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Background While substantial anatomical study has been pursued throughout the human body, anatomical study of the human lymphatic system remains in its infancy. For microsurgeons specializing in lymphatic surgery, a better command of lymphatic anatomy is needed to further our ability to offer surgical interventions with precision. In an effort to facilitate the dissemination and advancement of human lymphatic anatomy knowledge, our teams worked together to create a map. The aim of this paper is to present our experience in mapping the anatomy of the human lymphatic system. Methods Three steps were followed to develop a modern map of the human lymphatic system: (1) identifying our source material, which was "Anatomy of the human lymphatic system," published by Rouvière and Tobias (1938), (2) choosing a modern platform, the Miro Mind Map software, to integrate the source material, and (3) transitioning our modern platform into The Human BioMolecular Atlas Program (HuBMAP). Results The map of lymphatic anatomy based on the Rouvière textbook contained over 900 data points. Specifically, the map contained 404 channels, pathways, or trunks and 309 lymph node groups. Additionally, lymphatic drainage from 165 distinct anatomical regions were identified and integrated into the map. The map is being integrated into HuBMAP by creating a standard data format called an Anatomical Structures, Cell Types, plus Biomarkers table for the lymphatic vasculature, which is currently in the process of construction. Conclusion Through a collaborative effort, we have developed a unified and centralized source for lymphatic anatomy knowledge available to the entire scientific community. We believe this resource will ultimately advance our knowledge of human lymphatic anatomy while simultaneously highlighting gaps for future research. Advancements in lymphatic anatomy knowledge will be critical for lymphatic surgeons to further refine surgical indications and operative approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fungi have a unique metabolic plasticity allowing them to produce a wide range of natural products. Since the discovery of penicillin, an antibiotic of fungal origin, substantial efforts have been devoted globally to search for fungal-derived natural bioactive products. Andean region forests represent one of the few undisturbed ecosystems in the world with little human intervention. While these forests display a rich biological diversity, mycological and chemical studies in these environments have been scarce. This review aims to summarise all the efforts regarding the chemical or bioactivity analyses of Agaricomycetes (Basidiomycota) from southern South America environments. Overall, herein we report a total of 147 fungal species, 21 of them showing chemical characterisation and/or biological activity. In terms of chemical cores, furans, chlorinated phenol derivatives, polyenes, lactones, terpenes and himanimides have been reported. These natural products displayed a range of biological activities including antioxidant, antimicrobial, antifungal, neuroprotective and osteoclast-forming suppressing effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Caffeic acid (CA) is a polyphenol belonging to the phenylpropanoid family, commonly found in plants and vegetables. It was first identified by Hlasiwetz in 1867 as a breakdown product of caffetannic acid. CA is biosynthesized from the amino acids tyrosine or phenylalanine through specific enzyme-catalyzed reactions. Extensive research since its discovery has revealed various health benefits associated with CA, including its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties. These effects are attributed to its ability to modulate several pathways, such as inhibiting NFkB, STAT3, and ERK1/2, thereby reducing inflammatory responses, and activating the Nrf2/ARE pathway to enhance antioxidant cell defenses. The consumption of CA has been linked to a reduced risk of certain cancers, mitigation of chemotherapy and radiotherapy-induced toxicity, and reversal of resistance to first-line chemotherapeutic agents. This suggests that CA could serve as a useful adjunct in cancer treatment. Studies have shown CA to be generally safe, with few adverse effects (such as back pain and headaches) reported. This review collates the latest information from Google Scholar, PubMed, the Phenol-Explorer database, and ClinicalTrials.gov, incorporating a total of 154 articles, to underscore the potential of CA in cancer prevention and overcoming chemoresistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chemotherapeutic drugs and radiotherapy are fundamental treatments to combat cancer, but, often, the doses in these treatments are restricted by their non-selective toxicities, which affect healthy tissues surrounding tumors. On the other hand, drug resistance is recognized as the main cause of chemotherapeutic treatment failure. Rosmarinic acid (RA) is a polyphenol of the phenylpropanoid family that is widely distributed in plants and vegetables, including medicinal aromatic herbs, consumption of which has demonstrated beneficial activities as antioxidants and anti-inflammatories and reduced the risks of cancers. Recently, several studies have shown that RA is able to reverse cancer resistance to first-line chemotherapeutics, as well as play a protective role against toxicity induced by chemotherapy and radiotherapy, mainly due to its scavenger capacity. This review compiles information from 56 articles from Google Scholar, PubMed, and ClinicalTrials.gov aimed at addressing the role of RA as a complementary therapy in cancer treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

