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Paratrichocladius micans (Kieffer, 1918): Botan creek (Siirt) (Casper & Reiss 1989).

Paratrichocladius aberrans Caspers & Reiss, 1989: Bozcaada (Özkan 2006b), Eastern and Southeastern Anatolia regions streams and lakes (Şahin 1984), Sarıkum Lake and spring waters, Sinop (Akbulut et al. 2002).

Paratrichocladius rufiventris (Meigen, 1830): Lake District (Taşdemir & Ustaoğlu 2005), Meriç River (Özkan & Elipek 2006), Tunca River (Çamur-Elipek et al. 2006), Thrace region (Özkan 2010a), Büyük Menderes River (Dügel & Kazancı 2004), Blacksea region (Gültutan & Kazancı 2009), Eastern Blacksea region (Gültutan & Kazancı 2010), Bozcaada (Özkan 2006b), Marmara, Aegean, Sakarya river systems (Şahin 1987c), Çanakkale region (Özkan 2007), Cip Dam Lake, Elazığ (Akıl et al. 1996), Erikli Lake (Çamur-Elipek et al. 2012), Dupnisa Cave Kırklareli (Özkan 2009), Sazlıdere stream (Edirne) (Özkan & Çamur-Elipek 2007), Yuvarlakçay Creek (Köyceğiz, Muğla) (Taşdemir et al. 2010a), Gümüldür Stream (İzmir) (Ustaoğlu et al. 2005).

Paratrichocladius skirwithensis (Edwards, 1929): Botan Creek (Siirt), Ovit Pass (İkizdere, Rize) (Caspers & Reiss 1989).

In the century since the description of the orthoclad genus Paratrichocladius Santos-Abreu (Diptera: Chironomidae), separation in any life stage from the cosmopolitan, diverse Cricotopus Wulp has been problematic. Molecular analysis reveals the presence of two species in Australia that conform in morphology to Paratrichocladius and which form a well-supported clade including Paratrichocladius micans (Kieffer) from Africa and a distinct southern African larva. This clade clusters with taxa allied with Cricotopus albitibia (Walker), in turn nested within all other sampled Australian Cricotopus. Relevant nodes strongly support Cricotopus as nonmonophyletic without inclusion of Paratrichocladius. We synonymize Paratrichocladius with Cricotopus syn.n, treating Paratrichocladius as a subgenus. Cricotopus (Paratrichocladius) australiensis Cranston sp.n. is described for Trichocladius pluriserialis Freeman from Australia, which is not the same species under that name in New Zealand. Cricotopus (Paratrichocladius) bifenestrus Cranston sp.n. from Australia is described, also in all life stages. The many new combinations, listed in an Appendix, include three replacement names for new secondary homonyms, namely: Cricotopus (Paratrichocladius) sinobicinctus Cranston & Krosch nom.n. for Paratrichocladius bicinctus Fu, Saether & Wang, Cricotopus draysoni Cranston & Krosch nom.n. for Cricotopus brevicornis Drayson, Krosch & Cranston, and Cricotopus (Paratrichocladius) sikhotealinus Makarchenko & Makarchenko nom.n. for Cricotopus orientalis Kieffer. We conclude with comments on wider issues in the taxonomy of Paratrichocladius, especially concerning New Zealand species.

Mitochondrial DNA sequences from cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) were used to provide a phylogeny of the Chironomidae (Diptera) from Turkey. Data were obtained from 70 species of Chironomidae belonging to the genera Ablabesmyia, Chironomus, Cladotanytarsus, Conchapelopia, Cricotopus, Cryptochironomus, Dicrotendipes, Endochironomus, Eukiefferiella, Kiefferulus, Macropelopia, Micropsectra, Microtendipes, Paracladopelma, Paracricotopus, Paratanytarsus, Paratendipes, Paratrichocladius, Polypedilum, Psectrocladius, Psectrotanypus, Rheocricotopus, Tanytarsus, Thienemannimyia, Virgatanytarsus and Zavrelimyia. Neighbour-joining (NJ) and maximum likelihood (ML) analyses were used to identify the relationships among species. We confirmed monophyly of all sampled subfamilies and also tribes Chironomini, Tanytarsini, Macropelopiini and Pentaneurini, with the exception of subfamily Tanypodinae in ML analysis. However, in Chironomini, genus Chironomus, Cryptochironomus, Endochironomus and Paratendipes were monophyletic, while Polypedilum was not. Likewise, in Tanytarsini, genus Paratanytarsus and Cladotanytarsus were monophyletic, while Tanytarsus and Micropsectra were not. Also, in Macropelopiini and Pentaneurini, genus Macropelopia and Zavrelimyia were monophyletic. However, Ablabesmyia, genus of Pentaneurini, formed monophyletic group only in NJ analysis. In this study, we determined an unexpected inclusion of a Tanytarsus brundini individual into Micropsectra group. According to our pairwise distance analyses, the mean interspesific divergence was 19.4% for all species studied. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Six new species of the orthoclad genus Paratrichocladius from the Sino-Indian Region (P. aduncus sp. n., P. bicinctus sp. n., P. caestus sp. n., P. comptus sp. n., P. sagittarius sp. n., P. ternarius sp. n.) are described and illustrated as males. Notesare given on P. ater Wang et Zheng, P. guidalii Rossaro, P. hamatus Wang et Zheng, P. lanzavechiai Rossaro, P. pierfrancescoi Rossaro, P. pretorianus (Freeman), P. rufiventris (Meigen), P. skirwithensis (Edwards), and P. tridens Fu et Wang based on Chinese material. The holotypes of P. mongolseteus Sasa et Suzuki, P. tobanonadecimus Kikuchi et Sasa, P. tusimocedeus Sasa et Suzuki, P. unabrevis Sasa, and P. yakukeleus Sasa et Suzuki are re-examined. P. brevicornis and P. tamaater are listed. Paratrichocladius gotoefeus Sasa et Suzuki is transferred to the genus Paracricotopus and is ajunior synonym of Paracricotopus tamabrevis (Sasa et Suzuki). A key to the males of Paratrichocladius from the SinoIndian Region is given.

Paratrichocladius tridens Fu et Wang (Fig. 12 A���B) Paratrichocladius tridens Fu et Wang, 2008: 728. Material examined. CHINA: Tibet Autonomous Region, Chayu County, Xiachayu Town, Baantong Village (28 �� 37 ���N, 97 �� 29 ���E), alt. 1600m, sweeping, holotype male, 13. vi. 1988, Chengyu Deng (BDN No. 1723). Paratypes: CHINA: Tibet Autonomous Region, Rikaze County, China ��� Nepal Friendship Bridge (29 �� 36 ���N, 91 ��06���E), alt. 1800m, sweeping, 2 males, 14. vi. 1988, Chengyu Deng (BDN No. 1199, 07871). Diagnostic characters. The species can be separated from all other members of the genus by having 13 sensilla chaetica on ta 1 of P 3; humeral pit developed and reniform; the femur of middle and hind legs dark brown on apical 1 / 3, other parts yellow; setae on tergites relatively short, posterior of tergites V���VII in pale coloration; phallapodeme with two different colors, the deeper colored part like a fork with three tines; inferior volsella elongate and bilobed, with rounded apex, and superior volsella rounded and well developed; gonostylus slender, without distinct crista dorsalis. Correction to description (n = 3). ���Gonostylus 225���285, 260 ��m long��� should be corrected to ���Gonostylus 128���136, 132 ��m long���. Distribution. The species was collected in subtropical area in Tibet Autonomous Region (Oriental China)., Published as part of Fu, Yue, Saether, Ole A. & Wang, Xinhua, 2012, A review of Paratrichocladius Santos Abreu from the Sino-Indian Region (Diptera: Chironomidae: Orthocladiinae), pp. 453-482 in Zootaxa 3478 on pages 474-475, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.209364, {"references":["Fu, Y. & Wang, X. H. (2008) A new species of Paratrichocladius Santos Abreu (Diptera: Chironomidae) from China. Sichuan Journal of Zoology, 27, 728 - 730."]}

Paratrichocladius tobanonadecimus Kikuchi et Sasa (Fig. 11 A���C) Paratrichocladius tobanonadecimus Kikuchi et Sasa, 1990: 322. Material examined. INDONESIA: Sumatra, at the side of Lake Toba, holotype male, 2.i. 1988, M. Kikuchi (No. 200: 73). Diagnostic characters. The species can be separated from other members of the genus by the following combination of characters: AR very small, about 0.4; LR 1 more than 0.8; humeral pit absent; superior volsella absent, inferior volsella triangular and marginal rounded; gonostylus with well developed triangular crista dorsalis. Additions to description. Some additional characters should be added as: Clypeus with 9 setae. Tentorium 128 ��m long, 22 ��m wide. Dorsocentrals 10, acrostichals 5, prealars 10. Wing length/ length of profemur: 2.4. VR 1.1. Costal extension 45 ��m long. Wing width/ wing length: 0.33. Wing with two anal veins. Palpomeres length (in ��m): 25, 45, 63, 85, 135. Palpomere 2 ellipsoid, 3 and 4 rectangular, 5 long and slender, Palpomeres 5 / 3 2.2. Transverse sternapodeme 62 ��m long, with weak oral projections. Gonocoxite 145 ��m long. Gonostylus 65 ��m long; with a broad, triangular crista dorsalis. Megaseta 8 ��m long. HR 2.2, HV 2.4. The wing and hypopygium of holotype are re-drawn as in Fig. 11 A���C. Distribution. The species occurs in Indonesia (Oriental Region)., Published as part of Fu, Yue, Saether, Ole A. & Wang, Xinhua, 2012, A review of Paratrichocladius Santos Abreu from the Sino-Indian Region (Diptera: Chironomidae: Orthocladiinae), pp. 453-482 in Zootaxa 3478 on pages 473-474, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.209364, {"references":["Kikuchi, M. & Sasa, M. (1990) Studies on the chironomid midges (Diptera, Chironomidae) of the Lake Toba area, Sumatra, Indonesia. Eisei Dobutsu [= Japanese Journal of Sanitary Zoology.], 41, 291 - 329."]}

Paratrichocladius tamaater Sasa Paratrichocladius tamaater Sasa, 1981: 20; Yamamoto 2004: 75. Diagnostic characters. Total length 2.66 mm. Wing length 1.60 mm. AR 1.14. The chaetotaxy of the abdomen is reduced, and arranged in three groups, an oral transverse row, a caudal transverse row, and a pair of lateral longitudinal rows. Inferior volsella bilobed. This species is similar to P. a t e r Wang et Zheng because of the shape of inferior volsella, but they can separate by the AR, coloration, humeral pit and the chaetotaxy of the abdomen. Distribution. Japan. Remarks. The holotype was not examined, but we found the photos of this species., Published as part of Fu, Yue, Saether, Ole A. & Wang, Xinhua, 2012, A review of Paratrichocladius Santos Abreu from the Sino-Indian Region (Diptera: Chironomidae: Orthocladiinae), pp. 453-482 in Zootaxa 3478 on page 472, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.209364, {"references":["Sasa, M. (1981) Studies on chironomid midges of the Tama River. Part 3. Species of the subfamily Orthocladiinae recorded at the summer survey and their distribution in relation to the pollution with sewage waters. Research Report from the National Institute for Environmental Studies, Japan, 29, 1 - 77.","Yamamoto, M. (2004) A catalog of Japanese Orthocladiinae (Diptera: Chironomidae). Acta Dipterologica, 21, 1 - 121."]}

