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This study aimed to develop an algorithm for modelling bone loss defects in a given mandibular geometry, with a user-defined depth, width, place, and defect type. The algorithm was implemented using Grasshopper and models with different bone loss types and depths around a dental implant were built. The models were used in a finite element analysis (FEA) to predict the stresses in peri-implant bone. The FEA showed that the stresses in peri-implant bone depend primarily on the depth of bone loss, whereas the type of bone loss showed no major influence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a finite element analysis (FEA) of and reliability study on concrete-filled steel tube (CFST) members under the combined effects of corrosion and compressive loading. First, a stochastic-based FE model is established through the proposed secondary development program based on ABAQUS 2021 software. The model could account for the uncertainties of material, geometric, and corrosion effect on CFST members. The reliability of the built model was validated through experimental data of corroded CFST members under compression loading. Subsequently, the compressive performance of CFST under a combination of corrosion and loading was further investigated by numerical parameter analysis. A total of 1800 models were created to clarify the coupling mechanism among the core concrete strength, the steel tube strength, the steel ratio, and the maximum strength of the CFST member. Three theoretical formulas presented in classical design standards were used to calculate the axial compressive strength of the corroded CFST, and the uncertainty parameters μkp and δkp were also obtained for the discussed design formulas. Finally, the First Order and Second Moment (FOSM) method was employed to estimate the reliability indices β across different standards. The calculations revealed that the reliability indices β according to European standard ranges from 2.93 to 5.52, with some results falling below the target reliability index βT of 3.65. In addition, the multi-parameter coupling effects on reliability index β were investigated, and the main influencing factors were obtained. By leveraging the reliability analysis, reasonable design requirements can be proposed for CFST members under the coupling effects of corrosion and external load, which provides a design basis for the CFST member. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Yarns and fabrics usually have regular structures such as periodic patterns as well as irregular texture such as surface hairiness. To improve the accuracy of fabric simulation, a fibre and yarn level parametric modelling method based on the Rhino&Grasshopper package was developed in this study. The geometric and structural characteristics of fibre and spun yarn were analysed. The fibre cross-section shape, packing distribution, and yarn hairiness were established to build a three-dimensional yarn model first. Then, realistic simulation of a woven fabric was carried out, incorporating yarn hairiness features for the first time. The results show that the fibre to fabric parametric modelling method based on Rhino&Grasshopper has high fidelity and broad application prospects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper outlines the planning of a bridge in central Germany. Scheduled for construction in mid‐2024, this new bridge is a replacement for a century‐old pedestrian bridge crossing the Lahn river. The proposed bridge will be an airtight‐welded arch bridge, employing steel cross‐sections in both the arch and tension member. Designed as a single‐span, the arches extend 48.0m over the Lahn. The two arches have a flat rise of 4.65m, supporting the roadway through 9 inclined flat steel hangers. This paper delves into the structural engineering aspects, exploring challenges inherent in the design process. An examination of the parametric design process, facilitated through 3‐D modeling in Rhino® and Grasshopper®, will be presented, along with insights into their interface with the finite element modeling software, RFEM®. This process enables an engineering approach to form‐finding and structure optimisation through iterative design checks for various elements and stages of the structural analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is meaningful to investigate the nonlinear impedance characteristics of gas hydraulic energy absorbers (GHEAs) and their potential application in modern railway transportation of valuable goods. Fluid-mechanics-based full parametric modelling of a GHEA used in a high-speed train is performed, both simulations with the developed mathematic model and physical experiments are carried out on the static and dynamic characteristics of the GHEA. The agreement between the results of the simulation and the experiment with tolerable deviations validates the nonlinear mathematic model. Longitudinal train dynamics (LTD) modelling and simulation of a Chinese rapid freight train with the validated GHEA model or the conventional MT-2 friction-type energy absorber model is finally conducted. The results show that when the train uses GHEAs instead of MT-2 energy absorbers, the coupler forces