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La compétitivité, un horizon incontournable de la ville ? Aucune ville n’y est en tout cas insensible, ni les favorites des classements internationaux, ni celles ne pouvant prétendre qu’à une place régionale, ni même les autres, reléguées de la hiérarchie mondiale mais impatientes de faire bonne figure. Cet ouvrage a précisément pour objectif d’interroger une telle unanimité. Que signifie au juste ce terme de « compétitivité » dont toutes les villes usent voire abusent ? Comment se fait-il que les autorités des villes les plus pauvres de la planète, pourtant incapables de concourir, se laissent prendre elles-mêmes à ce discours ? Quelle place accorder à un « impératif » de compétitivité dans le fonctionnement des villes et particulièrement des métropoles, en regard des autres enjeux urbains, notamment de justice sociale et de justice spatiale ? Qui dit la ville compétitive, qui la construit idéologiquement et matériellement ? Cet ouvrage tient toute sa place dans les débats contemporains sur l’urbain : il a pour ambition de démontrer que c’est bien à la lecture de la tension entre compétitivité et justice, entre enjeu économique et enjeu social, que l’injonction à la ville compétitive et ses conséquences spatiales méritent d’être déconstruites.

International audience; A travers l’analyse de la gouvernance d’une opération d’autoconsommation collective en habitat participatif, nous interrogeons la communauté en tant qu’échelle pertinente d’une transition énergétique décentralisée. En contexte résidentiel, les opérations d’autoconsommation collective émergent principalement au sein d’habitats participatifs, autrement dit de communautés organisées par une gouvernance horizontale codifiée, dont l’imbrication forte avec l’espace permet de mettre à jour des dynamiques de pouvoir et de spatialisation du vivre ensemble. Cette gouvernance spatialisée, formelle ou informelle, influence les processus de prise de décision, voire le succès des opérations d’autoconsommation collective, qui se révèle subordonnée à des impératifs peu liés à l’efficacité énergétique. Dans cette communication, je vais décortiquer la gouvernance des communautés énergétiques par l’analyse des espaces où elle se manifeste et des dynamiques de pouvoir qu’elle engendre. En conclusion, je vais ouvrir une question en partant de la notion de « voisinage énergétique », en articulation avec cette gouvernance très dense que j’ai pu observer, pour interroger le potentiel des communautés énergétiques de « faire territoire », autrement dit de construire des liens entre les échelles de l’autonomie énergétique.

International audience; The imperatives of energy transition are leading to the emergence of “collective energy self-consumption” projects, where a community of consumers shares an on-the-spot renewable production. For economic and environmental issues, the rate of this self-production in the whole consumption of community should be maximized and, therefore, dynamic rules of energy share have to be defined. Our research aims to question collective self-consumption as a social innovation, as it leads to new ways of organizing the collective action (Welck, Yates, 2018) of energy community actors in a shared space (Hewitt et al., 2018). Collective self-consumption involves a twofold challenge: on the one hand, optimizing, and, therefore, controlling energy consumption; on the other hand, respecting the privacy of individual practices (Naus et al., 2015) of the community members. Within cooperative housing, community governance defines the rules of electricity share. These rules are intertwined with the sharing of space (Launay, 2018) and lifestyle (Brusadelli et al., 2016). Through an ethnographic qualitative method, we analyse two collective self-consumption electricity projects in cooperative housing (in France and Switzerland). By mobilizing the theory of practices and the interactionist approach, we aim at questioning the modalities of control of consumption - and, actually, of individual practices - and their articulation with the collective definition of rules. The articulation of these two dimensions reveals a range of socio-material solutions that actors identify in order to reach compromises between the collective and the individual in the optimization of self-consumption. These socio-material solutions are embodied in the daily practices of two types of space, common laundries and private apartments, and are investing scenes of formal or informal deliberation. Thus, our research opens up perspectives for energy transition (Hoppe, de Vries, 2019) by analysing the dynamic rules of on-the-spot energy production, at the scale of residential buildings, as a social innovation that meets local and national regulations (Lavrijssen, Carrillo Parra, 2017).