Paratrichocladius pretorianus (Freeman) Trichocladius pretorianus Freeman, 1956: 316. Paratrichocladius pretorianus (Freeman) Freeman & Cranston 1980; Rossaro 1990: 59; Harrison 1992: 184. Material examined. CHINA: Fujian Province: Quanzhou City, Dehua County, Deiyunshan Mountain (25 �� 41 ��� N, 118 �� 11 ��� E), 1635 m a.s.l, 2 males, 12. ix. 2002, 14. ix. 2002, Zheng Liu (BDN No. 20134, 20170 ). Diagnostic characters. This species is similar to P. rufiventris (Meigen 1830) (Caspers & Reiss, 1989) in AR and distinct humeral pit, and most other characters, but can be separated by the setae of abdomen reduced; inferior volsella with apical rounded, not triangular, and with notched posterior margin; gonostylus with large crista dorsalis. Additions to description. Chinese specimens had the following measurements: Total length 3.0��� 3.3 mm. Wing length 1.5���1.6 mm. Total length/ wing length 2.0. Wing length/ length of profemur 2.4���2.5. AR 1.35���1.4. Temporal setae 4, including 2 inner vertical, 2 outer vertical. Clypeus with 17���19 setae. Tentorium 143���145 ��m long, 33���40 ��m wide. Stipes 145���150 ��m long, 10���13 ��m wide. Palpomeres length (in ��m): 35 ���45, 55, 108���113, 113 ��� 118, 170 ��� 178. Palpomere 5 / 3 1.55���1.6. Dorsocentrals 16���18 setae, prealars 5. Scutellum with 6���8 setae. Squama with 15���16 fringe hairs. R with 4���5 setae. VR 1.0��� 1.1. Cu length 640���670 ��m. Cu/wing length 0.42���0.43. Wing width/wing length 0.32��� 0.33. Laterosternite IX with 5���6 long setae. Phallapodeme 65���70 ��m long, transverse sternapodeme 100���105 ��m long, with oral projections. Gonocoxite 188���190 ��m long. Inferior volsella a little curved posteriorly. Superior volsella absent. Gonostylus 80���88 ��m long, with crista dorsalis. Megaseta 10���12 ��m long. HR 2.1���2.4, HV 3.7���3.8. Distribution. The species occurs in Transvaal in South Africa, and in the Ethiopian highlands. The Chinese specimens were collected in the Fujian Province (Oriental China)., Published as part of Fu, Yue, Saether, Ole A. & Wang, Xinhua, 2012, A review of Paratrichocladius Santos Abreu from the Sino-Indian Region (Diptera: Chironomidae: Orthocladiinae), pp. 453-482 in Zootaxa 3478 on page 466, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.209364, {"references":["Freeman, P. (1956) A study of African Chironomidae (Diptera) of Africa south the Sahara. II. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) (Entomology), 4, 287 - 368.","Freeman, P. & Cranston, P. S. (1980) Family Chironomidae. In: Crosskey, R. W. (Ed.), Catalogue of the Diptera of the Afrotropical Region. British Museum (Natural History), London, pp. 175 - 202.","Rossaro, B. (1990) Revision of the genus Paratrichocladius Santos-Abreu. 2 nd note: description of 4 new species (Diptera Chironomidae Orthocladiinae). Bolletino della Societa Entomologica italiana, Genova, 122, 58 - 60.","Harrison, A. D. (1992) Chironomidae from Ethiopia, Part 2. Orthocladiinae with two new species and a key to Thienemanniella Kieffer (Insecta, Diptera). Spixiana, supplement 15, 149 - 195.","Meigen, J. W. (1830) Systematische Beschreibung der bekannten europaischen Insekten. Teil VI. Hamm XI + 401 pp.","Caspers, N. & Reiss, F. (1989) Die Chironomidae (Diptera, Nematocera) der Turkei. Teil I: Podonominae, Diamesinae, Prodiamesinae, Orthocladiinae. Entomofauna, 10, 105 - 160. Cranston, P. S. (1982) A key to the larvae of the British Orthocladiinae (Chironomidae). Freshwater Biological Association, Scientific publications, 45, 1 - 152."]}

Key to Sino-Indian Region males of Paratrichocladius Santos Abreu 1. Inferior volsella bilobed................................................................................ 2 ��� Inferior volsella single-lobed............................................................................ 8 2. Abdominal tergites II���III, VI���VIII dark brown, other tergites yellowish; humeral pit absent; gonostylus slender, with very small crista dorsalis P. bicinctus sp. n. ��� Abdominal tergites in the same color, humeral pit present; gonostylus with distinct crista dorsalis...................... 3 3. Scutellum with 26 ���30, 28 setae; setae on anterior margin of tergite V���VI clearly reduced; inferior volsella boxing glove shaped.................................................................................. P. caestus sp. n. ��� Scutellum with less than 20 setae; setae on anterior margin of tergite V���VI not reduced; inferior volsella not boxing glove shaped.............................................................................................. 4 4. Femur of middle and hind legs dark brown in apical 1 / 3, other parts yellow; humeral pit reniform; palpomere 5 th/ 3 rd higher than 3.0; setae on tergites very short, posterior of tergites V���VII in pale coloration................. P. tridens Fu et Wang, 2008 ��� Legs unicolored, humeral pit not reniform; palpomere 5 / 3 lower than 2.0; setae on tergites long, posterior of tergites V���VII not in pale coloration 5 5. Dorsocentrals 33, and multiserial; superior volsella rounded and well developed, gonostylus with small triangular crista dorsa- lis...................................................................... P. yakukeleus Sasa et Suzuki, 2000 a ��� Dorsocentrals 12���26, and uniserial; superior volsella not developed; gonostylus with rounded crista dorsalis............. 6 6. AR about 0.9, dorsocentrals 26, apex of inferior volsella ring-like....................................................................................................................... P. tusimocedeus Sasa et Suzuki, 1999 ��� AR more than 1.0, dorsocentrals 12���18, apex of inferior volsella not ring-like...................................... 7 7. AR 1.6 ���2.0, 1.8; laterosternite IX with 6 ���8, 7 long setae; abdomen pilose; gonostylus with normal crista dorsalis, not expanded medially....................................................................... P. ater Wang et Zheng, 1990 ��� AR 1.05���1.26, laterosternite IX with 3 long setae; chaetotaxy of abdomen reduced; gonostylus medially expanded, with well developed rounded crista dorsalis....................................................... P. tamaater Sasa, 1981 8. Palp with only 3 palpomeres............................................................... P. ternarius sp. n. ��� Palp with 5 palpomeres................................................................................. 9 9. Apex of inferior volsella rounded....................................................................... 10 ��� Apex of inferior volsella not rounded.................................................................... 13 10. AR nearly 3.0....................................................................................... 11 ��� AR lower than 0.5................................................................................... 12 11. Hind tibia with three spurs and without normal comb; inferior volsella without semitransparent margins; gonostylus straight, apically expanded P. c o m p t u s sp. n. ��� Hind tibia with two spurs and with normal comb; inferior volsella with semitransparent margins; gonostylus apical hooked, medially expanded....................................................... P. mongolseteus Sasa et Suzuki, 1997 12. Gonostylus with small triangular crista dorsalis; corner of inferior volsella right-angled, with 6���7 long setae................................................................................................ P. unabrevis Sasa, 1996 ��� Gonostylus with high triangular crista dorsalis; corner of inferior volsella rounded, without long setae...................................................................................... P. tobanonadecimus Kikuchi et Sasa, 1990 13. Apex of inferior volsella hook-shaped.................................................................... 14 ��� Apex of inferior volsella not hook-shaped................................................................. 15 14. Inferior volsella basally narrowed, protruding in medial direction, strongly hooked medially; gonostylus slightly expanded on basal 1 / 4, with nearly rounded crista dorsalis.................................................. P. aduncus sp. n. ��� Inferior volsella basally broad, not protruding in medial direction, apically hooked; gonostylus not expanded on basal 1 / 4, with small triangular crista dorsalis................................................. P. hamatus Wang et Zheng, 1990 15. Inferior volsella strongly downwards curved............................................................... 16 ��� Inferior volsella straight or slightly curved................................................................. 17 16. Inferior volsella apical pointed, digitiform.............................................. P. guidalii Rossaro, 1990 ��� Inferior volsella un-artificially folded near medial apex............................... P. pierfrancescoi Rossaro, 1990 17. Inferior volsella wide and rectangular, anterior and posterior margins parallel............... P. lanzavechiai Rossaro, 1990 ��� Inferior volsella narrow and more or less triangular or sagittiform, anterior and posterior margins not parallel........... 18 18. Inferior volsella arrow-shaped, pointing downwards; gonostylus with pointed triangular crista dorsalis... P. sagittarius sp. n. ��� Inferior volsella nearly triangular, pointing medially, gonostylus with triangular or slightly rounded crista dorsalis........ 19 19. AR 0.62, row of basal setae of abdominal tergites absent.............................. P. brevicornis Hirvenoja, 1986 ��� AR> 0.77, row of basal setae of abdominal tergites present................................................... 20 20. AR usually less than 1.0; humeral pit scarcely present, inferior volsella higher, and not distinctly mediad extended.................................................................................... P. skirwithensis (Edwards 1929) ��� AR usually more than 1.0; humeral pit strongly developed, inferior volsella lower, and distinctly extended mediad....... 21 21. Inferior volsella posteriorly relatively hooked, with notched margin.......................... P. pretorianus (Freeman) ��� Inferior volsella posteriorly relatively straight, with flat margin........................... P. rufiventris (Meigen, 1830), Published as part of Fu, Yue, Saether, Ole A. & Wang, Xinhua, 2012, A review of Paratrichocladius Santos Abreu from the Sino-Indian Region (Diptera: Chironomidae: Orthocladiinae), pp. 453-482 in Zootaxa 3478 on pages 480-481, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.209364, {"references":["Fu, Y. & Wang, X. H. (2008) A new species of Paratrichocladius Santos Abreu (Diptera: Chironomidae) from China. Sichuan Journal of Zoology, 27, 728 - 730.","Sasa, M. & Suzuki, H. (2000 a) Studies on the chironomid midges collected on Yakushima Island, Southwestern Japan. Tropical Medicine, 42, 53 - 134.","Sasa, M. & Suzuki, H. (1999) Studies on the chironomid midges of Tsushima and Iki Islands, western Japan: Part 2. Species of Orthocladiinae and Tanypodinae collected on Tsushima. Tropical Medicine, 41, 75 - 132.","Wang, X. & Zheng, L. (1990) Two new species and a first recorded species of Paratrichocladius Santos Abreu (Diptera: Chironomidae) from China. Acta Entomologica Sinica, 33, 243 - 246.","Sasa, M. (1981) Studies on chironomid midges of the Tama River. Part 3. Species of the subfamily Orthocladiinae recorded at the summer survey and their distribution in relation to the pollution with sewage waters. Research Report from the National Institute for Environmental Studies, Japan, 29, 1 - 77.","Sasa, M. & Suzuki, H. (1997) Studies on the Chironomidae (Diptera, Insecta) collected in Mongolia. Japanese Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 25, 149 - 189.","Sasa, M. (1996) Studies on chironomids additionally collected on the shore of Jinzu River, Toyama. - In: Research Report from Toyama Prefectural Environmental Pollution Research Centre: Some characteristics of water quality and aquatic organism in the chief lakes of Toyama Prefecture (Konadegawa Reservoir), pp. 16 - 112.","Kikuchi, M. & Sasa, M. (1990) Studies on the chironomid midges (Diptera, Chironomidae) of the Lake Toba area, Sumatra, Indonesia. Eisei Dobutsu [= Japanese Journal of Sanitary Zoology.], 41, 291 - 329.","Rossaro, B. (1990) Revision of the genus Paratrichocladius Santos-Abreu. 2 nd note: description of 4 new species (Diptera Chironomidae Orthocladiinae). Bolletino della Societa Entomologica italiana, Genova, 122, 58 - 60.","Hirvenoja, M. (1986) New species of the genera Cricotopus v. d. Wulp and Paratrichocladius Santos Abreu from Himalaya (Diptera, Chironomidae). In: Fittkau, E. J. (ed.): Beitrage zur Systematik der Chironomidae, Diptera. Spixiana, supplement 11, 161 - 166.","Edwards, F. W. (1929) British non-biting midges (Diptera, Chironomidae). Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London, 77, 279 - 430.","Meigen, J. W. (1830) Systematische Beschreibung der bekannten europaischen Insekten. Teil VI. Hamm XI + 401 pp."]}

