Search

First aim of this review paper is to make the checklist of the most important phytophagous insects from the Sternorrhyncha (Hemiptera) suborder that may feed on plants from genus Citrus, Fortunella and Poncirus, present in the Mediterranean basin. Second aim is to compare the mentioned list with Croatian findings from relevant literature. Third aim is to separate and describe possible risk for introduction and harmfulness of the most harmful species in Croatia. In the literature review 46 species (17 aphids, 21 scale insects, 6 whiteflies and 2 psyllids) which may feed on citrus plants were found to be present in selected countries. Out of that number, 37 species (13 aphids, 18 scale insects and 6 whiteflies) are reported for Croatia. Based on their potential to cause damages, ability to spread and the vicinity of the countries in which they are found, following species if introduced could be potential threat for citrus growing areas in Croatia: Toxoptera citricida (Kirkaldy), Aonidiella citrina (Craw, 1890), Parasaissetia nigra (Nietner, 1861), Trioza erytreae (Del Guercio, 1918), Aleurothrixus flocossus (Maskell, 1896) and Parabemisia myricae (Kuwana, 1927)., Prvi cilj ovog preglednog rada je napraviti popis najvažnijih fitofagnih kukaca iz podreda Sternorrhyncha (Hemiptera) prisutnih u Mediteranskom bazenu kojima domaćini mogu biti biljne vrste iz rodova Citrus, Fortunella i Poncirus. Drugi cilj je usporediti navedeni popis s vrstama utvrđenim u Hrvatskoj temeljem dostupne relevantne literature. Treći cilj je izdvojiti i opisati najštetnije vrste za koje postoji rizik od unosa i uzrokovanja šteta u Hrvatskoj. Literaturnim pregledom u odabranim zemljama utvrđeno je 46 vrsta kukaca kojima domaćini mogu biti agrumi (17 lisnih uši, 21 štitastih uši, 6 štitastih moljaca i 2 lisne buhe). Od toga je 37 vrsta kukaca (13 lisnih uši, 18 štitastih uši i 6 štitastih moljaca) nađeno u Hrvatskoj. Na temelju njihovog potencijala uzrokovanja šteta, sposobnosti širenja i blizine zemalja u kojima su prisutni, nekoliko vrsta kukaca u slučaju unosa mogu predstavljati potencijalnu opasnost za uzgojna područja agruma u Hrvatskoj: Toxoptera citricida (Kirkaldy), Aonidiella citrina (Craw, 1890), Parasaissetia nigra (Nietner, 1861), Trioza erytreae (Del Guercio, 1918), Aleurothrixus flocossus (Maskell, 1896) i Parabemisia myricae (Kuwana, 1927).

Resumo A mangabeira Hancornia speciosa é uma frutífera nativa do Cerrado utilizada para consumo in natura e fabricação de sorvetes, doces, geleias, entre outros. Essa espécie pode abrigar insetos e ácaros, associados a diferentes fases fenológicas da planta. Por isso, o objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a ocorrência de insetos da ordem Hemiptera em Hancornia speciosa. Para tanto, foram realizadas coletas na coleção de germoplasma ex situ de espécies nativas da Escola de Agronomia, UFG, Goiânia - GO, em quatro variedades de Hancornia speciosa (speciosa, cuyabensis, gardneri e pubescens). Para cada variedade foram selecionadas oito plantas aleatoriamente. De cada planta, foram coletados dois ramos/planta no terço médio. Os ramos foram acondicionados em sacos plásticos, etiquetados e transportados para o laboratório para avaliação. As coletas ocorreram em média a cada 15 dias, no período de janeiro a dezembro de 2016. A superfamília Coccoidea e as famílias Aleyrodidae e Aphididae foram predominantes nas coletas. No estudo, foram observados 1.163 indivíduos de Parasaissetia nigra em Hancornia speciosa variedade cuyabensis. Este é o primeiro relato de ocorrência de Parasaissetia nigra em mangabeira. Quanto à interação entre insetos e a mangabeira, verifica-se que as variedades diferiram quanto à abundância de hemípteros. A família Aleyrodidae foi abundante na variedade gardneri, correspondendo a 49,84% dos indivíduos e a variedade pubescens em relação aos pulgões (Aphididae).

The objective of this research is to report the occurrence of the nigra scale Parasaissetia nigra (Nietner, 1861) (Hemiptera: Coccidae) in mahogany (Khaya ivorensis) seedlings in a forest nursery in Mato Grosso state. In September 2017, the infestation was detected on the leaves and branches of the plants, causing injury and the death of the apical meristem and leaf curling symptoms. It was verified the symbiosis of P. nigra with ants, due to the sugary exudate. The chemical control was performed with insecticidal syrup and the proposed method was effective. This was the first reported occurrence of P. nigra on African mahogany in Brazil.