and vehicle accelerations of the train are significantly reduced, and the vehicles operate more steadily in situations such as train startup, emergency braking and shunting operations; thus, gas hydraulic energy absorber is protective and would be alternative for equipping rapid freight trains for the transportation of valuable goods. The obtained nonlinear mathematic model in terms of the structural, oil and gas property parameters of the GHEA is useful and meaningful in further parameter design optimization of GHEAs and optimal specification of GHEAs for rapid freight trains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel integration of Autodesk AutoCAD with the Python programming language to enable efficient CAD modeling of a flange coupling was presented in this research article. Our primary contributions include the introduction of a knowledge-based system approach for design and the developing of a dedicated GUI that facilitates parametric design. This approach not only streamlines customization and reduces redundancies but also caters to the specific needs of different machines with varied flange coupling parameters. Despite the importance of digital design in the competitive landscape, many applications fall short of fully embracing digitalization across the product lifecycle. As a result, to create such components, it is critical to develop rapid modification frameworks. The KBE approach is used for coupling design when developing an integrated system. The process sequence is decided based on the application of the coupling. The design framework has been developed using the Python Programming Language for generating two-dimensional drawings using the AutoCAD API. An expert system was developed using the KBS approach to develop an integrated design framework. A dedicated Graphic User Interface (GUI) has also been developed for the parametric design of flange couplings, which may increase user productivity. The study outcomes provide a customized design of the flange coupling and create 2D manufacturing drawings of the Flange Coupling. This paper also demonstrates how knowledge-based learning can be used to develop cost-effective, time-efficient, and robust designs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing demand for automated equipment for precision and versatility requires innovative methods in manufacturing. Despite the high demand, the design and development of industrial robot systems are costly, showing the importance of improving design conceptualization phase. Therefore, this study aimed to address the need by developing an industrial welding robot using a parametric and kinematic modeling method. The investigation focused on the design of six degree of freedom (6DOF) industrial robotic arm for arc welding, exploring kinematic model and dimensional parameters of robotic structure. Computer-aided design (CAD) was applied for modeling and analysis, using Denavit-Hartenberg (DH) convention for mathematical analysis of link and frame movements. This study introduced forward kinematic simulation, which included exploring the position and orientation of the end effector regarding the joint angular values and link parameters. Furthermore, the development of kinematic model of robotic mechanism was proposed to describe the behavior of the physical system compared to an actual robot assembly. Due a reduction ratio of 80 from a rated torque of 22 Nm at a 2000r/min input harmonic drive, the system mechanism was fabricated and assembled. The results showed that robot successfully performed welding process, as indicated by tests carried out using a four-point movement. Moreover, further separate studies should be conducted to assess the quality of welds.

The emerging trend of employing 4 or more axes multi-purpose and gantry industrial robots in large format additive manufacturing presents numerous opportunities as well as challenges. The capacity to handle substantial material quantities and rapidly produce prototypes, jigs, and final products of considerable dimensions necessitates the formulation of a well-suited production strategy. This involves setting production parameters to minimize material consumption and production time, considering the limitations of the utilized technologies, and ensuring the final product's quality. While slicers are commonly employed for establishing manufacturing strategies and production parameters, most additive manufacturing slicers are optimized for planar 3 axes 3D printing. This limitation hinders their ability to generate non-planar and freeform toolpaths. To overcome this constraint, this paper delves into the utilization of parametric modelling as a potent tool in the realm of non-planar additive manufacturing. It explores the possibilities offered by Rhinoceros Grasshopper software in designing toolpath strategies and fabricating non-planar layers. The paper addresses the associated challenges and limitations of parametric modelling, including computational complexity and the requirement for specialized software and expertise. It emphasizes the crucial need to strike a balance between design complexity and manufacturability to ensure the successful implementation of non-planar additive manufacturing processes.