Paratrichocladius bicinctus sp. n. (Fig. 3 A���E) Type material. Holotype male, (BDN No. 12319), CHINA: Sichuan Province: Ganzi Autonomous State, Luding County, Wucigou (29 �� 55 ��� N, 102 �� 14 ��� E), alt. 2750 m, light trap, 7. vi. 1996, Xinhua Wang. Paratypes: 2 males, (BDN No. 12313, 12317), as holotype. Guangxi Autonomous Region: Longsheng County, Sanmen Town (25 �� 43 ��� N, 109 �� 52 ��� E), alt. 1954 m, light trap, 1 male, 27. v. 1990, Xinhua Wang (BDN No. 1768); Hainan Province: Changjiang County, Bawang Mountain (18 �� 50 ��� N, 109 �� 14 ��� E), alt. 533 m, light trap, 1 male, 11. v. 1989, Xinhua Wang (BDN No. 05724); Shandong Province: Yantai City, Muping District (37 �� 16 ��� N, 121 �� 32 ��� E), alt. 217 m, light trap, 1 male, 25. viii. 1988, Xinhua Wang (BDN No. 1760). Diagnostic characters. The adult male can be separated from other members of the genus by having abdominal tergites II���III, VI���VIII dark brown and other tergites yellowish; setae on tergites IV���V distinctly reduced (11���12 setae as opposed to more than 20 in other tergites) in number; humeral pit absent; inferior volsella bilobed and well developed; and gonostylus with a very small crista dorsalis. Etymology. From Latin, bicinctus, referring to the coloration of abdominal tergites. Description. Adult male (n = 6) Total length 2.15���2.68, 2.40 mm. Wing length 1.23���1.50, 1.35 mm. Total length / wing length 1.7���1.9, 1.8. Wing length / length of profemur 2.5���2.9, 2.7. Coloration. Head dark brown, palp and antenna brown. Thorax yellowish brown to dark brown. Legs with femur of fore-, mid- and hind leg dark brown in basal 1 / 3; tarsomere 1 in apical 1 / 2 and tarsomere 2���5 of fore leg dark brown, other parts yellow. Abdominal tergites II���III, VI���VIII dark brown, other tergites yellowish. Head. AR 0.83���0.98, 0.90, ultimate flagellomere 330���390, 349 ��m long, with groove from the fourth flagellomere, apex without sensilla chaetica. Temporal setae 4���5, including 3 inner verticals, 1���2 outer verticals. Clypeus with 9 ���12, 10 setae. Tentorium 120���125, 123 ��m long; 25 ���33, 29 ��m wide. Stipes 120���125, 123 ��m long; 5 ���8, 6 ��m wide. Palpomeres length (in ��m): 25 ���28, 27; 33 ���38, 36; 70 ���90, 80; 93 ���100, 96; 133���170, 152. Palpomere 5 / 3 1.5���2.3, 2.0. Wing (Fig. 3 A). Squama with 14 ���16, 15 setae, R with 4 setae. Costal extension 60 ���65, 63 ��m long. VR 1.1���1.2, 1.15. Cu length 500���630, 560 ��m. Cu/ wing length 0.41���0.43, 0.42. Wing width/ wing length 0.31���0.33, 0.32. Thorax (Fig. 3 B). Dorsocentrals 16 ���20, 18; acrostichals 8 ���12, 10; prealars 3. Scutellum with 16 ���20, 18 setae. Legs. Spur of fore tibia 30 ���40, 36 ��m long; spurs of mid tibia 15 ���18, 17 ��m and 13 ���15, 14 ��m long; of hind tibia 40 ���50, 43 ��m and 15 ���20, 18 ��m long. Hind tibial comb with 11 ���13, 12 setae. Width at apex of fore tibia 33 ���38, 35 ��m; of mid tibia 33 ���40, 36 m; of hind tibia 38 ���45, 41 ��m. Sensilla chaetica 8 on ta 1 of P 3. Lengths and proportions of legs as in Table 2. Fe ti ta 1 ta 2 ta 3 p 1 450���7580, 510 600���7770, 698 370���7470, 435 225���7280, 260 160���7205, 189 p 2 490���7640, 573 520���7650, 583 255���7310, 286 145���7175, 160 110���7130, 120 p 3 480���7600, 533 560���7710, 633 325���7410, 366 180���7220, 201 135���7165, 154 continued. ta 4 ta 5 LR BV SV BR p 1 115���7145, 133 85 ���7105, 94 0.61���70.64, 0.63 2.4���72.5, 2.4 2.6���72.9, 2.8 1.5���71.9, 1.7 p 2 70 ���780, 76 65 ���780, 75 0.48���70.53, 0.50 3.2���73.4, 3.3 3.8���74.2, 4.0 1.3���71.8, 1.6 p 3 80 ���795, 84 75 ���780, 77 0.57���70.59, 0.58 2.9���73.1, 3.0 3.1���73.2, 3.2 1.8���72.5, 2.1 Abdomen (Fig. 3 C). Tergites II���III very setose, distinctly fewer on tergites IV���VI. Setae on tergites I���IX as illustrated. Hypopygium (Fig. 3 D���E). Laterosternite IX with 6 ���8, 7 long setae. Phallapodeme 45 ���50, 48 ��m long; transverse sternapodeme 90 ���103, 95 ��m long, with oral projections. Gonocoxite 155���175, 170 ��m long; with more than 12 long setae. Superior volsella small, rounded. Inferior volsella bilobed. Gonostylus 80 ���85, 82 ��m long, with small crista dorsalis. Megaseta 8 ���10, 9 ��m long. HR 1.9���2.2, 2.1; HV 2.6���3.2, 2.9. Distribution. The specimens were collected in subtropical areas in Sichuan and Hainan Provinces, Guangxi Autonomous Region, Oriental China; Shandong Province, Palaearctic China., Published as part of Fu, Yue, Saether, Ole A. & Wang, Xinhua, 2012, A review of Paratrichocladius Santos Abreu from the Sino-Indian Region (Diptera: Chironomidae: Orthocladiinae), pp. 453-482 in Zootaxa 3478 on pages 457-459, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.209364

Paratrichocladius unabrevis Sasa (Fig. 14 A���C) Paratrichocladius unabrevis Sasa, 1996: 58; Yamamoto 2004: 75. Material examined. JAPAN: Honshu, Toyama Prefecture, Unazuki, holotype male, 27. ix. 1984, M. Sasa (No. 279: 11). Diagnostic characters. The species can be separated from other members of the genus by a small AR about 0.30; the broad inferior volsella with rounded, almost rectangular margin with many strong setae; and tergite IX well developed and covering the whole inferior volsella in dorsal view. Additions to description. Total length / wing length 2.1. Wing length / length of profemur 2.2. Outer verticals 4, frontals 6. Tentorium 150 ��m long, 25 ��m wide. Dorsocentrals 10, scutellars 8. Squama with 7 setae. Palpomeres length (in ��m): 18, 50, 70, 100, 120. Palpomere 2 and 3 ellipsoid, 4 and 5 rectangular, Palpomeres 5 / 3 1.7. Laterosternite IX with 9 long setae. Transverse sternapodeme 75 ��m long, with well developed oral projections. Gonocoxite 185 ��m long. Gonostylus 85 ��m long. Megaseta 15 ��m long. HR 2.2, HV 2.8. The hypopygium of holotype are re-drawn as in Fig. 14 A���C. Distribution. The species is recorded from Japan., Published as part of Fu, Yue, Saether, Ole A. & Wang, Xinhua, 2012, A review of Paratrichocladius Santos Abreu from the Sino-Indian Region (Diptera: Chironomidae: Orthocladiinae), pp. 453-482 in Zootaxa 3478 on page 477, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.209364, {"references":["Sasa, M. (1996) Studies on chironomids additionally collected on the shore of Jinzu River, Toyama. - In: Research Report from Toyama Prefectural Environmental Pollution Research Centre: Some characteristics of water quality and aquatic organism in the chief lakes of Toyama Prefecture (Konadegawa Reservoir), pp. 16 - 112.","Yamamoto, M. (2004) A catalog of Japanese Orthocladiinae (Diptera: Chironomidae). Acta Dipterologica, 21, 1 - 121."]}

