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Objective: To present an unusual case of anal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) in a young pregnant woman. Material and Methods: The information was collected based on the clinical record after the informed consent of the patient. Results: This is a 34-year-old pregnant woman with stage IIIB anal SCC. She was managed with chemotherapy before delivery, followed by a caesarean section and chemoradiotherapy after birth. The patient experienced complete clinical and imaging regression after treatment, but she presented early tumor regrowth requiring abdomino-perineal amputation, with negative surgical margins. Discussion: The treatment of anal cancer (AC) in pregnant women is based on a multidisciplinary approach, adapting current clinical guidelines. It establishes a challenge from an ethical point of view that must consider the impact on the health of the mother and the fetus. Proctological symptoms and their confusion with benign pathology and those typical of pregnancy can work against early diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aimed to assess the knowledge and attitudes of future healthcare professionals in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BIH) regarding the nature of human papillomavirus (HPV), HPV testing, and vaccination. This descriptive-analytical, prospective, cross-sectional survey was conducted using a standardized questionnaire among students in the first and third year of undergraduate studies considering different study programs at the Faculty of Health Studies, University of Sarajevo. The research resulted in 110 fully completed questionnaires. The percentage of students who had heard about HPV was 88.9% in the first year and 92.3% in the third year of health studies. Third-year students had better general knowledge of HPV (p = 0.007) and attitudes toward HPV testing (p = 0.009). Significant differences were in general knowledge of HPV among students of all study programs (p < 0.001) and in the knowledge of HPV testing (p = 0.001) and vaccination (p = 0.001). Health Care and Physiotherapy students had more knowledge and better attitudes when compared with other study programs. The level of knowledge about HPV infection among students in BIH is low regardless of study year and program. Targeted interventions in health education could have a positive impact on spreading knowledge about HPV and adopting preventive methods in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To present a rare case of anal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) in a young pregnant woman.

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Due to the high prevalence of anogenital warts, their significant economic and psychosocial burden, the lack of routine vaccination against papillomavirus infection, monitoring of the epidemiological situation for one of the common forms of papillomavirus infection – anogenital warts is relevant.The aim is to assess the epidemiological situation of anogenital warts in Tatarstan Republic for 2011–2020.Materials and methods. The study design is an observational descriptive epidemiological study. A retrospective epidemiological analysis of the incidence of anogenital warts in Tatarstan Republic for 2011–2020 was carried out. The analysis of long-term dynamics of incidence of the population as a whole and in age and sex groups is carried out. The structure of the incidence of anogenital warts was assessed. Intensive (per 100,000) and extensive morbidity rates (%) were calculated.Results. There is a decrease in the incidence of anogenital warts in Republic Tatarstan from 123,80/0000 in 2011 to 68,80/0000 in 2020. The dynamics of the incidence of anogenital warts among the female and male population had a unidirectional character – a decrease in the incidence. A comparison of incidence levels showed that the incidence of women was higher than that of men (80,40/0000 versus 55,80/0000, respectively, in 2020). The greatest incidence of anogenital warts was observed in the 18–29 age group during the observation period. The average annual incidence of anogenital warts in women aged 18–29 was 535,60/0000, in men of the same age group – 233,00/0000.Conclusion. Despite the decrease in the incidence of anogenital warts in Tatarstan Republic as a whole and in certain age and gender groups, high levels of incidence among people aged 18-29 years remain. The data obtained from the results of a retrospective analysis of the incidence of anogenital warts indicate the need to introduce routine vaccination against HPV infection, which will prevent large treatment costs, and will have a positive impact on public health indicators.

Background. Voiding disorders in females are a serious medical and social problem. Various urological, gynecological, and neurological factors contribute to the development of these disorders. Aim. To study etiological factors of voiding disorders in females. Materials and methods. A total of 52 women 19 to 81 years of age with various voiding disorders were inspected. Examination algorithm included collection of a comprehensive medical history, filling in voiding diaries, gynecological exam, various laboratory tests (including PCR-diagnostics of urethral scrapings; ELISA tests for IgM and IgG to herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2, Varicella Zoster virus, EpsteinBarr virus, cytomegalovirus; vaginal discharge culture for flora and sensitivity to antibiotics, with mandatory determination of the lactobacilli count) and diagnostic methods, as well as consultations by related specialists. Results. Chronic herpesvirus infection contributed to urinary dysfunction in 28 (53.8%) women, bacterial urinary tract infection in 15 (28.8%), bacterial vaginosis in 15 (28.8%), papillomavirus infection in 12 (23.1%), and interstitial cystitis in 10 (19.2%) patients. Thirty-five (76.9%) women had several simultaneous factors that contributed to the development of voiding disorders. Conclusion. The combination of disorders of the vaginal microflora with viral and/or bacterial infections most often contributes to the development of voiding disorders.