Recent studies showed that deep learning techniques and image processing can identify the distinguishing design principles in architectural façades. However, predicting the strength of a principle is still a challenging task, as it requires a huge amount of annotated design variations. The difficulties in both searching such big numbers of data – and its labelling by experts – slow down the research. This paper proposes a computation approach for obtaining this type of data faster. With the help of parametric modelling and evolutionary algorithms, we could manipulate the design elements, and thereby generate different solutions. An integrated fuzzy logic decision mechanism could enable to carry human knowledge in the judging and labelling of alternatives automatically. The final synthetic data developed from real building images could be used for machine learning applications to enhance our understanding of artistic expression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Morphing wingtips have the potential to improve aircraft performance. By connecting the wingtips and the wings with a compliant structure, a continuous aerodynamic surface can be achieved for a better aerodynamic performance. However, how to maintain the shape-changing capability while keeping a high stiffness to carry aerodynamic loads is a key problem. In this paper, based on asymmetric stiffness, a type of single-row corrugated panel is designed to satisfy the limited space around the wingtip. A finite element model of the single-row corrugated panels is established, and parameter analysis is performed to investigate the impact of the thickness characteristics of the corrugated panel on the folding angle. The corrugated panel is then optimised to find the maximum folding angle. Based on the optimisation results, corrugated panels with asymmetric and symmetric stiffness are fabricated and tested. The results demonstrate that the asymmetric stiffness corrugated panels have the capability to increase the wingtip folding angle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing demand for automated equipment for precision and versatility requires innovative methods in manufacturing. Despite the high demand, the design and development of industrial robot systems are costly, showing the importance of improving design conceptualization phase. Therefore, this study aimed to address the need by developing an industrial welding robot using a parametric and kinematic modeling method. The investigation focused on the design of six degree of freedom (6DOF) industrial robotic arm for arc welding, exploring kinematic model and dimensional parameters of robotic structure. Computer-aided design (CAD) was applied for modeling and analysis, using Denavit-Hartenberg (DH) convention for mathematical analysis of link and frame movements. This study introduced forward kinematic simulation, which included exploring the position and orientation of the end effector regarding the joint angular values and link parameters. Furthermore, the development of kinematic model of robotic mechanism was proposed to describe the behavior of the physical system compared to an actual robot assembly. Due a reduction ratio of 80 from a rated torque of 22 Nm at a 2000r/min input harmonic drive, the system mechanism was fabricated and assembled. The results showed that robot successfully performed welding process, as indicated by tests carried out using a four-point movement. Moreover, further separate studies should be conducted to assess the quality of welds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the traditional religious architecture through the examination of Armenian Khachkar motifs at Varagavank Monastery in Van, Turkey. "Khachkar" is pivotal within Armenian religious architecture, denoting a minor architectural style and symbolising "cross-stone." The study employs a parametric identification method to extract the fundamental unit of Khachkar motifs and develop a model to explore various variations. By utilising a mathematical analysis, the research showcases the practicality of this approach in facilitating diverse transformations within intricate designs. The study offers a comprehensive analysis of the built heritage found in Armenian religious architecture, enhancing the understanding and appreciation of these cultural artefacts. The findings of this study on Khachkars make valuable contributions to architectural research and deepen our comprehension of their significance in Armenian religious art. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The application of HBIM for the information management of historical buildings is often hindered by the presence of uncertainty due to limited geometric information and documentation at the time of modelling; controlling and organising this level of uncertainty, in view of future developments, becomes paramount. This paper presents an HBIM workflow to tackle uncertainty by capitalising on parametric modelling and 4D modelling. Parametric modelling is used as a dynamic tool that allows for an easy and quick update of the model when new data become available, while 4D modelling is used for disassembling the building backwards, establishing temporal relationships among building elements and organising them in successive phases, when uncertainty concerns the historical development of building elements and architectural interventions. The workflow was applied to a building of industrial archaeology in southern Italy, the ‘De Simone’ factory, which is abandoned and in a poor state of conservation, but represents a valuable historical testimony due to its rich stratification resulting from significant physical and functional transformations over time. This application shows that structuring the data implementation process to accommodate the available information and its future integration, through the use of parametric and 4D modelling, can be very efficient to support documentation, conservation and enhancement activities on built heritage. The workflow was applied to a building of industrial archaeology in southern Italy, the ‘De Simone’ factory, which is abandoned and in a poor state of conservation, but represents a valuable historical testimony due to its rich stratification resulting from significant physical and functional transformations over time. This application shows that structuring the data implementation process to accommodate the available information and its future integration, through the use of parametric and 4D modelling, can be very efficient to support documentation, conservation and enhancement activities on built heritage.