Paratrichocladius rufiventris (Meigen) (Fig. 7 A���M). Chironomus rufiventris Meigen, 1830: 249. Chironomus opplens Walker, 1830: 187. Orthocladius tenuipes Becker, 1908: 75. Trichocladius proximus Kieffer, 1911: 186. Trichocladius nudipes Goetghebuer, 1921: 99. Trichocladius dentifer Goetghebuer, 1935: 7. Trichocladius nadigi Goetghebuer, 1938: 62. Trichocladius rufipes Goetghebuer, 1944: 39. Trichocladius arduus Goetghebuer in Humphries, 1951: 209. Paratrichocladius luteoligaster Santos-Abreu, 1918: 205. Phaenocladius bavaricus Kieffer, 1924: 82. Trichocladius hyemalis Goetghebuer, 1950: 9. Paratrichocladius rufiventris Hirvenoja 1973: 88. Cranston & Oliver, 1988: 444; Rossaro 1990: 58; Wang & Zheng 1990: 245; Wang 2000: 638; Yamamoto 2004: 73. Material examined. CHINA: Jilin Province: Jilin City, Changbaishan Mountain (43 �� 55 ��� N, 126 �� 26 ��� E), alt. 1700 m, 6 males, 22. vi. 1986, 23. vi. 1986, 25. vi. 1986, 7. vii. 1986, 30. iv. 1994, Xinhua Wang (BDN No. 0 5380, 0 5382, 0 5383, 0 5381, 0 5378, 01868,); Antu County, Erdaohe Town (42 �� 47 ��� N, 128 �� 31 ��� E), alt. 760 m, 2 males, 29. iv. 1994, Xinhua Wang (BDN No. 0 1870, 01869); Liaoning Province, Dandong City, Fengcheng County (40 �� 34 ��� N, 124 ��02��� E), alt. 109 m, 1 male, 8. iv. 1993, light trap, Xinhua Wang (BDN No. 12543); Dandong City, Kuandian County (40 �� 40 ��� N, 125 ��01��� E), alt. 226 m, 2 males, 12 iv. 1992, 22. iv. 1992, light trap, Xinhua Wang (BDN No. 0 3380, 07641); Nei Monggol Autonomous Region, Alashan Alliance, Bayanhaote City (28 �� 49 ��� N, 105 �� 41 ��� E), alt. 1000 m, 5 males, 31. vii. 1987, Xinhua Wang (BDN No. 1183, 0 5402, 0 5389, 0 5390, 05391); Ningxia Autonomous Region, Guyuan City, Liupanshan Mountain (36 �� 58 ��� N, 106 �� 12 ��� E), alt. 1717 m, 2 males, 8. viii. 1988, light trap, Xinhua Wang (BDN No. 0 5396, 05910; Xinjiang Autonomous Region, Altay Prefecture, Habahe County (48 �� 26 ��� N, 86 �� 25 ��� E), alt. 1479 m, 23 males, 15. vii. 2002, 25. vii. 2002, sweeping, Hongqu Tang (BDN No. 21823, 23910, 23872, 21742, 21796, 21831, 21833, 23909, 23911, 25258, 21819, 21733, 21734, 21732, 21735, 21729, 21731, 21737, 21738, 21794, 21741, 23906, 23830); Tacheng City, Yemenle Town (46 �� 44 ��� N, 82 �� 58 ��� E), alt. 1550 m, 1 male, 25. vii. 2002, light trap, Hongqu Tang (BDN No. 26257); Hebei Province: Zhangjiakou City, Chicheng County (40 �� 57 ��� N, 115 �� 56 ��� E), alt. 1047 m, 2 males, 21. vii. 2001, Sweeping, Yuhong Guo (BDN No. 23521, 23522); Weichang County, Qipan Town (42 �� 10 ��� N, 117 �� 57 ��� E), alt. 1800 m, 1 male, 18. vii. 2001, light trap, Yuhong Guo (BDN No. 23476); Qinhuangdao City (39 �� 57 ��� N, 119 �� 38 ��� E), alt. 4 m, 2 males, 4. vi. 1985, sweeping, Xinhua Wang (BDN No. 23476, 7192); Yunnan Province: Lijiang Naxizu Autonomous County, Shigu Town (26 �� 52 ��� N, 99 �� 57 ��� E), alt. 1850 m, 2 males, 25. v. 1996, light trap, Xinhua Wang (BDN No. 10672, 10806); Lijiang Naxizu Autonomous County, Shizishan Mountain (26 �� 51 ��� N, 100 �� 15 ��� E), alt. 2400 m, 1 male, 15. vii. 2001, Xinhua Wang (BDN No. 03278); Kunming City, Pan long District, Songhuaba Reservoir (25 ��09��� N, 102 �� 47 ��� E), alt. 1977 m, 2 males, 1. vi. 1996, light trap, Xinhua Wang (BDN No. 0 9679, 09378); Eryuan County, Niujie Town, Meici River (26 �� 6 ' N, 99 �� 56 ' E), alt. 2332 m, 2 males, 2. vi. 1996, light trap, Changfa Zhou (BDN No. 10024, 10048); Shandong Province: Yantai City, Kunyu Mountain, Dianhou Village (37 �� 14 ��� N, 121 �� 46 ��� E), alt. 658 m, 1 male, 25. viii. 1987, Xinhua Wang (BDN No. 12650); Taishan Mountain (36 �� 15 ��� N, 117 ��02��� E), alt. 1500 m, 2 males, 25. v 1994, Xinhua Wang (BDN No. 0 3250, 03254); Gansu Province: Dingxi City, Min County (34 �� 26 ��� N, 104 ��02��� E), alt. 2350 m, 1 male, 27. vii. 1986, Xinhua Wang (BDN No. 37861); Tianshui City, Maijishan Mountain (34 �� 21 ��� N, 106 ��00��� E), alt. 1600 m, 1 male, 7. viii. 1986, Xinhua Wang (BDN No. 16182); Fujian Province: Quanzhou City, Dehua County, Deiyunshan Mountain (25 �� 41 ��� N, 118 �� 11 ��� E), alt. 1635 m,); 3 males, 12. ix. 2002, Zheng Liu (BDN No. 20132, 20135, 20133); Longyan City, Shanghang County, Gutian Town (25 ��03��� N, 116 �� 25 ��� E), alt. 183 m, 2 males, 3. v. 1993, 10. v. 1993, Wenjun Bu (BDN No. 0 8152, 08130); Sichuan Province: Ganzi Autonomous State, Yajiang County (30 ��02��� N, 101 ��01��� E), alt. 2830 m, 2 males, 9. vi. 1996, 14. vi. 1996, light trap, Xinhua Wang (BDN No. 12203, 11607); Aba Autonomous State, Wolong Nature Reserve (31 �� 13 ��� N, 103 �� 19 ��� E), alt. 2000 m, 1 male, 27. vii. 1987, light trap, Xinhua Wang (BDN No. 1184); Wenchuan County, Yingxiu Town (31 ��03��� N, 103 �� 29 ��� E), alt. 994 m, 1 male, 14. vii. 1987, light trap, Xinhua Wang(BDN No. 07191); Ganzi Autonomous State, Litang County (29 �� 59 ��� N, 100 �� 11 ��� E), alt. 3750 m, 1 male, 11. vi. 1996, Xinhua Wang (BDN No. 12124); Ganzi Autonomous State, Luding County, Wucigou (29 �� 55 ��� N, 102 �� 14 ��� E), alt. 2750 m, 8 males, 15. vi. 1996, light trap, Xinhua Wang (BDN No. 11747, 11742, 13391, 13392, 11748, 11746, 11750, 11752); Kangding County, Wasigou (30 ��03��� N, 101 �� 57 ��� E), alt. 3700 m, 33 males, 15. vi. 1996, light trap, Xinhua Wang (BDN No. 13629, 13655, 13656, 13659, 13660, 13662, 13677, 13094, 13130, 13147, 13098, 13095, 13128, 13166, 13162, 13168, 13160, 13161, 13167, 13176, 13104, 13085, 13097, 13088, 13129, 13096, 13109, 13127, 13092, 13093, 13087, 13148, 13163); Guizhou Province: Zunyi City: Daozhen County, Dashahe River (28 �� 53 ��� N, 107 �� 44 ��� E), alt. 720 m, 1 male, 25. v. 2004, Sweeping, Hongqu Tang (BDN No. 22144). Diagnostic characters. The adult male can be separated from other members of the genus by having an AR 1.5���2.1, 1.7; a strongly developed humeral pit, inferior volsella triangular apically and distinctly extended medially. Additions to description. Measurements of the Chinese specimens: Total length 2.4 ���4.0, 2.9 mm. Wing length 1.4���2.1, 1.7 mm. Total length/ wing length 1.5���2.1, 1.7. Wing length/ length of profemur 2.5���3.5, 2.7. AR 0.92���1.6, 1.3. Temporal setae 5���6. Clypeus with 9 ���15, 12 setae. Tentorium 115���160, 140 ��m long; 33 ���45, 39 ��m wide. Stipes 125���165, 148 ��m long; 8 ���10, 9 ��m wide. Palpomere 5 / 3 1.5���1.9, 1.7. Dorsocentrals 10 ���16, 13; prealars 3. Scutellum with 6 ���8, 7 setae. Squama with 8 ���14, 11 setae. Sensilla chaetica 8 ���12, 10 on ta 1 of P 3. Laterosternite IX with 4 ���6, 5 long setae. Phallapodeme 58 ���70, 68 ��m long; transverse sternapodeme 90���125, 115 ��m long, with oral projections. Gonocoxite 175���240, 205 ��m long. Gonostylus 73 ���93, 85 ��m long, with crista dorsalis. Megaseta 10 ���15, 13 ��m long. HR 2.2���2.8, 2.5, HV 2.9���4.3, 3.8. Distribution. The species is widely distributed in the Holarctic region. The Chinese specimens were collected in Ningxia, Nei Monggol and Xinjiang Autonomous Regions; Jilin, Liaoning, Hebei, Shandong and Gansu Provinces (Palaearctic China); Yunnan, Fujian, Sichuan and Guizhou Provinces (Oriental China). This is the first record from Oriental China. Remarks. The inferior volsella show variations between the different localities (Fig. 7 A���M)., Published as part of Fu, Yue, Saether, Ole A. & Wang, Xinhua, 2012, A review of Paratrichocladius Santos Abreu from the Sino-Indian Region (Diptera: Chironomidae: Orthocladiinae), pp. 453-482 in Zootaxa 3478 on pages 467-468, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.209364, {"references":["Meigen, J. W. (1830) Systematische Beschreibung der bekannten europaischen Insekten. Teil VI. Hamm XI + 401 pp.","Becker, T. (1908) Dipteren der Kanarischen Inseln. Mitteilungen aus dem Zooogischen Museum in Berlin, 4, 1 - 180.","Kieffer, J. J. (1911) Nouvaux Tendipedides du groupe Orthocladius [Dipt.]. (1 re note). Bulletin Societe entomologique du France, 1911,181 - 187.","Goetghebuer, M. (1921) Chironomides de Belgique et specialement de la zone des Flandres, Memoires du Musee Royal National d`Histoire Naturelle de Belgique, 8, 4, 1 - 210.","Goetghebuer, M. (1935) Ceratopogonidae et Chironomidae nouveaux ou peu connus d'Europe (Sixieme note). Encyclopedie entomologie Serie B. II, 8, 3 - 14.","Goetghebuer, M. (1938) Ceratopogonidae et Chironomidae nouveaux ou peu connus d'Europe (Huitieme note). Bulletin & Annales de la Societe Royal Belge d´Entomologie, 78, 56 - 64.","Goetghebuer, M. (1944) Ceratopogonidae et Chironomidae nouveaux ou peu connus d'Europe (Douzieme note). Biologische Jahrbuch, 11, 35 - 44.","Humphries, C. F. (1951) Metamorphosis of the Chironomidae. II. A description of the imago, larva, and pupa of Trichocladius arduus, n. sp., Goetghebuer and of the larvae and pupa of Trichocladius trifascia, Edwards. Hydrobiologia, 3, 209 - 216.","Kieffer, J. J. (1924) Quelques nouveaux Chironomides de Scandinavie. Annales de la Societe scientifique du Bruxelles (C. R.), 44, 80 - 86.","Goetghebuer, M. (1950) Ceratopogonidae et Chironomidae nouveaux ou peu connus d'Europe. Bulletin de l´Institut Royal des Sciences naturelles de Belgique, 26, 1 - 15.","Hirvenoja, M. (1973) Revision der Gattung Cricotopus van der Wulp und ihrer Verwandten (Diptera, Chironomidae). Annales Zoologici Fennici, 10, 1 - 363.","Cranston, P. S. & Oliver, D. R. (1988) Additions and corrections to the Nearctic Orthocladiinae (Diptera: Chironomidae). The Canadian Entomologist, 120, 425 - 462.","Rossaro, B. (1990) Revision of the genus Paratrichocladius Santos-Abreu. 2 nd note: description of 4 new species (Diptera Chironomidae Orthocladiinae). Bolletino della Societa Entomologica italiana, Genova, 122, 58 - 60.","Wang, X. & Zheng, L. (1990) Two new species and a first recorded species of Paratrichocladius Santos Abreu (Diptera: Chironomidae) from China. Acta Entomologica Sinica, 33, 243 - 246.","Wang, X. (2000) A revised checklist of Chironomidae from China (Diptera). In: Hoffrichter, O. (Ed.), Late 20 th century research on Chironomidae. An anthology from the 13 th international symposium on Chironomidae. Shaker Verlag, Aachen, pp. 629 - 652.","Yamamoto, M. (2004) A catalog of Japanese Orthocladiinae (Diptera: Chironomidae). Acta Dipterologica, 21, 1 - 121."]}