Lymphangioma of the vulva is a rare benign tumor. Clinical manifestations in the form of papillomatous growths make differential diagnosis difficult and are often regarded as a herpes virus or papillomavirus infection. We present a clinical case of vulvar lymphangioma in a 19-year-old patient with an 8-year history of the disease, previously diagnosed as papillomavirus infection, for which cryodestruction was repeatedly performed without any visible effect. Clinically, the disease was manifested by multiple verrucous growths on the labia majora. A skin biopsy showed hyperplastic epidermis with hyperkeratosis, cavities lined with endothelium and filled with eosinophilic protein fluid. To date, there is no consensus on the optimal therapy for vulvar lymphangioma. The use of destructive methods is not always effective and the recurrence, rate remains high enough.

To establish and validate a risk prediction model for cervical high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL). This retrospective study included patients who underwent cervical biopsies at the Cervical Disease Centre of Maternal and Child Hospital of Hubei Province between January 2021 and December 2021. A total of 1630 patients were divided into the HSIL + cervical lesion group (n = 186) and the ≤ LSIL cervical lesions group (n = 1444). LSIL, ASC-H, HSIL and SCC, high-risk HPV, HPV16, HPV18/45, multiple HPV strains, acetowhite epithelium, atypical vessels, and mosaicity were independently associated with HSIL + lesions. These factors were used to establish a risk prediction model with a demonstrated area under the curve (AUC) of 0.851 and a C-index of 0.829. Calibration curve analysis showed that the model performed well, with a mean absolute error (MAE) of 0.005. The decision curve showed that the model created by combining the risk factors was more specific and sensitive than each predictive variable. The model for predicting HSIL demonstrated promising predictive capability and might help identify patients requiring biopsy and treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research objective: to improve the effectiveness of diagnosis and prognosis of complications in women of reproductive age with atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance/cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (ASCUS/CIN) of the cervix in Trichomonas and papillomavirus infection by studying the main biochemical and immunological parameters of vaginal contents. Materials and methods. 200 women of reproductive age with ASCUS/CIN of the cervix were examined against the background of papillomavirus infection associated with trichomoniasis, who were divided into three main groups according to the results of the PAP-test. Group I consisted of 50 patients with ASCUS, II – 118 women with LSiL, III – 32 patients with HSiL. The control group included 50 healthy non-pregnant women. The analysis of biochemical parameters of vaginal contents was carried out, which included determining the concentration of total protein, urea, studying mineral and lipid metabolism, glucose, enzyme activity, as well as factors of non-specific resistance – secretory immunoglobulin A and hydrogen peroxide. Results. There was a 2.6-fold increase in the amount of discharge from the genital tract and their pathological nature in patients with urogenital trichomoniasis and ASCUS/CIN against the background of papillomavirus infection, an increase in acidity by 1.2 times, the indicator of the amine test by 13 times, protein concentration by 2.3 times, compared with similar indicators in healthy women. Analysis of mineral metabolism in this contingent of patients revealed a decrease in the concentration of copper ions by 1.7 times, iron by 1.9 times, and calcium by 1.6 times. Evaluation of the enzyme activity revealed an increase in the level of alkaline phosphatase by 3.7 times, creatine phosphokinase by 10.6 times, AST by 6.5 times, ALT by 9.1 times, lactate dehydrogenase by 5.4 times, and α-amylase by 3.3 times compared to women in the control group. A decrease in the average value of sІgA content in patients with ASCUS/CIN on the background of HPV and Trichomonas invasion was found than in healthy women by 1.7, 1.9 and 2 times, respectively, in the I, II and III main groups, which can serve as a predictor of the development of post-trichomonas vaginal dysbiosis. Conclusions. Analysis of the results of studies of vaginal contents in women with ASCUS/CIN against the background of human papillomavirus and Trichomonas invasion revealed significant changes in biochemical parameters and factors of non-specific resistance, determining the corresponding pathological changes in the functional activity of the vaginal epithelium and the composition of the vaginal biotope.