The emerging trend of employing 4 or more axes multi-purpose and gantry industrial robots in large format additive manufacturing presents numerous opportunities as well as challenges. The capacity to handle substantial material quantities and rapidly produce prototypes, instrumentation, and final products of considerable dimensions necessitates the formulation of a well-suited production strategy. This involves setting production parameters to minimize material consumption and production time, considering the limitations of the utilized technologies, and ensuring the final product's quality. While slicers are commonly employed for establishing manufacturing strategies and production parameters, most additive manufacturing slicers are optimized for planar 3 axes 3D printing. This limitation hinders their ability to generate non-planar and freeform toolpaths. To overcome this constraint, this paper delves into the utilization of parametric modelling as a potent tool in the realm of non-planar additive manufacturing. It explores the possibilities offered by Rhinoceros Grasshopper software in designing toolpath strategies and fabricating non-planar layers. The paper addresses the associated challenges and limitations of parametric modelling, including computational complexity and the requirement for specialized software and expertise. It emphasizes the crucial need to strike a balance between design complexity and manufacturability to ensure the successful implementation of non-planar additive manufacturing processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anthropometry is vital to provide design references when seeking proper product fit. Nowadays, 3D anthropometry is widely used to provide more size and shape details for improving product designs. However, 3D ear anthropometry is still at an explorative stage, considering the complex ear morphology and other technical obstacles. The proposed research method in this study is applicable to analyse the 3D point cloud of the entire external ear. With the cross-parameterisation technique, the dataset was used to explore the morphological characteristics of the ear. Ear dimensions were automatically extracted and further analysed to explore the gender and symmetry differences using two-way ANOVA. The 3D ear models were investigated through Principal Component Analysis (PCA). The most significant variation was found in the helix and concha region, and the overall ear size is the second important factor determining ear variance. The statistical models were generated as 3D design references for ear-related products. Practitioner summary: This study revealed the morphological variations of the entire 3D external ear with a parameterised 3D ear dataset. Based on the PCA findings, a set of statistical models were generated as design references for product evaluation digitally or physically. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The city of Amsterdam has ambitious goals to achieve a 95% reduction in carbon emissions by 2050 and to phase out natural gas by 2040. Disconnecting the building stock from natural gas requires well-ventilated and well-insulated buildings and a switch to renewable energy sources, making optimal use of heat pumps and sustainable heating solutions available locally. Most buildings in the historical city centre are protected and often insufficiently insulated, leading to increased energy use and a poor thermal environment. Standard retrofitting interventions may be restricted, requiring new approaches to balancing the need for energy efficiency and the preservation of heritage significance. With the case of the Amsterdam City Centre, the goal of this research is to present a parametric modelling approach for energy retrofitting heritage buildings and to identify minimum requirements for preparing the residential stock to lower temperature heat (LTH). Using parametric design and bottom-up energy modelling, the research estimates that a 69.1% of natural gas reduction could be achieved when upgrading the buildings to lower temperature (LT). Results of this paper also demonstrate how the applied approach can be used to guide decisions on the improvement in energy performance of the historic built environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three-dimensional digital models of historical buildings must seamlessly integrate a wide array of data from diverse sources, including point clouds, alphanumeric information, 2D and 3D representations, BIM, GIS, images, sensor data, and real-time information streams, among other heterogeneous resources. Centralizing and presenting this multifaceted information cohesively is fundamental for fostering a comprehensive understanding and analysis of these historical monuments. In this context, the article introduces an automated process (Scan-to-HBIM) tailored specifically to transform point clouds into threedimensional models within BIM environments. This innovative approach not only enhances the accuracy in representing historic buildings but also significantly amplifies the level of detail (LoD), enabling a more nuanced representation of architectural structures. The article delves into the Scan-to-HBIM process, elucidating its relevance in the broader context of digitization and preservation of historic buildings, with a particular focus on its application to a sample point cloud. Furthermore, it underscores the pivotal advantages of this approach, emphasizing its proficiency in managing diverse datasets, elevating the level of detail, and exploring practical applications in both BIM and GIS realms.

This paper presents a finite element analysis (FEA) of and reliability study on concrete-filled steel tube (CFST) members under the combined effects of corrosion and compressive loading. First, a stochastic-based FE model is established through the proposed secondary development program based on ABAQUS 2021 software. The model could account for the uncertainties of material, geometric, and corrosion effect on CFST members. The reliability of the built model was validated through experimental data of corroded CFST members under compression loading. Subsequently, the compressive performance of CFST under a combination of corrosion and loading was further investigated by numerical parameter analysis. A total of 1800 models were created to clarify the coupling mechanism among the core concrete strength, the steel tube strength, the steel ratio, and the maximum strength of the CFST member. Three theoretical formulas presented in classical design standards were used to calculate the axial compressive strength of the corroded CFST, and the uncertainty parameters μkp and δkp were also obtained for the discussed design formulas. Finally, the First Order and Second Moment (FOSM) method was employed to estimate the reliability indices β across different standards. The calculations revealed that the reliability indices β according to European standard ranges from 2.93 to 5.52, with some results falling below the target reliability index βT of 3.65. In addition, the multi-parameter coupling effects on reliability index β were investigated, and the main influencing factors were obtained. By leveraging the reliability analysis, reasonable design requirements can be proposed for CFST members under the coupling effects of corrosion and external load, which provides a design basis for the CFST member.