A new species of soft scale (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha; Cocccidae) from South Africa, Coccus giliomeei Łagowska & Hodgson sp. n., collected on Gymnosporia buxifolia (L.) Szyszyl, is described and illustrated. Also, Coccus rhodesiensis (Hall) is recorded for the first time from South Africa and is redescribed and illustrated based on the adult females of the type series and fresh South African specimens. An updated key to the species of Coccus and similar species known from Africa is included. Based on this latter study, (i) Marsipococcus proteae (Brain) and M. durbanensis (Brain) are considered not to be congeneric with Marsipococcus marsupialis (Green), the type species of Marsipococcus Cockerell & Bueker, and are placed in a new genus Proteacoccus Łagowska & Hodgson, gen. n. with Lecanium proteae Brain as the type species; (ii) it is considered that Coccus asiaticus Lindinger is clearly not a junior synonym of Parasaissetia nigra (Nietner) and is accepted as a full species, rev. stat., and (iii) Neoplatylecanium adersi (Newstead) is considered to be non-conspecific with N. cinnamomi Takahashi, the type species of Neoplatylecanium Takahashi, and is transferred to Maacoccus Tao & Wong, as Maacoccus adersi (Newstead), comb. n.

Parasaissetia nigra (Nietner, 1861) ( Figs 45, 46) Lecanium nigrum Nietner, 1861: 9. Diagnosis. Dorsum with anal plates each with 4 apical setae (Figs 45D, 46E); and preopercular pores present anterior to anal plates (Fig. 46D). Marginal setae with broadly fimbriate apices (Fig. 46K). Venter with multilocular disc-pores usually each with 10 loculi, mainly present around vulvar area (Fig. 46F); tubular ducts each with a narrow inner ductule (Fig. 46G); antenna 7 or 8 segmented (partially adopted from Williams & Watson 1990). Material examined. 2 ♀♀, LAOS, Hadsayfong Dist., Vientiane Capital, 16.ii.2017, coll. P.P. Soysouvanh, on Cnidoscolus aconitifolius (Mill.) I.M. Johnst. (Euphorbiaceae). Hosts. Polyphagous. According to García Morales et al. (2016), P. nigra has been recorded from plants belonging to 242 genera in 92 families. In Laos, it has been found on Euphorbia sp. (Euphorbiaceae) and Musa sp. (Musaceae) (Hodgson 1994). Distribution. All zoogeographical regions; Oriental Region (India, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, and Vietnam) (García Morales et al. 2016). Economic importance. Hamon & Williams (1984) and Hodgson (2000) considered P. nigra to be a pest on diverse ornamental plants in tropical regions; it was also regarded as a potential pest of citrus and avocado (Persea americana) in California (Smith 1944). Remarks. Parasaissetia nigra is easily recognized by the following morphological combination: (i) dorsum with reticulated pattern; (ii) having 3 stigmatic spines; and (iii) lacking ventral tubular ducts in the medial area of the abdomen (Hodgson 1994)., Published as part of Choi, Jinyeong, Soysouvanh, Pheophanh, Lee, Seunghwan & Hong, Ki-Jeong, 2018, Review of the family Coccidae (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha) in Laos, pp. 1-62 in Zootaxa 4460 (1) on pages 50-51, DOI: 10.11646/zootaXa.4460.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/1459506, {"references":["Nietner, J. (1861) Observations on the Enemies of the Coffee Tree in Ceylon. Ceylon Times, Ceylon, 31 pp.","Williams, D. J. & Watson, G. W. (1990) The scale insects of the tropical South Pacific Region. Pt. 3: The soft scales (Coccidae) and other families. CAB International, Wallingford, Oxon, 267 pp.","Garcia Morales, M., Denno, B. D., Miller, D. R., Miller, G. L., Ben-Dov, Y. & Hardy, N. B. (2016) ScaleNet: a literature-based model of scale insect biology and systematics. Database. Available from: http: // scalenet. info (accessed 3 July 2018) https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / database / bav 118","Hodgson, C. J. (1994) The scale insect family Coccidae: an identification manual to genera. CAB International, Wallingford, Oxon, 639 pp.","Hamon, A. B. & Williams, M. L. (1984) The soft scale insects of Florida (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae). Arthropods of Florida and Neighboring Land Areas. Florida Department of Agricultural & Consumer Services Division of Plant Industry, Gainesville, Florida, 194 pp.","Hodgson, C. J. & Henderson, R. C. (2000) Coccidae (Insecta: Hemiptera: Coccoidea). Fauna of New Zealand, 41, 1 - 259.","Smith, R. H. (1944) Bionomics and control of the nigra scale, Saissetia nigra. Hilgardia, 16 (5), 225 - 288. https: // doi. org / 10.3733 / hilg. v 16 n 05 p 225"]}