The purpose of this study was to conduct a comparative analysis of the composition of the dominant groups of vaginal microorganisms in healthy pregnant women and pregnant women infected with HPV using a microbiological culture-based method. The MALDI TOF MS method and 16S rRNA gene fragment sequencing were used to identify microorganisms isolated from healthy pregnant women (n=32) and pregnant women infected with HPV (n=24). It was found that vaginal secretion samples from both groups contained bacteria of 4 phyla: Bacillota, Actinomycetota, Pseudomonadota, Bacteroidota , and Ascomycota fungi. The most common microbial community in healthy pregnant women being CST I (p=0.0007), and CST V in pregnant women infected with HPV (p=0.0001). At the genus level, a total of 25 taxa were found in all samples, with Lactobacillus being the dominant genus overall. Escherichia (p<0.0001) and Prevotella (p=0.0001) concentrations were higher in HPV infected patients. When calculating the Pearson correlation coefficient for the phyla, it was found that Bacillota correlated negatively with HPV genotypes 16 and 51 (p≤0.05), but positively with HPV genotype 59 (p≤0.05), just like Actinomycetota (p≤0.05). Bacteroidota correlated positively with HPV genotype 56 (0.001

Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia is widespread among patients of the reproductive period, the peak of the incidence occurs at a young age, often when the reproductive function has not yet been performed. The oncological alertness of the medical community is justified: the incidence of cervical cancer has increased by 24.6% over the past ten years, and in the structure of cancer mortality in the age group of 30–39 years cervical cancer occupies the 1st place accounting for 23%. Тhe same time aggressive management of the disease in patients who have not yet performed their reproductive function is associated with the loss of significant volume of cervical tissues and an increase in the frequency of premature birth. The most acute issue is the tactics of managing cervical neoplasia of the second degree of severity, when there is still hope for the regression of the disease, but at the same time there is a high risk of transition to dysplasia of the third degree of severity and subsequently to invasive cancer. The search for diagnostic markers that allow predicting the probability of regression and, conversely, the unfavorable course of the disease is the most important task solution of which will allow optimizing tactics in controversial clinical cases and avoiding unnecessary surgical aggression, improving the perinatal outcomes of patients undergoing surgical treatment. The search for new economically feasible and diagnostically valuable markers allowing us to predict the course of the disease and determine the amount of necessary surgical treatment continues, but the most significant at this moment is still the determination of the coexpression of p16 and Ki-67 in immunocytochemical studies and p16INK4a in immunohistochemical studies. The diagnostic sensitivity of determining the co-expression of p16INK4a/Ki67 is 98.5%, and the expression of p16INK4a in CIN II indicates that in 81% of cases there is a tendency to a progressive course of the disease.

Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is a highly contagious sexually transmitted infection that leads to preventable cancers of the mouth, throat, cervix, and genitalia. Despite the wide availability of HPV Vaccine (HPVV) in Canada, its uptake remains suboptimal. This review aims to identify factors (barriers and facilitators) in HPV vaccine uptake across English Canada at three levels (provider, system, and patient). We explored academic and gray literature to examine factors involved in HPVV uptake and synthesized results based on interpretive content analysis. The review identified the following factors of prime significance in the uptake of the HPV vaccine (a) at the provider level, ‘acceptability’ of the HPV vaccine, and ‘appropriateness’ of an intervention (b) at the patient level, the ‘ability to perceive’ and ‘knowledge sufficiency’ (c) at the system level, ‘attitudes’ of different players in vaccine programming, planning and delivery. Further research is needed to conduct population health intervention research in this area.