Paratrichocladius ater Wang et Zheng (Fig. 2 A���K) Paratrichocladius ater Wang et Zheng, 1990: 243; Wang 2000: 638. Material examined. CHINA: Jilin Province, Jilin City, Changbaishan Mountain (43 �� 55 ��� N, 126 �� 26 ��� E), alt. 1700 m, 25. vi. 1986, light trap, holotype male, Xinhua Wang (BDN No. 05384), Additional material: Sichuan Province: Ganzi Autonomous State, Luding County (29 �� 55 ��� N, 102 �� 14 ��� E), alt. 1395 m, light trap, 1 male, 7. vi. 1996, Xinhua Wang (BDN No. 12340); Ganzi Autonomous State, Yajiang County (30 ��02��� N, 101 ��01��� E), alt. 1900 m, light trap, 1 male, 6. vi. 1996, Xinhua Wang (BDN No. 12247); Wenchuan County, Yingxiu Town (31 ��03��� N, 103 �� 29 ��� E), alt. 994 m, light trap, 2 males, 15. vii. 1987, Xinhua Wang (BDN No. 0 4571, 04577); Kangding County, Wasigou (30 ��03��� N, 101 �� 57 ��� E), alt. 3700 m, light trap, 2 males, 15. vi. 1996, Xinhua Wang (BDN No. 23796, 23797); Yunnan Province: Lijiang Naxizu Autonomous County, Shizishan Mountain (26 �� 51 ��� N, 100 �� 15 ��� E), alt. 2400 m, 1 male, 15. vii. 2001, Xinhua Wang (BDN No. 13145); Eryuan County, Niujie Town, Meici River (26 �� 6 ' N, 99 �� 56 ' E), alt. 2332 m, light trap, 3 males, 2. vi. 1996, Changfa Zhou (BDN No. 0 9757, 0 9921, 09923); Dali County (25 �� 40 ��� N, 100 �� 12 ��� E), alt. 2300 m, light trap, 1 male, 22. v. 1996, Xinhua Wang (BDN No. 11049); Ningxia Autonomous Region: Wuzhong City, Tongxin County, Changshantou Farm (36 �� 58 ��� N, 105 �� 55 ��� E), alt. 1353 m, 2 males, 4. viii. 1987, Xinhua Wang (BDN No. 0 5387, 05388); Yinchuan City, Helan County, Helanshan Mountain (38 �� 29 ��� N, 106 ��08��� E), alt. 1118 m, light trap, 4 males, 26. vii. 1987, Xinhua Wang (BDN No. 0 54390, 0 5397, 0 5399, 05400); Shandong Province: Taishan Mountain (36 �� 15 ��� N, 117 ��02��� E), alt. 1500 m, 3 males, 26. v. 1994, Xinhua Wang (BDN No. 0 3251, 0 3245, 03247),; Hebei Province: Weichang County, Qipan Town (42 �� 10 ��� N, 117 �� 57 ��� E), alt. 1800 m, light trap, 3 males, 16. vii. 2001, Yuhong Guo (BDN No. 23352, 23350, 23388); Chengde City, West Railway Station (40 �� 58 ��� N, 117 �� 57 ��� E), alt. 360 m, light trap, 4 males, 12. vii. 2001, Yuhong Guo (BDN No. 23325, 23326, 23327, 23328); Henan Province: Xinyang County, Jigongshan Mountain (31 �� 48 ��� N, 114 ��05��� E), alt. 690 m, light trap, 9. vii. 1997, 1 male, Xinhua Wang (BDN No. 13145); Shananxi Province Baoji City, Feng County, Qinling (33 �� 58 ��� N, 106 �� 46 ��� E), alt. 1302 m, sweeping, 1 male, 27. vii. 1994, Wenjun Bu (BDN No. 08282); Gansu Province: Tianshui City, Maijishan Mountain (34 �� 21 ��� N, 106 ��00��� E), alt. 1600 m, 7. viii. 1986, 1 male, Xinhua Wang (BDN No. 16178). Diagnostic characters. The adult male can be separated from other members of the genus by having high AR; humeral pit well developed, almost rectangular; inferior volsella bilobed, and gonostylus with crista dorsalis. It is similar to P. t a m a a t e r Sasa in the shape of inferior volsella, but differ in the higher antennal ratio of 1.6 ���2.0, 1.8 as compared to 1.14 in P. tamaater; in the coloration and in the chaetotaxy of the abdomen. Additions to description (n = 31). Total length 2.7���3.6, 3.1 mm. Wing length 1.4 ���2.0, 1.8 mm. Total length/ wing length 1.7 ���2.0, 1.8. Wing length/ length of profemur 2.3���2.8, 2.6. Temporal setae 8���11. Tentorium 140���180, 159 ��m long, 35 ���45, 39 ��m wide. Stipes 140���160, 155 ��m long; 8 ���10, 9 ��m wide. Palpomere 5 / 3 1.4���1.9, 1.7. Dorsocentrals 15 ���18, 16 setae; prealars 4���5. Scutellum with 4 ���8, 6 setae. Squama with 11 ���15, 13 fringe setae. Sensilla chaetica 10 ���14, 12 on ta 1 of P 3. Laterosternite IX with 6 ���8, 7 long setae. Phallapodeme 65 ���80, 75 ��m long, transverse sternapodeme 100���195, 135 ��m long, with oral projections. Gonocoxite 185���238, 215 ��m long. Gonostylus 78 ���108, 88 ��m long, with crista dorsalis. Megaseta 10 ���15, 13 ��m long. HR 2.1���3.1, 2.5, HV 3.1���3.5, 3.3. Distribution. The Chinese specimen was collected in Ningxia Autonomous Regions; Jilin, Liaoning, Hebei, Henan, Shandong and Gansu Provinces (Palaearctic China); Shananxi (Baoji City), Yunnan and Sichuan Provinces (Oriental China). This is the first record from Oriental China. Remarks. The shape of the inferior volsella varies among different localities (Fig. 2 A���K)., Published as part of Fu, Yue, Saether, Ole A. & Wang, Xinhua, 2012, A review of Paratrichocladius Santos Abreu from the Sino-Indian Region (Diptera: Chironomidae: Orthocladiinae), pp. 453-482 in Zootaxa 3478 on pages 456-457, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.209364, {"references":["Wang, X. & Zheng, L. (1990) Two new species and a first recorded species of Paratrichocladius Santos Abreu (Diptera: Chironomidae) from China. Acta Entomologica Sinica, 33, 243 - 246.","Wang, X. (2000) A revised checklist of Chironomidae from China (Diptera). In: Hoffrichter, O. (Ed.), Late 20 th century research on Chironomidae. An anthology from the 13 th international symposium on Chironomidae. Shaker Verlag, Aachen, pp. 629 - 652."]}

Paratrichocladius brevicornis Hirvenoja Paratrichocladius brevicornis Hirvenoja, 1986: 164. Hirvenoja (1986) described this species from the Indian Himalaya in Kashmir. It is recognized by having a low antennal ratio of 0.62, and lacking the row of basal setae on abdominal tergites. The type has not been examined., Published as part of Fu, Yue, Saether, Ole A. & Wang, Xinhua, 2012, A review of Paratrichocladius Santos Abreu from the Sino-Indian Region (Diptera: Chironomidae: Orthocladiinae), pp. 453-482 in Zootaxa 3478 on page 459, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.209364, {"references":["Hirvenoja, M. (1986) New species of the genera Cricotopus v. d. Wulp and Paratrichocladius Santos Abreu from Himalaya (Diptera, Chironomidae). In: Fittkau, E. J. (ed.): Beitrage zur Systematik der Chironomidae, Diptera. Spixiana, supplement 11, 161 - 166."]}

Paratrichocladius skirwithensis (Edwards) (Fig. 9 A���F) Spaniotoma skirwithensis Edwards, 1929: 329. Trichocladius clavatus Kieffer, 1924: 91. Paratrichocladius skirwithensis (Edwards) Pinder 1978; Cranston & Oliver 1988: 444; Rossaro 1990: 61. Material examined. CHINA: Ningxia Autonomous Region: Guyuan City, Liupanshan Mountain (36 �� 58 ��� N, 106 �� 12 ��� E), alt. 1717 m, 3 males, 4. viii. 1988, 6. viii. 1988, 8. viii. 1988, light trap, Xinhua Wang (BDN No. 0 5404, 0 5403, 05394); Yinchuan City, Helan County, Helanshan Mountain (38 �� 29 ��� N, 106 ��08��� E), alt. 1118 m, 1 male, 31. vii. 1987, light trap, Xinhua Wang (BDN No. 05401); Jilin Province: Jilin City, Changbaishan Mountain (43 �� 55 ��� N, 126 �� 26 ��� E), alt. 1700 m, 1 male, 22. vi. 1986, light trap, Xinhua Wang (BDN No. 05379); Xinjiang Autonomous Region: Altay Prefecture, Habahe County (48 �� 26 ��� N, 86 �� 25 ��� E), alt. 1479 m, 1 male, 15. vii. 2002, Hongqu Tang (BDN No. 21787); Shaanxi Province: Ankang City, Ningshan County (33 �� 18 ��� N, 108 �� 18 ��� E), alt. 872 m, 1 male, 15. viii. 1994, light trap, Xinhua Wang (BDN No. 09255); Tibet Autonomous Region: Linzhi County, Bayi Town (29 �� 40 ��� N, 94 �� 21 ��� E), alt. 4575 m, 2 males, 5. viii. 2003, light trap, Xinhua Wang (BDN No. 0 3256, 03257); Sichuan Province: Wenchuan County, Yingxiu Town (31 ��03��� N, 103 �� 29 ��� E), alt. 994 m, 1 male, 15. vii. 1987, light trap, Xinhua Wang (BDN No. 13321); Ganzi Autonomous State, Yajiang County (30 ��02��� N, 101 ��01��� E), alt. 2830 m, 1 male, 14. vi. 1996, sweeping, Xinhua Wang (BDN No. 12430); Fujian Province: Wuyishan Mountain (27 �� 45 ��� N, 118 ��02��� E), alt. 230 m, 1 male, 24. iv. 1993, light trap, Xinhua Wang (BDN No. 02100); Yunnan Province: Lijiang Naxizu Autonomous County, Yulongxue Mountain, Baishui River (26 �� 49 ��� N, 100 �� 15 ��� E), alt. 2880 m, 5 males, 29. v. 1996, Xinhua Wang (BDN No. 12910, 12945, 12914, 12955, 12953). Diagnostic characters. This species is similar to P. rufiventris (Meigen 1830) in most of characters, but can be separated by having the inferior volsella more triangular and not protruding very much medially (Rossaro 1990). The humeral pit is not very evident (Edwards 1929, Cranston & Oliver 1988). Additions to description. Measurements of the Chinese specimens: Total length 2.7���4.1, 3.2 mm. Wing length 1.6���2.4, 2.1 mm. Total length/ wing length 1.4���1.7, 1.5. Wing length/ length of profemur 2.5���3.2, 2.7. AR 0.77���1.2, 0.92. Temporal setae 6���10. Clypeus with 10 ���14, 12 setae. Tentorium 135���175, 154 ��m long; 38 ���50, 42 ��m wide. Stipes 150���170, 162 ��m long, 8 ���10, 9 ��m wide. Palpomere 5 / 3 1.4 ���2.0, 1.7. Dorsocentrals 15 ���20, 18 setae, prealars 3. Scutellum with 4 ���6, 5 setae. Squama with 8 ���12, 10 setae. Sensilla chaetica 8 ���10, 9 on Ta 1 of P 3. Laterosternite IX with 6 ���8, 7 long setae. Phallapodeme 60 ���70, 64 ��m long, transverse sternapodeme 105���115, 110 ��m long, with oral projections. Gonocoxite 190���230, 215 ��m long. Inferior volsella approximately triangular. Gonostylus 70 ���95, 83 ��m long, with crista dorsalis. Megaseta 13 ���15, 14 ��m long. HR 2.2���2.7, 2.5; HV 3.1���4.4, 3.6. Distribution. The species has a Holarctic distribution. The Chinese specimens were collected in the Ningxia and Xinjiang Autonomous Regions and in Jilin Province (Palaearctic China); Tibet Autonomous Region, Shaanxi (Ankang County) and Sichuan Provinces (Oriental China). This is the first record from Oriental China. Remarks. The inferior volsella varies between localities (Fig. 9 A���F)., Published as part of Fu, Yue, Saether, Ole A. & Wang, Xinhua, 2012, A review of Paratrichocladius Santos Abreu from the Sino-Indian Region (Diptera: Chironomidae: Orthocladiinae), pp. 453-482 in Zootaxa 3478 on page 471, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.209364, {"references":["Edwards, F. W. (1929) British non-biting midges (Diptera, Chironomidae). Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London, 77, 279 - 430.","Kieffer, J. J. (1924) Quelques nouveaux Chironomides de Scandinavie. Annales de la Societe scientifique du Bruxelles (C. R.), 44, 80 - 86.","Pinder, L. C. V. (1978) A key to the adult males of British Chironomidae. Vol. 1, The key; Vol. 2, Illustrations of the hypopygia. - Freshwater Biological Association, Scientific Publications, 37, 169 pp. + 189 figs.","Cranston, P. S. & Oliver, D. R. (1988) Additions and corrections to the Nearctic Orthocladiinae (Diptera: Chironomidae). The Canadian Entomologist, 120, 425 - 462.","Rossaro, B. (1990) Revision of the genus Paratrichocladius Santos-Abreu. 2 nd note: description of 4 new species (Diptera Chironomidae Orthocladiinae). Bolletino della Societa Entomologica italiana, Genova, 122, 58 - 60.","Meigen, J. W. (1830) Systematische Beschreibung der bekannten europaischen Insekten. Teil VI. Hamm XI + 401 pp."]}