To assess the controlling potential of Crematogaster rogenhoferi against Parasaissetia nigra Nietner 1st instar larva, we determined the functional response and searching efficiency of C.rogenhoferi preying1st instar larva of P.nigra and analyzed its predatory behaviors. The results showed that predation functional response of C.rogenhoferi conformed to Holling’s type II model, and the feeding quantity rose with the increase of density. However, as the 1st instar larva of P.nigra increased, the searching efficiency of C.rogenhoferi decreased. A mutual interference effect existed among different individuals, and the searching efficiency of C.rogenhoferi accosted with a Hassell-Varley model. In the predation, although the feeding and espionage proportion of C.rogenhoferi were not high, the proportions of casting and searching behavior were large. Observations of comprehensive feeding behaviors of C.rogenhoferi showed C.rogenhoferi had certain control function and control potential on the 1st instar larva of P.nigra.

This study was aimed to find out whether the effects of natural plant-derived ant repellents on Parasaissetia nigra are good, long-persistent and safe to the natural enemies plant source ant repellent. Three botanical pesticides were used in repellent tests. It was found the effect of Arise ant repellent on the ants which had mutually beneficial relationship with P. nigra was the best, followed by Langsen keling and Capsaicint repellents. Meanwhile, the three plant-derived ant repellents were fatal to 1st and 2nd instar larva of P. nigra, and the highest integrated control effect was imposed by Arise ant repellent. It was found that the Arise ant repellent, when used to spray the plants around and 10 cm above the ground, not only repelled mutual-beneficial ants, but also caused the removed the nest around the plants. Mutual benefit of ant repellent significantly reduced the population of P. nigra, but significantly increased parasitoid P. nigra parasitic rate.

A study was conducted to investigate the population dynamics of four important coccids viz., Aonidiella orientalis (Newstead), Ceroplastes actiniformis Green, Cardiococcus bivalvata (Green) and Parasaissetia nigra (Nietner) infesting sandal in Bangalore, India. Meteorological data viz., monthly mean maximum and minimum temperatures, morning and evening relative humidity and total rainfall were also collected during the experimental period for statistical analysis to ascertain their influence on the population of coccids. The results show that all the four coccids are infesting sandal throughout the year. Maximum temperature exhibited significantly negative correlation with the population dynamics of A. orientalis, while other weather parameters did not show much influence on its incidence. In case of C. bivalvata, minimum temperature and morning relative humidity exhibited significant positive correlation with its population dynamics while other weather parameters had less significant effect on its population dynamics. For C. actiniformis and P. nigra, none of the weather factors seem to have influence on their incidences.

Investigations were made on the chemical control of Parasaissetia nigra, Lepidosaphes beckii, Brevipalpus californicus and Eutetranychus orientalis infesting guava trees in Alexandria area (U.A.R.). Three sprays were carried out, the first in September, 1965, the second in May, 1966 and the third in July, 1966. The insecticidal formulations used are Fruitol oil, Trithion, Malathion, Roxion and Ethion. Fruitol oil 2% + Malathion 0.2% were highly effective against the two scale insects when used in fall and spring. Trithion when used singly gave the best results in controlling the two species of mites when used in summer. At the same time the fortified Fruitol Oil 2% with Trithion 0.75% had high efficiency in combating the scale and mite pests in the summer spray. Zusammenfassung Zur chemischen Bekampfung einiger Schildlaus- und Milbenarten an Guava-Baumen Bei Versuchen zur chemischen Bekampfung der an Guava-Baumen schadlichen Schildlause Parasaissetia nigra und Lepidosaphes beckii sowie der Milben Brevipalpus californicus und Eutetranychus orientalis wurden bei dreimaliger Behandlung (Sept., Mai, Juli) 5 Insektizide ausgebracht: Fruitol-Ol, Trithion, Malathion, Roxion und Ethion. Fruitol-Ol 2% in Kombination mit Malathion 0,2 % war im Fruhjahr und Sommer gegen die 2 Schildlaus-Arten am wirksamsten; Trithion ergab, im Sommer ausgebracht, die besten Resultate bei den 2 Milbenarten. Ebenfalls im Sommer war die Kombination Fruitol-Ol 2% und Trithion 0,75 % sowohl gegen Schildlause als auch Milben sehr wirksam.