International audience; This research aims to contribute to the debate on power dynamics within the collective action (Welck, Yates, 2018) and the potential of innovation of community energy, understood in a broader sense (Seyfang et al., 2013), in the development of energy transition. The imperatives of sustainability and consumption reduction, driven by energy transition, are leading to the integration of collective self-consumption into cooperative housing projects, where sharing spaces and adopting a sustainable lifestyle are combined with an organization at the community level (Brusadelli et al., 2016; Dabadie, Robert-Demontrond, 2016; Launay, 2018). Trough an ethnographic qualitative method, we analyse the exploitation of two electric collective self-consumption operations in cooperative housing, and more particularly the counting of individual consumptions for the definition of the operating rule, as well as the link between consumption and the practice of spaces. By mobilizing practice theory and the interactionist approach, we aim at exploring the influence of situated spatial practices and asymmetric power relations (Avelino, Rotmans, 2009) on the community energy potential of innovation (Ruggiero et al., 2018). The dynamics of "micro-politics" within the group (Hoffman, Loeber, 2016) lead to a greater complexity in the collective management of the rule, which may involve the emergence of alternative models of transition at the community level, or hinder the diffusion of collective self-consumption in collaborative visions.

National audience; La construction du discours sur la ville n’est pas une opération neutre, mais elle peut être porteuse de domination et de stigmatisation à l’encontre de certains groupes sociaux. Plus particulièrement, l’analyse de l’articulation entre les discours issus de la planification urbaine, et les pratiques d’appropriation de l’espace de groupes sociaux stigmatisés, permet de questionner la production de la ville contemporaine et ses rapports de pouvoir. L’analyse d’une condition de « subalternité métropolitaine », issue de mes recherches de doctorat , est basée sur l’hypothèse que les pratiques populaires sont utilisées par les groupes dominants comme un argument de délégitimation des populations pauvres dans les « visions » de la ville globalisée. Dans cet article, j’explore comment les documents d’urbanisme véhiculent ces narrations délégitimantes.

International audience; Considerata dai governi locali come una risorsa da far valere sulla scena internazionale, la classificazione Unesco è uno dei principali strumenti di valorizzazione del territorio. Le politiche patrimoniali promosse dal Comune di Napoli nel centro storico, Patrimonio dell’Umanità dal 1995, possono essere analizzate come risultanti da una standardizzazione delle forme di governance urbanistica a livello internazionale, ma anche come una riproduzione di norme sociali volte a delegittimare le classi popolari, in favore delle élite e dei turisti. La patrimonializzazione diventa dunque un processo conflittuale, in particolare nel momento in cui le norme di riqualificazione e di fruizione degli spazi urbani si scontrano con le pratiche reali degli abitanti più poveri. La normalizzazione degli spazi patrimoniali crea delle tensioni con quelle frange di popolazione urbana storicamente presenti nel centro, ma che non corrispondono al modello di “cittadino responsabile” che rispetta e valorizza i monumenti, e che dunque non sono degne di occupare un luogo così privilegiato nella città. Le mie inchieste etnografiche sul campo, condotte tra il 2013 e il 2014 nel centro storico di Napoli, rilevano la presenza di conflitti e tensioni tra una patrimonializzazione ingiunta “dall’alto”, voluta dalle istituzioni locali seguendo un modello di “città patrimoniale” globale, e un’appropriazione patrimoniale “dal basso”, che segue criteri e pratiche alternativi a quelli della cultura dominante.

International audience; The emergence of energy communities, in the form of citizen coming together for the sharing of in situ renewable energy production and consumption, deserves to be questioned not only from the technical or environmental point of view, but also societal and political. If energy can - and must - be rethought as a common good, from the point of view of accessibility and distribution as a resource, energy communities can be questioned as commons, in other words spaces for experimentation of politics in practice: energy would then be the support of bottom-up governance, through which the community establishes itself and sets up rules for sharing. Consisting of three elements - a resource, a community and a practice of commoning - the commons emerge as spaces of bottom-up politics. According to our hypothesis, energy communities would not only be spaces for sharing renewable resources, but also places of emergence of an instituting praxis on a spatial basis, through collective governance embodied in inhabited spaces. Our ethnographic approach anchored in space combines the analysis of the narratives and representations of the members of two energy communities in participatory housing, with the observation of consumption and space occupation practices, as well as material and spatial devices. Through their capacity to reformulate collective action, energy communities become spaces for the construction of political legitimacy, i.e. circulation of knowledge, production of discourse and action on society.