Paratrichocladius comptus sp. n. (Fig. 5 A���F) Type material. Holotype male, (BDN No. 21412), CHINA: Xinjiang Autonomous Region, Aketao County (39 �� 52 ��� N, 76 �� 40 ��� E), alt. 1317 m, 19. viii. 2002, Hongqu Tang. Diagnostic characters. The adult male can be separated from other members of the genus by having no humeral pit; only 4 dorsocentrals; LR 1 of 0.68; tergite I with only 2 setae, tergite II without long setae, other tergites with few long setae. This species is similar to P. mongolseteus Sasa et Suzuki, 1997 in the high antennal ratio and the shape of the inferior volsella, but can be separated by the hind tibia with three strong spurs and without normal comb; inferior volsella dark in color and without semitransparent margins; gonostylus with high and apically expanded crista dorsalis. Etymology. From Latin, comptus, comb, referring to hind tibia without normal comb. Description. Adult male (n = 1) Total length 3.25 mm. Wing length 2.05 mm. Total length / wing length 1.6. Wing length / length of profemur 2.8. Coloration. Head dark brown, palp and antenna brown. Thorax dark brown. Legs brown. Abdominal dark brown in the median longitudinal part, yellow brown on the lateral margins. Head. AR 3.1, ultimate flagellomere 830 ��m long, with groove from the fifth flagellomere, apex without sensilla chaetica. Temporal setae 3, including 3 inner verticals. Clypeus invisible. Tentorium 155 ��m long, 35 ��m wide. Stipes 75 ��m long, 8 ��m wide. Palpomeres length (in ��m): 20, 60, 78, 80, 98. Palpomere 5 / 3 1.3. Wing (Fig. 5 A). Squama with 26 fringe hairs, Brachiolum with 1 seta, R with 3 setae. Costal extension 15 ��m long. VR 1.2. Cu length 950 ��m. Cu/ wing length 0.46. Wing width/ wing length 0.26. Thorax (Fig. 5 B). Dorsocentrals 4, acrostichals more than 5, humerals 3, prealars 3. Scutellum with 8 setae. Humeral pit absent. Legs. Spur of fore tibia 65 ��m long; spurs of mid tibia 38 ��m and 28 ��m long; of hind tibia 63 ��m, 35 ��m and 8 ��m long. Apex of hind tibia with three spurs and four strong setae instead of the normal comb (Fig. 5 C). Width at apex of fore tibia 43 ��m, of mid tibia 40 ��m, of hind tibia 50 ��m. Lengths and proportions of legs as in Table 4. fe ti ta 1 ta 2 ta 3 ta 4 ta 5 LR BV SV BR p 1 720 840 570 400 255 170 140 0.68 2.2 2.7 2.4 p 2 720 800 690 240 175 130 125 0.86 3.0 2.2 3.0 p 3 740 1000 520 310 250 150 145 0.52 2.6 3.3 3.8 Abdomen (Fig. 5 D). With some pale spots on each lateral side. Setae on tergite I���VI as illustrated. Hypopygium (Fig. 5 E���F). Laterosternite IX with 4 long setae. Phallapodeme 100 ��m long; transverse sternapodeme 98 ��m long, with oral projections. Gonocoxite 250 ��m long; with many long setae. Superior volsella small and rounded. Inferior volsella rounded, with 8 long marginal setae. Gonostylus 110 ��m long, with high crista dorsalis. Megaseta 10 ��m long. HR 2.3, HV 3.0. Distribution. The specimen were collected in Xinjiang Autonomous Region, Palaearctic China., Published as part of Fu, Yue, Saether, Ole A. & Wang, Xinhua, 2012, A review of Paratrichocladius Santos Abreu from the Sino-Indian Region (Diptera: Chironomidae: Orthocladiinae), pp. 453-482 in Zootaxa 3478 on pages 461-463, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.209364, {"references":["Sasa, M. & Suzuki, H. (1997) Studies on the Chironomidae (Diptera, Insecta) collected in Mongolia. Japanese Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 25, 149 - 189."]}

Paratrichocladius sagittarius sp. n. (Fig. 8 A���E) Type material. Holotype male, CHINA: Sichuan Province, Ganzi Autonomous State, Yajiang County (30 ��02��� N, 101 ��01��� E), alt. 2830 m, 14. vi. 1996, light trap, Xinhua Wang (BDN No. 12188). Paratype: Sichuan Province, Ganzi Autonomous State, Litang County (29 �� 59 ��� N, 100 �� 11 ��� E), alt. 4170 m, light trap, 1 male, 11. vi. 1996, Xinhua Wang (BDN No. 11469). Diagnostic characters. The adult male can be separated from other members of the genus in having an AR 0.69���0.83, cuneiform inferior volsella, gonostylus with sharply pointed triangular crista dorsalis, and no humeral pit. The species is close to P. aberrans Caspers et Reiss, 1989 in the antennal ratio and in the digitiform inferior volsella, but can be separated by having the inferior volsella more cuneiform and gonostylus with a sharply pointed crista dorsalis. Etymology. From Latin, sagittarius, arrow, referring to the shape of inferior volsella Description. Adult male (n = 2) Total length 2.68���3.20 mm. Wing length 1.98���2.05 mm. Total length / wing length 1.3���1.6. Wing length / length of profemur 2.7���3.2. Coloration. Head dark brown, palp and antenna brown. Thorax yellowish brown. Legs brown. Abdominal yellow to yellowish brown. Head. AR 0.69���0.83, ultimate flagellomere 360���400, 374 ��m long, with groove from the fourth flagellomere, apex without sensilla chaetica. Temporal setae 3���4, including 2 inner verticals, 1���2 outer verticals. Clypeus with 9���11 setae. Tentorium 135���150 ��m long, 30���43 ��m wide. Stipes 130���140 ��m long, 8���10 ��m wide. Palpomeres length (in ��m): 38 ���43, 38���55, 90��� 95, 100���105, 165 ��� 178. Palpomere 5 / 3 1.7 ���2.0. Wing (Fig. 8 A). Squama with 14���16 setae, R with 4���5 setae. Costal extension 35���45 ��m long. VR 1.0��� 1.2. Cu length 840���850 ��m. Cu/ wing length 0.41���0.42. Wing width/ wing length 0.30���0.35. Thorax (Fig. 8 B). Dorsocentrals 9, acrostichals more than 5, prealars 3���4. Humeral pit absent. Scutellum with 14���16 setae. Legs. Spur of fore tibia 43���50 ��m long, spurs of mid tibia 20���25 ��m and 20���23 ��m long, of hind tibia 50���60 ��m long. Hind tibial comb with 11���13 setae. Width at apex of fore tibia 35���53 ��m, of mid tibia 40���45 ��m, of hind tibia 50���60 ��m. Lengths and proportions of legs as in Table 5. fe ti ta 1 ta 2 ta 3 p 1 650���7740, 680 780���7960, 853 480���7550, 513 310���7350, 327 220���7230, 225 p 2 700���7820, 753 710���7840, 760 350���7360, 353 225���7230, 227 145���7170, 158 p 3 740���7750, 746 850���7910, 873 460���7470, 467 250���7270, 257 200���7220, 213 continued. ta 4 ta 5 LR BV SV BR p 1 160���7175, 165 110���7120, 114 0.57���70.62, 0.60 2.3���72.5, 2.4 2.9���73.1, 3.0 1.3���71.8, 1.5 p 2 100���7120, 110 95���7110, 103 0.42���70.49, 0.47 2.9���73.5, 3.2 4.0��� 74.7, 4.3 2.0��� 72.9, 2.4 p 3 120���7140, 130 105���7125, 115 0.52���70.55, 0.54 2.8���73.2, 2.9 3.4���73.5, 3.5 1.8���72.5, 2.3 Abdomen (Fig. 8 C). Setae on tergites I���VI as illustrated. Hypopygium (Fig 8 D���E). Laterosternite IX with 4���6 long setae. Phallapodeme 50���55 ��m long; transverse sternapodeme 105���110 ��m long, with oral projections. Gonocoxite 190���205 ��m long, with many long setae. Superior volsella absent. Inferior volsella cuneiform. Gonostylus 78���93 ��m long, with sharply pointed crista dorsalis. Megaseta 13���15 ��m long. HR 2.2���2.6, HV 3.1���3.9. Distribution. The specimens were collected in subtropical areas in Sichuan Province, Oriental China., Published as part of Fu, Yue, Saether, Ole A. & Wang, Xinhua, 2012, A review of Paratrichocladius Santos Abreu from the Sino-Indian Region (Diptera: Chironomidae: Orthocladiinae), pp. 453-482 in Zootaxa 3478 on page 469, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.209364, {"references":["Caspers, N. & Reiss, F. (1989) Die Chironomidae (Diptera, Nematocera) der Turkei. Teil I: Podonominae, Diamesinae, Prodiamesinae, Orthocladiinae. Entomofauna, 10, 105 - 160. Cranston, P. S. (1982) A key to the larvae of the British Orthocladiinae (Chironomidae). Freshwater Biological Association, Scientific publications, 45, 1 - 152."]}

Paratrichocladius pierfrancescoi Rossaro Paratrichocladius pierfrancescoi Rossaro, 1990: 60. Material examined. CHINA: Xinjiang Autonomous Region: Altay Prefecture, Habahe County (48 �� 26 ��� N, 86 �� 25 ��� E), alt. 1479 m, 5 males, 15 vii 2002, Hongqu Tang (BDN No. 21790, 21789, 21791, 21730, 21813); Shandong Province: Taishan Mountain (36 �� 15 ��� N, 117 ��02��� E), alt. 1500 m, 1 male, 25. v. 1994, Xinhua Wang (BDN No. 03253). Diagnostic characters. The adult male can be separated from other members of the genus by having a small rounded humeral pit, inferior volsella folded up near the medial apex; other characters similar to P. rufiventris (Meigen). Additions to description. Total length 2.30���2.50, 2.44 mm. Wing length 1.40���1.60, 1.50 mm. Total length/ wing length 1.2���1.4, 1.3. Wing length/ length of profemur 2.4���2.7, 2.6. AR 1.2���1.5, 1.3. Temporal setae 6���7. Clypeus with 10 ���14, 12 setae. Tentorium 125���135, 130 ��m long, 33 ���35, 34 ��m wide. Stipes: 75 ���80, 76 ��m long, 5���8 ��m wide. Palpomere 5 / 3 1.4���1.6, 1.5. Dorsocentrals 10 ���13, 12 setae, prealars 3. Scutellum with 3 ���6, 4 setae. Squama with 6 ���8, 7 fringe hairs. Sensilla chaetica 5 ���7, 6 on ta 1 of P 3. Laterosternite IX with 3���5 long setae. Phallapodeme 65 ���70, 68 ��m long; transverse sternapodeme 90 ���100, 95 ��m long, with oral projections. Gonocoxite 160���170, 166 ��m long. Gonostylus 73 ���78, 75 ��m long, with a small crista dorsalis. Megaseta 10 ���15, 13 ��m long. HR 2.1���2.3, 2.2; HV 3.0��� 3.5, 3.3. Distribution. The species occurs at the Adriatic Sea. The Chinese specimens were collected in the Xinjiang Autonomous Region and in the Shandong Province (Palaearctic China). Remarks. The original description by Rossaro (1990) is very simple. The Chinese specimens appear to be identical based on figures and description., Published as part of Fu, Yue, Saether, Ole A. & Wang, Xinhua, 2012, A review of Paratrichocladius Santos Abreu from the Sino-Indian Region (Diptera: Chironomidae: Orthocladiinae), pp. 453-482 in Zootaxa 3478 on page 466, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.209364, {"references":["Rossaro, B. (1990) Revision of the genus Paratrichocladius Santos-Abreu. 2 nd note: description of 4 new species (Diptera Chironomidae Orthocladiinae). Bolletino della Societa Entomologica italiana, Genova, 122, 58 - 60."]}

Paratrichocladius ternarius sp. n. (Fig. 10 A���F) Type material. Holotype male, CHINA: Sichuan Province, Kangding County, Wasigou (30 ��03��� N, 101 �� 57 ��� E), alt. 3700 m, light trap, 15. vi. 1996, Xinhua Wang (BDN No. 13086). Diagnostic characters. The adult male is unique in having three palpomeres and a narrow inferior volsella. Humeral pit rounded; gonostylus slender and with a small triangular crista dorsalis. Etymology. From Latin, ternarius, containing of three of anything, referring to the palp with only three palpomeres. Description. Male (n = 1) Total length 3.01 mm. Wing length 1.68 mm. Total length/wing length 1.8. Wing length / length of profemur 2.8. Coloration. Head brown, palp and antenna yellow���brown. Thorax dark brown. Legs brown. Abdominal brown. Head. AR 1.2, ultimate flagellomere 360 ��m long, with groove from the seventh flagellomere, apex without sensilla chaetica. Temporal setae 5, including 2 inner verticals, 3 outer verticals. Clypeus with 12 setae. Tentorium 145 ��m long; 38 ��m wide. Stipes 135 ��m long, 8 ��m wide. Palpomeres (Fig. 10 B) length (in ��m): 33, 38, 145. Wing (Fig. 10 A). Squama with 8 setae, R with 5 setae. Costal extension 20 ��m long. VR 1.0. Cu length 650 ��m. Cu/ wing length 0.39. Wing width/ wing length 0.32. Thorax (Fig. 10 C). Dorsocentrals 14, acrostichals more than 6, prealars 3. Scutellum with 6 setae. Legs. Spur of fore tibia 48 ��m long, spurs of mid tibia 23 ��m and 17 ��m long, of hind tibia 45 ��m long. Hind tibial comb with 10 setae. Width at apex of fore tibia 50 ��m; of mid tibia 38 ��m; of hind tibia 43 ��m. Sensilla chaetica 6 on ta 1 of P 3. Lengths and proportions of legs as in Table 6. fe ti ta 1 ta 2 ta 3 ta 4 ta 5 LR BV SV BR p 1 600 760 440 270 155 140 90 0.58 2.7 3.1 1.6 p 2 640 630 300 165 130 90 85 0.48 3.3 4.2 2.2 p 3 610 700 400 215 150 100 90 0.57 3.1 3.3 2.5 Abdomen (Fig. 10 D). Setae on tergites I���VI as illustrated. Hypopygium (Fig. 10 E���F). Laterosternite IX with 6 long setae. Phallapodeme 60 ��m long; transverse sternapodeme 105 ��m long, with oral projections. Gonocoxite 158 ��m long; with many long setae. Superior volsella small and rounded. Inferior volsella narrow, with many long marginal setae. Gonostylus 75 ��m long, with small triangular crista dorsalis. Megaseta 10 ��m long. HR 2.1, HV 4.1. Comments. The ultimate palpomere carries several apical setae and shows a weak lateral notch indicating that it consists of two fused palpomeres. The second palpomere seems to have one indistinct sensilla clavata normally found on the third palpomere. The number of palpomeres thus is not a result of loss of the apical two palpomeres. The two palps are nearly identical and the reduction thus unlikely to be an abnormality. Distribution. The specimen was collected in Sichuan Provinces, Oriental China., Published as part of Fu, Yue, Saether, Ole A. & Wang, Xinhua, 2012, A review of Paratrichocladius Santos Abreu from the Sino-Indian Region (Diptera: Chironomidae: Orthocladiinae), pp. 453-482 in Zootaxa 3478 on page 472, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.209364