Metaphycus parasaissetiae sp. n., belonging to M. zebratus species group, is described from China. Photomicrographs are provided to illustrate morphological characters of the species. Metaphycus parasaissetiae is an important parasitoid of the Nigra Scale, Parasaissetia nigra (Nietner).

Στην παρούσα eργασία γίνeται η πρώτη καταγραφή του eίδους Parasaissetia nigra (Nietner) (Hemiptera: Coccidae) eπί της ροδιάς στην Eλλάδα. Η παρουσία του eίδους αυτού διαπιστώθηκe σe καλλωπιστική ροδιά, τον Ιούνιο του 2014, eντός της Πανeπιστημιούπολης του Γeωπονικού Πανeπιστημίου Αθηνών. Δίδονται πληροφορίeς σχeτικά μe τα μορφολογικά και βιολογικά χαρακτηριστικά, όπως και για την eξάπλωση του eντόμου.

Parasaissetia nigra (Nietner, 1861) This species was listed as being present in Malta by Pellizzari & Germain (2010) in error (G. Pellizzari (University of Padova, Italy) and J-F. Germain (Laboratoire National de la Protection des V��g��taux, Station de Montpellier, France), pers. comm.). The species is regulated in the European Union but has never been collected in the archipelago., Published as part of Mifsud, David, Mazzeo, Gaetana, Russo, Agatino & Watson, Gillian W., 2014, The scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) of the Maltese Archipelago, pp. 499-525 in Zootaxa 3866 (4) on page 518, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3866.4.3, http://zenodo.org/record/4930613, {"references":["Pellizzari, G. & Germain, J-F. (2010) Scales (Hemiptera, superfamily Coccoidea). Chapter 9. 3. In: Roques, A., Kenis, M., Lees, D., Lopez-Vaamonde, C., Rabitsch, W., Rasplus, J. - Y. & Roy, D. (Eds.), Alien terrestrial arthropods of Europe. BioRisk, 4 (1), 475 - 510. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3897 / biorisk. 4.45"]}

The Panel on Plant Health conducted a pest risk assessment for Parasaissetia nigra in the European Union (EU) and identified and evaluated the phytosanitary measures listed in Council Directive 2000/29/EC. Entry through the principal pathways is assessed as moderately likely for plants for planting and very unlikely for living parts of plants, such as fruit and cut flowers with foliage, the discrepancy being mainly due to the difference in probability of transfer to a suitable host. Establishment is rated as very likely outdoors in Mediterranean areas and indoors in the whole risk assessment area (where the pest has been present for a long time), and unlikely outdoors in non-Mediterranean areas. Spread within the EU is considered to be moderately likely because the pest can readily be moved with plant material but is limited by climatic conditions. The magnitude of the potential consequences is rated as minor. The Panel evaluated the effectiveness of current EU phytosanitary measures and concluded that the removal of P. nigra from Annex IIAII would not affect its probability of entry, because the importation from Third countries of some host plants regulated for P. nigra (Citrus, Fortunella, Poncirus species and their hybrids) is prohibited in Annex III. However, spread could be affected since there would no longer be a requirement to inspect for this pest before issuing a plant passport (Annex V). However, since the regulated Rutaceae species constitute only a very small proportion of the potential host plants of P. nigra, the current phytosanitary measures are mostly ineffective in preventing the further introduction and spread of P. nigra in the EU. The Panel identified surveillance at the production site and treatment of the consignment as the most effective and technically feasible risk reduction options, particularly when in combination. © European Food Safety Authority, 2013

Metaphycus parasaissetiae Zhang & Huang (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) is an important adult parasitoid of Parasaissetia nigra Nietner (Hemiptera: Coccoidea). The external morphology of the antennal sensilla of male and female M. parasaissetiae was examined using scanning electron microscopy. The geniculate antennae of male and female M. parasaissetiae were composed of a scape with a basal radicula, a barrel-shaped pedicel, and a long flagellum. Twelve morphologically distinct types of sensilla were identified, including multiporous placoid sensilla, campaniform sensilla, finger-like sensilla, multiporous basiconic sensilla (BS-1), three aporous types of basiconic sensilla (BS-2, BS-3, and BS-4), two types of aporous trichoid sensilla (TS-1 and TS-3), a type of multiporous trichoid sensilla (TS-2), and two types of sensilla chaetica (CH-1 and CH-2). Sex dimorphism in the sensilla composition of M. parasaissetiae is also observed. Major differences between the sexes were found in the number, distribution, shape, structure, and size of the identified sensilla. We also discuss on the functional aspects of these sensilla to elucidate the mechanisms involved in host searching and courtship behavior of M. parasaissetiae.