The purpose of this paper is to present an easier and more efficient method for the determination of the geometry of a bevelled gear tooth. Based on a method that provides an easier way for the rack generation of involute helical gears, the mathematical model of a beveloid gear is studied. The mathematical procedure for developing two-dimensional cross-sections has been extended to three-dimensional gear models. A computer programme is developed to obtain generating and generated surfaces. The proposed algorithm is compared with the previous studies for verification and validation. The results demonstrate that the coordinates obtained from the given method are nearly the same on the start and end points of the main gear parts, such as the involute and root fillets regions. Also, between the limits, the values can be considered acceptable. A coordinate deviation of the gear profile has been observed in the mathematical model, because of the profile shift. Modifications have been developed in the equations to eliminate these cases. The main advantage of the proposed method is to obtain mathematical models without carrying out some of the calculation steps used in previous studies. Eventually, this feature will provide an easier and faster method to develop computer-aided models of the beveloid gear types. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three-dimensional digital models of historical buildings must seamlessly integrate a wide array of data from diverse sources, including point clouds, alphanumeric information, 2D and 3D representations, BIM, GIS, images, sensor data, and real-time information streams, among other heterogeneous resources. Centralizing and presenting this multifaceted information cohesively is fundamental for fostering a comprehensive understanding and analysis of these historical monuments. In this context, the article introduces an automated process (Scan-to-HBIM) tailored specifically to transform point clouds into threedimensional models within BIM environments. This innovative approach not only enhances the accuracy in representing historic buildings but also significantly amplifies the level of detail (LoD), enabling a more nuanced representation of architectural structures. The article delves into the Scan-to-HBIM process, elucidating its relevance in the broader context of digitization and preservation of historic buildings, with a particular focus on its application to a sample point cloud. Furthermore, it underscores the pivotal advantages of this approach, emphasizing its proficiency in managing diverse datasets, elevating the level of detail, and exploring practical applications in both BIM and GIS realms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By progressively embracing the general principles of integrated, parametric, interdisciplinary design that considers the manufacturing elements of the imagined product, the modern aesthetic designer is called upon to broaden their knowledge and abilities. Especially when there is a need to produce complex shapes, when cost-effective, there are also numerous 3D printing technologies available today, to be used both in the conceptual phase (prototyping) and for actual production. The present paper aims to propose a discussion on the role of product engineering modelling in aesthetic design education. The progress of new 3D parametric modelling tools available to aesthetic designers is discussed, with a focus on the most cutting-edge features that have been released recently. The importance of parametric design education in general and the positive effects its application can have in the design process will also be discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. In recent years, the development of programming affects more and more spheres, including the architectural and construction field. New tools appear in the design activity allowing to describe numerically the parameters of building structures, with the help of whicиh it is easy to change their shape and configuration. This direction allows to get away from more labour-intensive and time-consuming processes of manual editing of graphic materials. This approach to architectural design is called parametric modelling. Without it, it is difficult to imagine the creation of complex geometric shapes of buildings, both multi-storey and large-span, to which cable-stayed coverings can be referred. The interest in such structures, due to their impressive shaping, has turned their design into a complex engineering and technical task and actual work.Materials and methods. The process of optimization of the collection of loads on curvilinear forms was more clearly demonstrated on the example of determination and application of snow and wind loads on the cable-stayed covering of double curvature of the velodrome building, as, according to normative documents, the geometry of the building depends on the transition coefficient from the weight of the snow cover of the ground to the snow load on the covering and the aerodynamic coefficient, which, as a rule, are determined by the results of blowing, but in order to reduce the labour intensity of the study, the distribution zones of these coefficients were interpolated according to the forms already available in normative documents.Results. A collection of loads on the computational finite element scheme of the velodrome building with a double curvature covering by an orthogonal cable-stayed network, including 4 types of snow load and 2 types of wind load, was performed.Conclusions. The use of Grasshopper made it possible to get away from simplification and interpolation of both the magnitude of pressure from snow and wind in several directions and the values of load areas at each point of the cable-stayed network. This more accurate approach together with the results of aerodynamic tests and automated data transfer to the calculation systems will allow to determine more accurately the SSS of complex coverings, to avoid recalculation and reassignment of complex non-uniformly distributed linear and nonlinear loads in the calculation schemes when changing the initial data with saving labour and time costs for the control of these processes.

This article describes a parametric design and fabrication workflow influenced by Frei Otto’s form-finding experiments on soap films. The research investigates minimal surface geometry by combining physical and digital experiments in a computational framework. Operating on mesh topology, various parametric design tools and plug-ins in Rhinoceros/Grasshopper are presented to discuss the translation of minimal surfaces to flat strips suitable for planar fabrication using flexible materials. These tools are tested on a case study to show the automated design and manufacture of double-curved surfaces as double-layered strips running in perpendicular directions that can be affixed at point connections for structural stability. The development of the parametric workflow, material constraints, and stripped fabrication of layers are discussed.