Sea-level indicators dated to the Last Interglacial, or Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 5e, have a twofold value. First, they can be used to constrain the melting of Greenland and Antarctic Ice Sheets in response to global warming scenarios. Second, they can be used to calculate the vertical crustal rates at active margins. For both applications, the contribution of glacio- and hydro-isostatic adjustment (GIA) to vertical displacement of sea-level indicators must be calculated. In this paper, we re-assess MIS 5e sea-level indicators at 11 Mediterranean sites that have been generally considered tectonically stable or affected by mild tectonics. These are found within a range of elevations of 2–10 m above modern mean sea level. Four sites are characterized by two separate sea-level stands, which suggest a two-step sea-level highstand during MIS 5e. Comparing field data with numerical modeling we show that (i) GIA is an important contributor to the spatial and temporal variability of the sea-level highstand during MIS 5e, (ii) the isostatic imbalance from the melting of the MIS 6 ice sheet can produce a >2.0 m sea-level highstand, and (iii) a two-step melting phase for the Greenland and Antarctic Ice Sheets reduces the differences between observations and predictions. Our results show that assumptions of tectonic stability on the basis of the MIS 5e records carry intrinsically large uncertainties, stemming either from uncertainties in field data and GIA models. The latter are propagated to either Holocene or Pleistocene sea-level reconstructions if tectonic rates are considered linear through time.

International audience; This research aims to understand and analyse the interactions and negotiations related to energy optimization, in a building designed for energy performance, reached through the automating of technical adjustments. Optimizing this sociotechnical system requires a collective dynamic for learning and regulating interdependencies between three categories of actors - managers, operators and occupants. If the managers recover control functions and ensure the long-term viability of the project, the operator intervenes in the decisions of energy consumption through his technical expertise. These roles, formalized by contracts and instructions, or constrained by technical scripts, are reconstructed through day-to-day interactions. Since October 2017, the empirical observation of 18 meetings in an efficient tertiary building in Grenoble (France), allows us to analyse the negotiations around political, technical or economic issues, within an unstable space of deliberation. Empirical observation of user practices, deepened by ethnographic interviews, allows us to understand how "ordinary" practices are translated (or not) into elements of negotiation around energy, and vice versa how economic or technical decisions on energy affect the day-to-day use of the building.

International audience; Cet article interroge les narrations qui guident l’aménagement urbain du centre-ville de Naples, leur construction historique et leur impact sur la société urbaine. À Naples, les pratiques urbaines des habitants issus du sous-prolétariat urbain sont utilisées par les aménageurs comme des symboles de la dégradation, à l’origine d’une « mauvaise réputation » de la ville. À travers l’étude des pratiques, des représentations et des narrations de cette catégorie, localement désignée comme « plèbe », et de deux « situations » urbaines dans les Quartieri Spagnoli, il est possible de mettre en tension les discours urbains de groupes dominants et des productions urbaines « par le bas ». Cette articulation permet de questionner une « condition subalterne » vécue par les habitants pauvres du centre-ville. En approfondissant le regard, il est possible de dépasser le stéréotype d’une subalternité monolithique dans le centre-ville pour révéler des constructions multiples d’identités situées et des dynamiques socio-spatiales particulières, dans un centre historique composite et fragmenté.

International audience; Cette recherche questionne la patrimonialisation des centres-villes comme processus de standardisation d’un certain modèle de « société responsable », dans lequel la protection du patrimoine urbain serait gage d’un savoir-vivre nécessaire pour habiter les centres. En prenant comme cas d’étude le centre-ville de Naples, classé patrimoine de l’humanité par l’Unesco depuis 1995, il est possible d’étudier les politiques patrimoniales menées depuis 2009 comme résultant d’une standardisation de l’aménagement urbain et comme reproduction d’une norme sociale délégitimant les classes populaires, au profit des élites et des touristes, révélant les tensions entre une patrimonialisation par le haut, menée par les institutions, et une appropriation patrimoniale par le bas.