Parasaissetia nigra (Nietner, 1861). Material examinado. Cuba: Pan de Guajaibón, ladera norte, 12.iv.2000, col. N. Mestre, M. Olcha y E. Fonseca, Ficus membranacea, 4 (F) adultas (CZAC). Notas. Parasaissetia nigra constituye una especie polífaga con distribución cosmopolita, (Ben-Dov 1993, 2009b; Kondo 2001; Granara de Willink y Claps 2003; Miller et al. 2005). Se considera de origen oriental o afrotropical (Miller et al. 2005). Particularmente incide sobre 23 especies de Ficus (Ben-Dov 1993, 2009b). Se ha registrado para Cuba en Topes de Collantes, grupo montañoso Guamuhaya, sobre Guarea guidonia (Mestre et al. 2001b). Se citó como plaga del cafeto en África y como plaga moderada de ornamentales y cítricos en California, EE. UU (Gill 1988, Ben-Dov 1993 y 2003, Miller et al. 2005). Se ha referido sobre ornamentales en São Paulo, Brasil y Argentina (Peronti et al. 2001; Granara de Willink y Claps 2003). Asimismo, se menciona como plaga del guayabo y del cafeto en áreas del Pacífico Sur (Williams y Watson 1990)., Published as part of Novoa, Nereida Mestre, Hamon, Avas, Evans, Greg, Kondo, Takumasa, Oliver, Herrera, Hernández, Arturo & Alonso, Ana Abraham, 2011, Los cocoideos (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea) presentes en la Cordillera de Guaniguanico, Pinar del Río, Cuba, y la relación con sus hospedantes, pp. 1-25 in Insecta Mundi 2011 (183) on page 7, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5161102, {"references":["Ben-Dov, Y. 1993. A systematic catalogue of the soft scale insects of the World. Flora y Fauna Handbook No. 9. Sandhill Crane Press; Gainesville, FL. 536 p.","Ben-Dov, Y. 2009 b. ScaleNet, Coccidae. Consultado en la web: http: // www. sel. barc. usda. gov / SCALENET / distrib. htm Fecha de consulta: junio del 2010.","Kondo, T. 2001. Las cochinillas de Colombia (Hemiptera: Coccoidea). Biota Colombiana 2 (1): 31 - 48.","Claps, L., V. R. Wolff. 2003. Diaspididae (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) frecuentes en plantas de importancia economica de la Argentina y Brasil. Publicacion Especial de la Sociedad Entomologica Argentina 3: 1 - 59.","Miller, D. R., G. L. Miller, G. S. Hodges, y J. A. Davidson. 2005. Introduced scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) of the United States and their impact on U. S. agriculture. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 107 (1): 123 - 158.","Mestre, N., A. B. Hamon, I. Baro, y M. Reyes. 2001 b. Nuevos registros de Coccoidea (Homoptera: Sternorrhyncha) para Cuba. Insecta Mundi 15 (1): 59 - 61.","Gill. R. J. 1988. The scales insects of California. Part 1. The soft scales (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae). California Department of Food and Agriculture Sacramento. Technical Series in Agriculture Biosystematic and Plant Pathology. 132 p.","Peronti, A. L., D. R. Miller, y C. R. Sousa-Silva. 2001. Scale Insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) of ornamental plants from Sao Carlos, Sao Paulo, Brazil. Insecta Mundi 15 (4): 247, 255."]}

A detailed, illustrated redescription is given of the adult female of the nigra scale,Parasaissetia nigra (Nietner), based on topotypic material from Ceylon and numerous samples from most of the territories of its geographical distribution. Qualitative and quantitative data are presented on the intra-specific variation in some of the significant taxonomic characters of this species. The nigra scale from Israel was reared successfully in the laboratory on squashes of the Butternut strain, and on potato sprouts. At 24° C, the development of a generation on squashes is completed within 45 - 60 days. Two parasites ofSaissetia oleae — the encyrtidMetaphycus aff.stanleyi, and the aphelinidCoccophagus cowperi — were successfully reared onP. nigra.

Two new species of Cheiloneurus, one bred from Parasaissetia nigra (Nietner) and the other from syrphid puparia, are described from Malaysia.