Morphing wingtips have the potential to improve aircraft performance. By connecting the wingtips and the wings with a compliant structure, a continuous aerodynamic surface can be achieved for a better aerodynamic performance. However, how to maintain the shape-changing capability while keeping a high stiffness to carry aerodynamic loads is a key problem. In this paper, based on asymmetric stiffness, a type of single-row corrugated panel is designed to satisfy the limited space around the wingtip. A finite element model of the single-row corrugated panels is established, and parameter analysis is performed to investigate the impact of the thickness characteristics of the corrugated panel on the folding angle. The corrugated panel is then optimised to find the maximum folding angle. Based on the optimisation results, corrugated panels with asymmetric and symmetric stiffness are fabricated and tested. The results demonstrate that the asymmetric stiffness corrugated panels have the capability to increase the wingtip folding angle.

Parametric modelling has been regarded as a prospective skill both in architectural education and practice. It offers capabilities for designers to instantly generate numerous design options and create complex geometries, which can enhance the design creativity. Realizing its potential and capabilities, this study investigates how parametric modelling can be practiced in early architectural education for improving students’ creativity and design skill. The findings of this study are based on the observation of the parametric modelling workshop participated by 150 first-year architecture students in Indonesia. It is concluded that parametric modelling can be feasibly practiced by first-year students as a medium to enhance design creativity. Additionally, parametric modelling can improve students’ design intuition in some respects, that can smooth the design skill development in architectural learning. The lessons for the effective parametric design learning were also discussed in this study, including metaphorical thinking in parametric exploration, active communication between student and lecturer, and emphasis on the inspirational tool.

In this study, an approach for automated parametric remodelling of the connector cross-sectional area in a CAD model of a given fixed partial denture (FPD) geometry was developed and then applied to a 4-unit FPD. The remodelling algorithm was implemented using Rhinoceros and the Grasshopper plugin. The generated CAD models were used to perform a finite element analysis with Ansys to analyse the stress distribution in an implant-supported 4-unit FPD for different connector designs. The results showed that the type of connector adjustment matters and that the resulting stress can be significantly different even for connectors with the same cross-sectional area. For tensile stresses, a reduction in the connector cross-sectional area from the gingival side showed the highest influence on each connector type. It can be concluded that the developed algorithm is suitable for automatic connector detection and adjustment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Parametric form findings of free-form space structures and qualitative assessment of their aesthetics are among the concerns of architects. This study aims to evaluate the aesthetic aspect of these structures using ML algorithms based on the expert's experiences. First, various datasets of forms were produced using a parametric algorithm of free-form space structures written in Grasshopper. Then, three multilayer perceptron ANN models were adjusted in their most optimal modes using the results of the preference test based on the aesthetic criteria including simplicity, complexity, and practicality. The results indicate that the ANN models can quantitatively evaluate the aesthetic value of free-form space structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To improve the lightweight of the automotive body, the structure–connection–performance integration optimisation design was conducted for the multi-material body skeleton. The equivalent simplified joint model was established for dissimilar material self-piercing riveting (SPR) joints to address the problem that the finite element model of multi-material body skeleton was difficult to calculate due to the excessive number of elements of SPR joints. The rivet set coding technique was proposed to overcome the technical bottleneck that the SPR joint connection parameters cannot be integrated into the body structure–performance collaborative optimisation. The integrated optimisation parametric model of the structure–connection–performance of the multi-material body skeleton was established by combining structural parameterisation and mesh deformation techniques. The multi-objective automatic iterative optimisation of the body skeleton was achieved by using the RBFNN-Kriging hybrid surrogate model and NSGA-II, and the Pareto front was mined using AHP-TOPSIS method. The results show that the performance of the optimised body structure is significantly improved and fully meets the design requirements. The mass of the body skeleton is 116.88 kg, which is 28.62 kg lighter than the same size benchmark body skeleton, and the weight reduction ratio is 19.67%. A front-end structure of the body skeleton was developed and subjected to high-speed impact test, which validates the accuracy of the simulation analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A Passive House's airtight, well-insulated building envelope can lower operating energy use but also increase the possibility of overheating during the summer. The Passive House Planning Package (PHPP) Excel modelling tool for Passive Houses treats the entire structure as a single thermal zone; this simplification may be in part to blame for the instrument's poor capacity to forecast the risk of overheating. The current study offers new information on two subjects. First, we compare PHPP's overheating evaluation method to that of the Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers' (CIBSE) 'TM59' standard, which involves conducting dynamic energy modelling at the room level. Our results support the idea that PHPP underestimates overheating. In