Paratrichocladius yakukeleus Sasa et Suzuki (Fig. 15 A���C) Paratrichocladius yakukeleus Sasa et Suzuki, 2000 a: 68; Yamamoto 2004: 75. Material examined. JAPAN: Yakushima Island, Kagoshima Prefecture, Issogawa, holotype male, 24. iii. 1999, H. Suzuki (No. 382: 10). Diagnostic characters. The species can be separated from other members of the genus by having 33 dorsocentrals, AR about 1.0, superior volsella developed and broad, and inferior volsella extended and with a small secondary lobe. Additions to description. Total length / wing length 2.0. Wing length / length of profemur 2.2. Tentorium 135 ��m long, 45 ��m wide. Dorsocentrals 33, scutellars 8. Squama with 4 setae. Palpomeres length (in ��m): 40, 48, 113, 128, 213. Palpomere 2 ellipsoid, 3 and 4 rectangular, 5 long and slender. Palpomeres 5 / 3 1.9. Laterosternite IX with 10 long setae. Transverse sternapodeme 105 ��m long, with obvious oral projections. Gonocoxite 190 ��m long. Gonostylus 90 ��m long. Megaseta 10 ��m long. HR 2.1, HV 3.6. The hypopygium of holotype are re-drawn as in Fig. 14 A���C. Distribution. The species is recorded from Japan (Palaearctic Region)., Published as part of Fu, Yue, Saether, Ole A. & Wang, Xinhua, 2012, A review of Paratrichocladius Santos Abreu from the Sino-Indian Region (Diptera: Chironomidae: Orthocladiinae), pp. 453-482 in Zootaxa 3478 on page 478, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.209364, {"references":["Sasa, M. & Suzuki, H. (2000 a) Studies on the chironomid midges collected on Yakushima Island, Southwestern Japan. Tropical Medicine, 42, 53 - 134.","Yamamoto, M. (2004) A catalog of Japanese Orthocladiinae (Diptera: Chironomidae). Acta Dipterologica, 21, 1 - 121."]}

Paratrichocladius guidalii Rossaro Paratrichocladius guidalii Rossaro, 1990: 61; Fang et al 2012 (in press). Material examined. CHINA: Tibet Autonomous Region, Shergmala Mountain (28 �� 37 ���N, 97 �� 29 ���E), alt. 3700m, 1 male, 28. ix. 1997, T. Solh��y & J. Skartveit (BDN No. 010),; Sichuan Province: Baoxing County, Xingrong Primary School (30 �� 27 ���N, 103 �� 27 ���E), alt. 522m, light trap, 1 male, 19. vi. 1996, Xinhua Wang (BDN No. 12877). Diagnostic characters. The adult male can be separated from other members of the genus by having an AR of 0.75���1.2; small humeral pit; LR 1 higher than 0.60; and a posterior strongly bent, apically pointed inferior volsella. Additions to description. Chinese specimens had the following measurements: Total length 3.19���3.80 mm. Wing length 1.90���2.63 mm. Total length/ wing length 1.4���1.7. Wing length/ length of profemur 2.7���3.1. AR: 0.75���1.2. Temporal setae 4. Clypeus with 12 setae. Tentorium 130���140 ��m long, 40���48 ��m wide. Stipes 70���75 ��m long, 8���10 ��m wide. Palpomere 5 / 3 1.4���1.7. Dorsocentrals 15���20 setae, prealars 3. Scutellum with 8 setae. Squama with 9���11 setae. R with 7���10 setae. R 4 + 5 with 0���3 setae. Sensilla chaetica 9 on ta 1 of P 3. Laterosternite IX with 8���9 long setae. Phallapodeme 60���70 ��m long, transverse sternapodeme 100���105 ��m long, with oral projections. Gonocoxite 195���225 ��m long. Inferior volsella curved posteriorly. Superior volsella weak. Gonostylus 78���95 ��m long, with crista dorsalis. Megaseta 12 ��m long. HR 2.4���2.5, HV 4.0��� 4.1. Distribution. The species occurs in the Italian Alps (Palaearctic Region). The Chinese specimens were collected in the Tibet Autonomous Region and in the Sichuan Province (Oriental China). Remarks. The Chinese specimens are very similar to the original description according to Fig. 1 gS in Rossaro 1990. However, there are also some variations when compared with the original description such as ta 1 of P 3 in Chinese specimens with 9 sensilla chaetica while there are 0���5 in the original description. Some variations also exist between specimens collected in southern and northern China. The specimen from Tibet has an AR of 0.75 and R 4 + 5 with 3 setae; while the specimen from Sichuan has an AR of 1.2 and R 4 + 5 without setae., Published as part of Fu, Yue, Saether, Ole A. & Wang, Xinhua, 2012, A review of Paratrichocladius Santos Abreu from the Sino-Indian Region (Diptera: Chironomidae: Orthocladiinae), pp. 453-482 in Zootaxa 3478 on page 463, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.209364, {"references":["Rossaro, B. (1990) Revision of the genus Paratrichocladius Santos-Abreu. 2 nd note: description of 4 new species (Diptera Chironomidae Orthocladiinae). Bolletino della Societa Entomologica italiana, Genova, 122, 58 - 60."]}

Paratrichocladius aduncus sp. n. (Fig. 1 A���E) Type material. Holotype male (BDN No. 23475), CHINA: Hebei Province, Weichang County, Qipan Town (42 �� 10 ��� N, 117 �� 57 ��� E), alt. 1800 m, light trap, 18. vii. 2001, Yuhong Guo. Paratypes: 2 males (BDN No. 23445, 23386), as holotype; 2 males (BDN No. 13146, 13164); Sichuan Province: Kangding County, Wasigou (30 ��03��� N, 101 �� 57 ��� E), alt. 3700 m, light trap, 15. vi. 1996, 7 males, Xinhua Wang (BDN No. 0 5412, 0 5410, 0 5377, 0 5408, 0 5414, 1185, 05411); Ningxia Autonomous Region: Guyuan City, Xumi Mountain (36 ��01��� N, 106 �� 14 ��� E), alt. 1700 m, light trap, 28. viii. 1988, 1 male, Xinhua Wang (BDN No. 05376); Fujian Province: Shanghang County, Gutian Town (25 �� 13 ��� N, 116 �� 49 ��� E), alt. 1730 m, light trap, 1 male, 3. v. 1993, Xinhua Wang. Diagnostic characters. Similar to P. hamatus Wang et Zheng in coloration, and posteriorly curved inferior volsella. It can be separated by a slightly lower AR (AR 1.0��� 1.4 as opposed to 1.5���1.7); humeral pit more or less triangular; an inferior volsella which is relatively more narrow basally, protruding medially, and strongly hooked posteriorly; and a gonostylus slightly expanded in basal 1 / 4 and with a rounded, sometimes indistinctly expanded crista dorsalis. Etymology. From Latin, aduncus, bent inward, referring to the posteriorly strongly hooked inferior volsella. Description. Adult male (n = 13) Total length 2.6���3.8, 3.1 mm. Wing length 1.5���1.8, 1.7 mm. Total length / wing length 1.7���2.1, 1.9. Wing length / length of profemur 2.4���2.7, 2.5. Coloration. Head dark brown, palp and antenna brown. Thorax dark brown. Legs yellowish brown. Abdominal yellowish brown to brown. Head. AR 1.0��� 1.4, 1.2, ultimate flagellomere 430���600, 506 ��m long, with groove from the fourth flagellomere, apex without sensilla chaetica. Temporal setae 10���13, including 6 inner verticals, 3 outer verticals, 2���3 postorbitals. Clypeus with 10 ���12, 11 setae. Tentorium 140���160, 149 ��m long; 35 ���50, 40 ��m wide. Stipes 150���170, 158 ��m long, 8���10 ��m wide. Palpomeres length (in ��m): 33 ���40, 37; 48 ���68, 57; 88���118, 101; 100���138, 113; 150���198, 174. Palpomere 5 / 3: 1.6���1.9, 1.75. Wing (Fig. 1 A). Squama with 8 ���14, 12 fringe hairs, Brachiolum with 1 seta and 11 ���15, 13 sensilla campaniformia, R with 5 ���7, 6 setae. Costal extension 30 ���33, 32 ��m long. VR 1.0��� 1.2, 1.1. Cu length 650���800, 704 ��m. Cu/ wing length 0.40���0.44, 0.42. Wing width/ wing length 0.30���0.33, 0.32. Thorax (Fig. 1 B). Dorsocentrals 12 ���18, 14; acrostichals more than 6; prealars 3 ���4, 3. Scutellum with 6 ���8, 7 setae. Legs. Spur of fore tibia 40 ���68, 55 ��m long; spurs of mid tibia 20 ���30, 25 ��m and 15 ���23, 18 ��m long; of hind tibia 43 ���55, 50 ��m and 10 ���15, 13 ��m long. Hind tibial comb with 10 ���14, 12 setae. Width at apex of fore tibia 35 ���43, 40 ��m; of mid tibia 35 ���45, 38 ��m; of hind tibia 45 ���53, 50 ��m. Sensilla chaetica 8 ���15, 11 on ta 1 of P 3. Lengths and proportions of legs as in Table 1. Fe ti ta 1 ta 2 ta 3 p 1 600���710, 652 760���950, 840 420���570, 484 280���350, 311 205���250, 222 p 2 630���760, 680 670���790, 718 320���380, 340 185���215, 200 145���180, 154 p 3 600���770, 662 780���960, 846 420���540, 470 230���280, 253 170���230, 199 continued. ta 4 ta 5 LR BV SV BR p 1 140���7160, 149 100���7115, 110 0.55���70.60, 0.57 2.4���72.6, 2.5 2.9���73.2, 3.1 2.0��� 72.4, 2.2 p 2 105���7125, 110 98���7110, 103 0.46���70.49, 0.48 2.6���73.1, 2.9 4.0��� 74.2, 4.1 1.7���72.4, 2.1 p 3 115���7145, 126 110���7125, 113 0.53���70.59, 0.56 2.7 ���73.0, 2.8 3.1���73.3, 3.2 2.0��� 72.7, 2.3 Abdomen (Fig. 1 C). With many long setae. Setae on tergites I���VI as illustrated. Hypopygium (Fig 1 D���E). Laterosternite IX with 6 ���8, 7 long setae. Phallapodeme 60 ���80, 72 ��m long; transverse sternapodeme 110���130, 124 m long, with oral projections. Gonocoxite 200���215, 210 ��m long; with more than 18 long setae. Superior volsella weakly developed, rounded. Inferior volsella hook���shaped. Gonostylus 80 ���99, 90 ��m long, with crista dorsalis. Megaseta 13 ���15, 14 ��m long. HR 2.2���2.6, 2.4; HV 2.9���3.9, 3.5. Distribution. The specimens were collected in subtropical areas in Sichuan and Fujian Provinces (Oriental China); Hebei Province and Ningxia Autonomous Region (Palaearctic China)., Published as part of Fu, Yue, Saether, Ole A. & Wang, Xinhua, 2012, A review of Paratrichocladius Santos Abreu from the Sino-Indian Region (Diptera: Chironomidae: Orthocladiinae), pp. 453-482 in Zootaxa 3478 on pages 454-456, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.209364

