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FixK2 is a CRP/FNR-type transcription factor that plays a central role in a sophisticated regulatory network for the anoxic, microoxic and symbiotic lifestyles of the soybean endosymbiont Bradyrhizobium diazoefficiens. Aside from the balanced expression of the fixK2 gene under microoxic conditions (induced by the two-component regulatory system FixLJ and negatively auto-repressed), FixK2 activity is posttranslationally controlled by proteolysis, and by the oxidation of a singular cysteine residue (C183) near its DNA-binding domain. To simulate the permanent oxidation of FixK2, we replaced C183 for aspartic acid. Purified C183D FixK2 protein showed both low DNA binding and in vitro transcriptional activation from the promoter of the fixNOQP operon, required for respiration under symbiosis. However, in a B. diazoefficiens strain coding for C183D FixK2, expression of a fixNOQP'-'lacZ fusion was similar to that in the wild type, when both strains were grown microoxically. The C183D FixK2 encoding strain also showed a wild-type phenotype in symbiosis with soybeans, and increased fixK2 gene expression levels and FixK2 protein abundance in cells. These two latter observations, together with the global transcriptional profile of the microoxically cultured C183D FixK2 encoding strain, suggest the existence of a finely tuned regulatory strategy to counterbalance the oxidation-mediated inactivation of FixK2 in vivo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: The FixK2 protein plays a pivotal role in a complex regulatory network, which controls genes for microoxic, denitrifying, and symbiotic nitrogen‐fixing lifestyles in Bradyrhizobium diazoefficiens. Among the microoxic‐responsive FixK2‐activated genes are the fixNOQP operon, indispensable for respiration in symbiosis, and the nnrR regulatory gene needed for the nitric‐oxide dependent induction of the norCBQD genes encoding the denitrifying nitric oxide reductase. FixK2 is a CRP/FNR‐type transcription factor, which recognizes a 14 bp‐palindrome (FixK2 box) at the regulated promoters through three residues (L195, E196, and R200) within a C‐terminal helix‐turn‐helix motif. Here, we mapped the determinants for discriminatory FixK2‐mediated regulation. While R200 was essential for DNA binding and activity of FixK2, L195 was involved in protein–DNA complex stability. Mutation at positions 1, 3, or 11 in the genuine FixK2 box at the fixNOQP promoter impaired transcription activation by FixK2, which was residual when a second mutation affecting the box palindromy was introduced. The substitution of nucleotide 11 within the NnrR box at the norCBQD promoter allowed FixK2‐mediated activation in response to microoxia. Thus, position 11 within the FixK2/NnrR boxes constitutes a key element that changes FixK2 targets specificity, and consequently, it might modulate B. diazoefficiens lifestyle as nitrogen fixer or as denitrifier. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The FixK 2 protein plays a pivotal role in a complex regulatory network, which controls genes for microoxic, denitrifying, and symbiotic nitrogen-fixing lifestyles in Bradyrhizobium diazoefficiens. Among the microoxic-responsive FixK 2 -activated genes are the fixNOQP operon, indispensable for respiration in symbiosis, and the nnrR regulatory gene needed for the nitric-oxide dependent induction of the norCBQD genes encoding the denitrifying nitric oxide reductase. FixK 2 is a CRP/FNR-type transcription factor, which recognizes a 14 bp-palindrome (FixK 2 box) at the regulated promoters through three residues (L195, E196, and R200) within a C-terminal helix-turn-helix motif. Here, we mapped the determinants for discriminatory FixK 2 -mediated regulation. While R200 was essential for DNA binding and activity of FixK 2 , L195 was involved in protein-DNA complex stability. Mutation at positions 1, 3, or 11 in the genuine FixK 2 box at the fixNOQP promoter impaired transcription activation by FixK 2 , which was residual when a second mutation affecting the box palindromy was introduced. The substitution of nucleotide 11 within the NnrR box at the norCBQD promoter allowed FixK 2 -mediated activation in response to microoxia. Thus, position 11 within the FixK 2 /NnrR boxes constitutes a key element that changes FixK 2 targets specificity, and consequently, it might modulate B. diazoefficiens lifestyle as nitrogen fixer or as denitrifier., (© 2021 The Authors. Environmental Microbiology published by Society for Applied Microbiology and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)