None, (Copyright © 2024; The Author(s).)

Background: Maternal smoking during pregnancy is a risk factor associated with intrauterine growth retardation and postnatal complications.Aim: To assess the relationship between prenatal exposure to smoking on hand grip strength in children 7-10 years of age.Study Design: Generalized Linear Model (GLM) was used to assess the relationship between grip strength and smoking status of parents, controlling for social status, birth outcome and body size.Outcome Measures: Height, weight and hand grip strength were measured by trained staff. Smoking status of both parents during pregnancy, mother's level of education and birth outcome were reported by questionnaire.Subjects: 734 records (297 boys, 437 girls) of healthy children aged 7-10 years from a survey conducted in 2001-2003 in randomly selected primary schools of Łódź.Results/conclusion: Boys exposed to both maternal and paternal smoking during prenatal life showed lower muscular strength at 7-10 years, but a similar relationship was not observed in girls. Intrauterine hypoxia due to maternal smoking during pregnancy and subsequent postnatal exposure to maternal and paternal smoking may have attenuated the formation and subsequent development of muscle fibres in boys. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Consider a statistical analysis that draws causal inferences from an observational dataset, inferences that are presented as being valid in the standard frequentist senses; i.e. the analysis produces: (1) consistent point estimates, (2) valid p-values, valid in the sense of rejecting true null hypotheses at the nominal level or less often, and/or (3) confidence intervals, which are presented as having at least their nominal coverage for their estimands. For the hypothetical validity of these statements, the analysis must embed the observational study in a hypothetical randomized experiment that created the observed data, or a subset of that hypothetical randomized data set. This multistage effort with thought-provoking tasks involves: (1) a purely conceptual stage that precisely formulate the causal question in terms of a hypothetical randomized experiment where the exposure is assigned to units; (2) a design stage that approximates a randomized experiment before any outcome data are observed, (3) a statistical analysis stage comparing the outcomes of interest in the exposed and non-exposed units of the hypothetical randomized experiment, and (4) a summary stage providing conclusions about statistical evidence for the sizes of possible causal effects. Stages 2 and 3 may rely on modern computing to implement the effort, whereas Stage 1 demands careful scientific argumentation to make the embedding plausible to scientific readers of the proffered statistical analysis. Otherwise, the resulting analysis is vulnerable to criticism for being simply a presentation of scientifically meaningless arithmetic calculations. The conceptually most demanding tasks are often the most scientifically interesting to the dedicated researcher and readers of the resulting statistical analyses. This perspective is rarely implemented with any rigor, for example, completely eschewing the first stage. We illustrate our approach using an example examining the effect of parental smoking on children's lung function collected in families living in East Boston in the 1970s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite significant reductions in incidence since the introduction of safe infant sleeping recommendations, sudden infant death syndrome is still the major cause of neonatal death in western countries. In the United States, over 2500 infants die suddenly and unexpectedly each year with nearly 100 deaths annually in Australia. Health professionals play a critical role in advising parents how to sleep their infants safely to minimise the risk of sudden infant death syndrome and sleeping accidents. Infants should be placed supine to sleep in a cot with a firm well‐fitting mattress in the parental bedroom with no soft or loose bedding which could obstruct the airway. Exposure to smoking both before and after birth should be minimised. Breastfeeding should be encouraged, as should immunisation. Dummies can be recommended after breastfeeding has been established. This review outlines the evidence behind these recommendations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Children who are exposed to secondhand smoke (SHS) have an increased risk of a wide range of health problems and illnesses. Smoke-free legislation aims to improve indoor air quality and in this way protect the health of people who do not smoke. This paper examines trends in SHS exposure at home among children in Germany since the introduction of smoking bans in public places. Special focus is placed on the importance of the family of origin’s socioeconomic status (SES) and on parental smoking behaviour. Methods The analyses are based on two waves of the “German Health Interview and Examination Survey for Children and Adolescents” (KiGGS)—one of which was conducted immediately before the introduction of central smoke-free legislation in the 2003-2006 period, the other approximately 6 years later from 2009 to 2012. A comparison is made between the answers given by the parents of children aged between 0 to 6 (KiGGS baseline study, n = 6680; KiGGS Wave 1, n = 4455). Domestic SHS exposure is covered in the parent interviews by asking whether anyone is allowed to smoke at home in the presence of their child. Parental smoking behaviour is determined separately for mothers and fathers. SES is determined on the basis of the parents’ education, occupational status and income. Results The percentage of 0- to 6-year-old children exposed to SHS in the parental home fell from 23.9 to 6.6 % in the period from 2003-2006 to 2009-2012. At the same time, the percentage of children with at least one parent who smokes decreased from 49.8 to 41.8 %. While relative social inequalities in parental smoking behaviour have tended to increase over time, inequalities in domestic SHS exposure have persisted. Children whose parents smoke and children from low-SES families are still most likely to be exposed to tobacco smoke. In both study periods and after statistical adjustment for parental smoking behaviour, children with a low SES had a 6.6-fold higher risk for SHS exposure in the parental home than children from high-SES households. Conclusions The results of the KiGGS study show that the proportion of children in Germany who are exposed to SHS at home has declined significantly over the last few years. There is much to suggest that the smoke-free legislation that has been introduced in Germany has led to a heightened awareness of the health risks of SHS both in public and in the private sphere, as well as to a denormalization of smoking. Children whose parents smoke, and among them particularly children from socially disadvantaged families, should be recognised as key target groups when implementing future tobacco-control measures.

Abstract: Background: Five studies carried out after bronchiolitis at less than 24 months of age, with a follow‐up of more than 10 years, reported that atopic dermatitis, family asthma, early‐life exposure to tobacco smoke and rhinovirus aetiology were early‐life risk factors for later asthma. This study evaluated the long‐term outcome at 11‐13 years of age of children who were hospitalized for bronchiolitis in early infancy. Methods: We previously prospectively followed 166 children hospitalized for bronchiolitis at less than 6 months of age until 5‐7 years of age. The current study included a structured questionnaire, parental interviews, clinical examinations and bronchodilation test of 138 of those children at 11‐13 years of age. Results: Respiratory syncytial virus caused 66% of the bronchiolitis cases, and nearly half of the patients were exposed to tobacco smoke in early life. Doctor‐diagnosed asthma was present in 13% of the former bronchiolitis patients at 11‐13 years of age. Maternal asthma was the only independently significant risk factor in early life (adjusted OR 3.45, 95% CI 1.07‐11.74), as was allergic rhinitis at 5‐7 years of age (adjusted OR 4.06, 95% CI 1.35‐12.25). Conclusions: After bronchiolitis at less than 6 months of age, the risk of doctor‐diagnosed asthma at 11‐13 years was about twice that of the general Finnish population. Maternal asthma was the only independently significant early‐life risk factor for current asthma at 11‐13 years of age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This article examines gender differences in the transmission of smoking, and the role of parenting, school climate, and negative emotions in the parental smoking–adolescent smoking relationship. Methods: The study used a nationally representative cross-sectional data on 5,290 Filipino secondary students. Results: Results suggest that Filipino adolescents having parents who smoke, tend to smoke cigarettes. Maternal smoking affects both girls' and boys' smoking, but paternal smoking has no effect on both sexes. Further, parenting dimensions (support and knowledge), school climate (bullying victimization and peer support), and negative emotions (loneliness and anxiety) tend to moderate the effects of parental smoking on adolescent smoking. Some of these factors appear to protect adolescents from parental smoking, while others aggravate the effects of parental smoking. Conclusions/Importance: Current findings suggest important theoretical and practical implications on the relationship between parental and adolescent smoking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]