Paratrichocladius lanzavechiai Rossaro Paratrichocladius lanzavechiai Rossaro, 1990: 60. Material examined. CHINA: Hebei Province, Weichang County, Qipan Town (42 �� 10 ��� N, 117 �� 57 ��� E), alt. 1800 m, light trap, 1 male, 17. vii. 2001, Yuhong Guo (BDN No. 23387). Diagnostic characters. The adult male can be separated from other members of the genus by having a large humeral pit and two small pale alveoli beside humeral pit; inferior volsella with anterior and posterior margins parallel, distinctly rectangular, 38 ��m long, 23 ��m wide. Additions to description. Chinese specimens had the following measurements: Total length 3.12 mm. Wing length 1.83 mm. Total length/wing length 1.7. Wing length / length of profemur 2.3. AR 1.66. Temporal setae 11. Clypeus with 10 setae. Tentorium 163 ��m long, 50 ��m wide. Stipes 155 ��m long, 10 ��m wide. Palpomere 5 / 3 1.75. Squama with 15 fringe hairs, R with 5 setae. Dorsocentrals 23, prealars 3. Scutellum with 5 setae. Sensilla chaetica on ta 1 of P 3 not clear. Laterosternite IX with 4 long setae. Phallapodeme 75 ��m long; transverse sternapodeme 120 ��m long, with oral projections. Gonocoxite 215 ��m long; with many long setae. Superior volsella small and rounded. Inferior volsella rectangular, 38 ��m long, 23 ��m wide, with 9 long marginal setae. Gonostylus 105 ��m long, with high rounded crista dorsalis. Megaseta 13 ��m long. HR 2.0, HV 3.0. Distribution. The species previously was known only from Italy. The Chinese specimen was collected in Hebei Province (Palaearctic China). Remarks. The Chinese specimens are very similar to the original description in Rossaro 1990. According to the original description and the material examined here, P. lanzavechiai may be a synonym of P. rufiventris (Meigen). However, as the larvae are unknown the species should be kept separate for the moment., Published as part of Fu, Yue, Saether, Ole A. & Wang, Xinhua, 2012, A review of Paratrichocladius Santos Abreu from the Sino-Indian Region (Diptera: Chironomidae: Orthocladiinae), pp. 453-482 in Zootaxa 3478 on page 464, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.209364, {"references":["Rossaro, B. (1990) Revision of the genus Paratrichocladius Santos-Abreu. 2 nd note: description of 4 new species (Diptera Chironomidae Orthocladiinae). Bolletino della Societa Entomologica italiana, Genova, 122, 58 - 60."]}

Paratrichocladius mongolseteus Sasa et Suzuki (Fig. 6 A���C) Paratrichocladius mongolseteus Sasa et Suzuki, 1997: 173. Material examined. MONGOLIA: Bogd, about 1,500 m high from sea level, holotype male, 13. viii. 1996, H. Suzuki (No. 309: 45). Diagnostic characters. The species can be separated from other members of the genus by having a clypeus with 4 setae only; LR 1 0.69; inferior volsella rounded, with many setae and semitransparent margins; and gonostylus small, median expanded, apical narrow and hooked, with many strong setae. Additions to description (n = 1). AR 2.96 (2.45 in Sasa & Suzuki 1997), squama with 9 setae(not mentioned in the original description). Total length / wing length 1.9. Wing length / length of profemur 2.9. Tentorium 195 ��m long, 30 ��m wide. Dorsocentrals 9, acrostichals 8, prealars 10, scutellars 3. VR 1.1. Wing width/ wing length: 0.30. Palpomeres length (in ��m): 28, 45, 73, 53, 68. Palpomere 2, 3, 4 and 5 ellipsoid, Palpomeres 5 / 3 0.93. Transverse sternapodeme 140 ��m long, with oral projections. Gonocoxite 300 ��m long. Gonostylus 160 ��m long, apically hooked and without distinct crista dorsalis. Megaseta 18 ��m long. HR 1.9, HV 2.6. The wing and hypopygium of holotype are re-drawn as in Fig. 6 A���C. Distribution. The species is recorded from Mongolia (Palaearctic Region)., Published as part of Fu, Yue, Saether, Ole A. & Wang, Xinhua, 2012, A review of Paratrichocladius Santos Abreu from the Sino-Indian Region (Diptera: Chironomidae: Orthocladiinae), pp. 453-482 in Zootaxa 3478 on pages 465-466, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.209364, {"references":["Sasa, M. & Suzuki, H. (1997) Studies on the Chironomidae (Diptera, Insecta) collected in Mongolia. Japanese Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 25, 149 - 189."]}

Paratrichocladius hamatus Wang et Zheng Paratrichocladius hamatus Wang et Zheng, 1990: 243; Wang 2000: 638. Material examined. CHINA: Sichuan Province: Emei County (29 �� 36 ��� N, 103 �� 29 ��� E), alt. 440 m, sweeping, 17.v. 1986, holotype male, Xinhua Wang (BDN No. 05385). Paratype: 1 male, (BDN No. 05386) as holotype. Additional material: CHINA: Sichuan Province: Ya��� an City, Sichuan Agriculture University (29 �� 58 ��� N, 103 ��00��� E), alt. 649 m, light trap, 1 male, 5. vi 1996, Xinhua Wang (BDN No. 09393); Yunnan Province: Kunming City: Yiliang County (24 �� 54 ��� N, 103 �� 13 ��� E), alt. 1817 m, light trap, 1 male, 2. vi 1996, Xinhua Wang (BDN No. 09623); Shandong Province: Yantai City, Kunyu Mountain, Dianhou Village (37 �� 14 ��� N, 121 �� 46 ��� E), alt. 658 m, light trap, 1 male, 25. viii. 1987, Xinhua Wang (BDN No. 02181); Hebei Province: Zhangjiakou City, Chisheng County (40 �� 57 ��� N, 115 �� 57 ��� E), alt. 1047 m, sweeping, 2 males, 21. viii. 2001, Du & Guo (BDN No. 23523, 23524); Ningxia Autonomous Region: Guyuan City, Xumi Mountain (36 ��01��� N, 106 �� 14 ��� E), alt. 1700 m, light trap, 1 male, 8. viii. 1987, Xinhua Wang (BDN No. 05405). Diagnostic characters. The adult male can be separated from other members of the genus by having an AR 1.5���1.7, 1.6; humeral pit rounded to rectangular; LR 1 0.49���0.60, 0.55; a basal broad, apically pointed and bent inferior volsella; and gonostylus with a small crista dorsalis. Additions to description. Total length 2.62���3.40, 3.10 mm. Wing length 1.58���1.78, 1.70 mm. Total length/ wing length 1.7 ���2.0, 1.8. Wing length/ length of profemur 2.4���2.7, 2.6. AR 1.5���1.7, 1.6. Temporal setae 7. Clypeus with 10 ���13, 11 setae. Tentorium 150���175, 161 ��m long; 33 ���40, 37 ��m wide. Stipes 120���125, 122 ��m long, 10 ���13, 12 ��m wide. Palpomere 5 / 3 1.6���1.9, 1.8. Dorsocentrals 9 ���12, 10 setae, prealars 3. Scutellum with 5���6 setae. Squama with 14 ���16, 15 fringe hairs. Sensilla chaetica 9 ���11, 10 on ta 1 of P 3. Laterosternite IX with 6���8 long setae. Phallapodeme 70 ���75, 73 ��m long, transverse sternapodeme 115���140, 130 ��m long, with oral projections. Gonocoxite 188���220, 201 ��m long. Superior volsella undeveloped. Gonostylus 83 ���95, 87 ��m long, with a small crista dorsalis. Megaseta 12 ��m long. HR 2.2���2.5, 2.4; HV 3.2���3.8, 3.5. Distribution. This species was collected in the west of Sichuan and Yunnan Provinces (Oriental China); Shandong and Hebei Provinces, and in Ningxia Autonomous Region (Palaearctic China). Remarks. The additional examined material is almost the same as in the holotype, but the coloration of the specimens from Palaearctic China are paler., Published as part of Fu, Yue, Saether, Ole A. & Wang, Xinhua, 2012, A review of Paratrichocladius Santos Abreu from the Sino-Indian Region (Diptera: Chironomidae: Orthocladiinae), pp. 453-482 in Zootaxa 3478 on page 464, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.209364, {"references":["Wang, X. & Zheng, L. (1990) Two new species and a first recorded species of Paratrichocladius Santos Abreu (Diptera: Chironomidae) from China. Acta Entomologica Sinica, 33, 243 - 246.","Wang, X. (2000) A revised checklist of Chironomidae from China (Diptera). In: Hoffrichter, O. (Ed.), Late 20 th century research on Chironomidae. An anthology from the 13 th international symposium on Chironomidae. Shaker Verlag, Aachen, pp. 629 - 652."]}

Paratrichocladius tusimocedeus Sasa et Suzuki (Fig. 13 A���C) Paratrichocladius tusimocedeus Sasa et Suzuki, 1999: 80. Paratrichocladius rufiventris (Meigen, 1830) Yamamoto 2004: 75. Material examined. JAPAN: Tsushima, Kechi Dam, holotype male, 25. iii. 1998, H. Suzuki (No. 355: 23). Diagnostic characters. The species can be separated from other Sino-Indian members of the genus by having 26 dorsocentrals, posterior margin of tergite IX rounded, and inferior volsella extended and with some setae. Gonostylus medially expanded and apically curved. Additions to description. Total length / wing length 1.7. Wing length / length of profemur 2.6. Costal extension 20 ��m long. Outer verticals 2. Tentorium 143 ��m long, 50 ��m wide. Dorsocentrals 26. Palpomeres length (in ��m): 38, 45, 120, 130, 205. Palpomere 2 ellipsoid, 3 and 4 rectangular, 5 long and slender, Palpomeres 5 / 3 1.7. Laterosternite IX with 7 long setae. Transverse sternapodeme 103 ��m long, with obvious oral projections. Gonocoxite 210 ��m long. Gonostylus 95 ��m long. Megaseta 15 ��m long. HR 2.2, HV 3.2. The hypopygium of holotype are re-drawn as in Fig. 13 A���C. Distribution. The species is recorded from Japan. Remarks. Yamamoto (2004) recorded this species as a synonym of P. rufiventris (Meigen). After reexamination of the holotype we regard the two species as quite different., Published as part of Fu, Yue, Saether, Ole A. & Wang, Xinhua, 2012, A review of Paratrichocladius Santos Abreu from the Sino-Indian Region (Diptera: Chironomidae: Orthocladiinae), pp. 453-482 in Zootaxa 3478 on pages 475-476, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.209364, {"references":["Sasa, M. & Suzuki, H. (1999) Studies on the chironomid midges of Tsushima and Iki Islands, western Japan: Part 2. Species of Orthocladiinae and Tanypodinae collected on Tsushima. Tropical Medicine, 41, 75 - 132.","Meigen, J. W. (1830) Systematische Beschreibung der bekannten europaischen Insekten. Teil VI. Hamm XI + 401 pp.","Yamamoto, M. (2004) A catalog of Japanese Orthocladiinae (Diptera: Chironomidae). Acta Dipterologica, 21, 1 - 121."]}

Diagnoses and descriptions of the adults and pupal exuviae of Stygocladius multisetosus gen. nov., sp. nov., are provided based primarily on male and female pharates collected in temporary basaltic and karstic helocrenes in southern France and Algeria. Features on the adult male, female and pupa indicates that it belongs to the Heterotrissocladius group of genera and is probably most closely related to Paratrissocladius Zavřel. The immature stages of the new species are stygobiontic.doi: 10.5324/fn.v31i0.1363.Published online: 17 October 2012.