La presente investigación tuvo como objetivo determinar si el costo conductual influye la elección del modo de interacción y el efecto de la adicción a las redes sociales sobre ésta. Para la selección de la muestra se aplicó el Cuestionario de Adicción a las Redes Sociales (ARS) a 306 estudiantes universitarios, 140 hombres y 166 mujeres con edades comprendidas entre los 18 y 42 años (X=22,34), luego se organizaron los puntajes en cuartiles y se seleccionaron a nueve personas del primer cuartil y nueve del último cuartil. Una vez hecho esto, se asignaron en grupos de tres personas, y cada grupo fue asignado dentro de una condición del diseño factorial. El experimento consistió en realizar una entrevista que podía contar con 10 o 16 preguntas (costo conductual), donde el participante elegía realizarla a través de una red social o de forma presencial, dependiendo de la condición asignada. En el análisis de resultados se utilizó el estadístico Kruskal – Wallis y la prueba U de Mann - Whitney para establecer si existen diferencias entre la elección por costo conductual y los cuartiles elegidos respectivamente. Los resultados demostraron que la elección tiende a ser por la opción menos costosa, sin importar la presencia, o ausencia, de adicción a las redes sociales.

El objetivo de este estudio ha sido analizar las propiedades psicométricas de la Escala de Adicción al Internet de Lima (EAIL). La escala se aplicó en 110 estudiantes de secundaria de una institución educativa pública de la ciudad de Bogotá, quienes se encontraban distribuidos entre los grados sexto a onceavo. Para validar sus propiedades psicométricas se utilizaron tres procedimientos: en primer lugar, se calculó el alfa de Cronbach para establecer la confiabilidad de la prueba; en segundo lugar, se realizó un análisis factorial exploratorio con el fin de determinar la validez interna y, por último, se realizó un análisis de comunalidades para establecer las correlaciones ítemprueba. Los resultados reflejan un índice de confiabilidad de 0.798 y la presencia de dos dimensiones que explican el 47.7% de la varianza total, aunque se presentaron inconsistencias en la carga factorial de los ítems 2 y 11. Con base en los resultados, se puede afirmar que la EAIL puede ser apropiada para su utilización con estudiantes Bogotanos, aunque es recomendable que se realicen estudios posteriores que permitan establecer soluciones a las diferencias encontradas en el análisis

Fungal polysaccharides possess a broad biological activity, including cytotoxic and antioxidant activities. This work aimed to evaluate the cytotoxic and antioxidant activity of the acidic polysaccharides of Phylloporia boldo strain (named PBAP40). Cytotoxic activity of polysaccharide was evaluated determining the viability of three tumor cell lines by MTT assay. The effect of acidic polysaccharide on the cell cycle of HL-60 cell line was evaluated by flow cytometry, and the antioxidant activity was determined by DPPH and ABTS assays. PBAP40 showed cytotoxic effects in tumor cell lines. Results suggest that P. boldo acidic polysaccharides arrested tumor cells in the cell cycle Sub G1 phase. The acidic polysaccharides of PBAP40 strain were not cytotoxic for the non-tumor cell line. PBAP40 also showed excellent antioxidant activity. The FT-IR analysis of the acidic polysaccharides indicated the presence of glucans bearing α-and β- type glycosidic bonds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]