the analysed case, glazing solar heat gain coefficient, and air change rate were some of the most crucial factors affecting compliance. Second, we highlight the usefulness of parametric design for compliance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents the problem of generation and validation of Velocity Interval Depth (VID) models with the application of non-seismic geophysical and geological data. The study area is a part of the Carpathian Foredeep located close to its contact with the Carpathian Overthrust. In this area of complicated geological structure, hydrocarbon deposits have been successfully explored for decades with seismic methods and drilling. The research applied the Simultaneous Joint Inversion (SJI) of independent geophysical data, which is a modern methodology of geophysical data processing, that is still under development. Such an attempt was necessary due to the lack of a sufficiently dense grid of wells in the study area, in which seismic velocities would be correctly recorded. Such data would be then applied for the generation of relevant VID models, which in turn, could be used to perform the Prestack Depth Migration (PreSDM) procedures. The application of procedures taking advantage of independent geophysical and geological data enabled researchers to control the generation process of the spatial VID model in the areas without wells. The analyses aimed to verify the correctness of VID model evaluation and its influence on the quality of seismic imaging in the area of the Carpathian Overthrust. Precisely, the influence was tested of such non-standard generation procedure of seismic velocity fields, not only on the PreSDM results but also on the geological interpretation of both the Rączyna and the Jodłówka gas deposits. The latter aspect of the presented results seems to be crucial to the effectiveness of petroleum exploration in the transition zone between the Carpathian Orogen and the Carpathian Foredeep. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel method for shaping innovative building forms, roofed with diversified complex continuous and discontinuous folded structures composed of many transformed corrugated shell units, is presented in the paper. The units are defined on the basis of specific reference polyhedral networks and arranged on arbitrary reference surfaces characterized by the negative Gaussian curvature. The method is presented using several computer models of complex building structures with folded plane-walled elevations. The proposed method significantly supplements the previous method developed for modelling building free forms, roofed with shell structures arranged in conformity with surfaces having the positive Gaussian curvature. Some basic rules using parameterization and governing the creation of the multi-plane elevations, ribbed continuous and discontinuous roof shell structures, arranged in different unconventional and visually attractive patterns, were developed. The elaborated specific sets of division coefficients are taken as parameters for the designed building structures. These sets determine unconventional polyhedral networks, which are composed of several specific sets that allow to define a polygonal eaves network, a reference surface and, finally, individual shell units of the roof structures. The developed method is presented using the example of three novel forms defined by means of the appropriately selected diversified sets of values of the division coefficients. The elaborated new forms confirm the innovative nature of the achieved results. By imposing appropriate proportions between the values of these division coefficients, the developed method enables the creation of two different groups continuous and discontinuous complex shell roof structures.

The aviation use of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) necessitates a strong control design. The key to designing a durable control system is a well-developed flight dynamics model. System-based model identification techniques provide a useful means for estimating UAV modal parameters thereby saving time and money. Although considerable research is performed on UAV flight dynamics analysis utilizing system identification techniques, limited work exists that compares various techniques of system identification for UAVs in an exhaustive manner. Moreover, the research contributions toward performance evaluation and comparison of system identification methods outputs are even more scarce, especially under varying environmental conditions. In this study, a comprehensive framework utilizing various linear and nonlinear estimation techniques estimates unknown UAV model dynamics. To analyze the effects of varying flight conditions, a detailed analysis is performed which includes a parametric sweep of environmental elements as input arguments to the estimation process. The comparison involves the estimation of key performance parameters such as residual analysis, final prediction error, and fit percentages. Through rigorous analysis, it is demonstrated that the proposed framework predicts system parameters under a variety of conditions, thereby confirming its validity. It has also been demonstrated that a parametric sweep of environmental conditions, can be utilized to improve the authenticity of models’ data learning ranges, and their response to the prediction parameters. This paper, to the best of our knowledge, provides an elaborate platform for researchers to carry out comprehensive model prediction under a wide range of environmental conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study developed a framework to generate injury prediction functions in order to evaluate the safety of occupants in traffic accidents, using human body model simulations to analyse the influences of crash severity, occupant stature, occupant posture, and restraint stiffness. The THUMS AM50-O Human Body Model (HBM) was used in a sled test setup. Six influencing parameters were included in injury prediction: impact velocity, occupant stature, Body Mass Index (BMI), torso angle, seating position, and seatbelt restraint force. Impact velocity was found as a significant influencing factor on skull injury, while BMI mainly affected chest injury. Sequential sampling method was used for generation of simulation matrix, and high-order interaction terms were identified. As injury prediction functions, quadratic regressions correlate better with the simulation results than other forms of regressions, the combinations of parameters in which also enhanced the robustness of injury prediction when considering uncertainty of input parameters. Using numerical models to generate injury prediction functions can better characterize occupant variations, such as sitting posture, than using traffic accident reconstruction. Such obtained functions can provide reasonable estimation on occupant injury risk based on accident information, and we also hope it may benefit vehicle safety improvement and triage protocol in medical treatments of traffic accident victims. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel method for shaping innovative building forms, roofed with diversified complex continuous and discontinuous folded structures composed of many transformed corrugated shell units, is presented in the paper. The units are defined on the basis of specific reference polyhedral networks and arranged on arbitrary reference surfaces characterized by the negative Gaussian curvature. The method is presented using several computer models of complex building structures with folded plane-walled elevations. The proposed method significantly supplements the previous method developed for modelling building free forms, roofed with shell structures arranged in conformity with surfaces having the positive Gaussian curvature. Some basic rules using parameterization and governing the creation of the multi-plane elevations, ribbed continuous and discontinuous roof shell structures, arranged in different unconventional and visually attractive patterns, were developed. The elaborated specific sets of division coefficients are taken as parameters for the designed building structures. These sets determine unconventional polyhedral networks, which are composed of several specific sets that allow to define a polygonal eaves network, a reference surface and, finally, individual shell units of the roof structures. The developed method is presented using the example of three novel forms defined by means of the appropriately selected diversified sets of values of the division coefficients. The elaborated new forms confirm the innovative nature of the achieved results. By imposing appropriate proportions between the values of these division coefficients, the developed method enables the creation of two different groups continuous and discontinuous complex shell roof structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bridging the gap between the material and geometrical aspects of a structure is critical in lightweight construction. Throughout the history of structural development, shape rationalization has been of prime focus for designers and architects, with biological forms being a major source of inspiration. In this work, an attempt is made to integrate different phases of design, construction, and fabrication under a single framework of parametric modeling with the help of visual programming. The idea is to offer a novel free-form shape rationalization process that can be realized with unidirectional materials. Taking inspiration from the growth of a plant, we established a relationship between form and force, which can be translated into different shapes using mathematical operators. Different prototypes of generated shapes were constructed using a combination of existing manufacturing processes to test the validity of the concept in both isotropic and anisotropic material domains. Moreover, for each material/manufacturing combination, generated geometrical shapes were compared with other equivalent and more conventional geometrical constructions, with compressive load-test results being the qualitative measure for each use case. Eventually, a 6-axis robot emulator was integrated with the setup, and corresponding adjustments were made such that a true free-form geometry could be visualized in a 3D space, thus closing the loop of digital fabrication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article concerns the computational model for analysing the stability of the BEV LHD loader. Works were carried out to develop an innovative, light battery-powered loader, which was the subject of an R&D project implemented in cooperation with Bumech S. A. Compared to the existing solutions of loaders with similar load capacity, this one is distinguished by the use of an individual electric drive in each wheel and a replaceable battery. A physical and mathematical model was developed taking into account the specificity of the BEV LHD loader. In the model, the masses of the battery, individual drives, the platform and excavated material are taken into account separately. The developed model allows determining the loader wheel pressure on the floor, depending on the location of its components’ centres of gravity, the turning angle of the machine, the amount of excavated material in the bucket and the position of the bucket. The input parameters also include the longitudinal and transverse excavation slope angles. In addition, the model enables determining the inner and outer turning radius of the loader. To verify the theoretical model, dynamic simulation tests were carried out. The results of simulation analyses confirmed the correctness of the developed theoretical model. The model was used to prepare a calculation sheet for analysing the stability on the basis of the adopted parameters. In the article, selected results of the conducted stability analyses have been presented, along with the proposed parameters ensuring the loader’s stability. The developed theoretical model enables a quick assessment of the loader’s stability, which, due to a number of innovative solutions, differs from existing designs. The structure of the loader at the design stage is subject to numerous modifications, which affect the distribution of the centres of gravity of individual components. The developed model of the loader is a useful, parameterized tool that allows assessing the stability and the values of the turning radii of the machine.