Background: HPV-related vulvar cancer is increasing in prevalence, especially in women living with HIV. Treatment of vulva cancer is based on evidence from HPV-independent cancers, which affect older women. The impact of HIV on vulvar cancer characteristics and treatment outcomes needs to be elucidated., Patients and Methods: A retrospective observational study compared the clinical characteristics, treatment, and outcomes of 92 HIV-positive and 131 HIV-negative women with vulvar cancer at our institution. Using descriptive statistics, HIV-positive and negative patients were compared and Cox regression models were tested for differences in mortality and recurrence., Results: HIV-positive patients were 20 years younger than HIV-negative patients ( p < 0.001). More than 50% of patients presented with advanced stage cancer, however this was independent of HIV-status. Although HIV infection was associated with poorer survival ( p = 0.022); rates of cure ( p = 0.933) and recurrence rates ( p = 0.8) were similar in HIV-positive and negative women., Conclusions: Vulvar cancer occurs at a much younger age in women living with HIV. Awareness among HIV-positive women and health care providers would lead to diagnosis of vulvar cancer at an earlier stage. Treatment protocols for HPV-related vulvar cancer should not be altered due to HIV status and should take into consideration the young age of the patients., Competing Interests: Declaration of conflicting interestsThe author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Viral pandemics have shown that infected pregnant women are at risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes. Current evidence suggests that a pregnant woman’s immune system undergoes a transformation necessary to maintain pregnancy and fetal growth. The prevalence of human papillomavirus (PVI) is high, and its role in adverse pregnancy outcomes and reproductive loss is highly controversial. About 90% of cases of persistent human papillomavirus infection (PVI) are eliminated within one to two years. The role of the immune system in the elimination and persistence of PVI has been proven; however, there is no clear understanding of the mechanisms whereby PVI infected cells escape immune surveillance up to the present day. In addition, the immune mechanisms underlying the PVI persistence constitute a pathogenetic basis for the development of mechanisms of infertility, miscarriage and pregnancy pathology. Genetic polymorphism of the mother and the developing fetus, persistent PVI types and microbial landscape are modulating factors with an unexplained contribution in the transformation of quantity of introduced influences into the qualitative change in the biological state. The foreign and Russian research results analysed by the authors show that timely and adequate therapy of PVI may contribute to the preservation of reproductive potential and prevention of obstetric losses. The modern approach to the treatment of persistent PVI suggests the use of antiviral and immunomodulatory therapy. Due to its immunomodulatory and antiviral properties, inosine pranobex is used to treat viral diseases such as PVI, herpes simplex viruses, cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus and influenza.

El virus papiloma humano de alto riesgo (VPHAR) está relacionado al cáncer cervical. Se realizó un estudio clínico, epidemiológico, descriptivo, y transversal, en mujeres mayores de 15 años sexualmente activas, en el Instituto Autónomo Hospital Universitario de Los Andes (IAHULA) en Mérida - Venezuela, para detectar la frecuencia de infección por Virus Papiloma Humano (VPH), genotipificar en grupos de alto y bajo riesgo oncogénico, semicuantificar la carga viral y relacionar esta variable con el reporte citológico y colposcópico, usando captura de híbridos 2 (Digene®). Las mujeres firmaron un consentimiento informado, y el protocolo fue evaluado por un comité de ética. 53/394 (13,5%) mujeres resultaron positivas para infección por VPH. 43 presentaron VPHAR (81%), y 10 (19%) VPH de bajo riesgo (VPHBR). La carga viral se cuantificó en 39 mujeres con VPHAR. 66,67% presentaron resultados citológicos negativos para lesiones intraepiteliales y/o malignidad, a pesar de que 46,16% de dichas pacientes mostraron cargas virales moderadas y altas. Un 30,77% mostraron citologías positivas para lesión intraepitelial escamosa de bajo grado (LIEBG), con 66,66% mostrando cargas virales moderadas y altas. 58,98% de estas pacientes presentaron resultados colposcópicos anormales. 56,42% DZT (Dentro de la zona de transformación), un 2,56% ZINCN (Zona iodo negativa de contornos netos), las pacientes con DZT mostraron en un 59,09% cargas virales moderadas y altas. A pesar de haber encontrado cargas virales predominantemente moderadas y altas en pacientes con LIEBG, y lesiones colposcópicas, no resultaron ser estadísticamente significativas, por lo que se precisa dilucidar el rol definitivo de este hallazgo. High-risk human papillomavirus (HRHPV) is linked to cervical cancer. A clinical, epidemiological, descriptive, and cross-sectional study was carried out in sexually active women over 15 years of age at the Autonomous Institute Hospital Universitario de Los Andes (IAHULA) in Mérida - Venezuela, to detect the frequency of infection by Human Papilloma Virus (HPV), genotyping in groups of high and low oncogenic risk, semi-quantifying the viral load and relating this variable with the cytological and colposcopic report, using hybrid capture 2 (Digene®). The women signed an informed consent, and the protocol was evaluated by an ethics committee. 53/394 (13.5%) women tested positive for HPV infection. 43 had HRHPV (81%), and 10 (19%) had low-risk HPV (LRHPV). Viral load was quantified in 39 women with HRHPV. 66.67% presented negative cytological results for intraepithelial lesions and / or malignancy, despite the fact that 46.16% of these patients showed moderate and high viral loads. 30.77% showed positive cytologies for low grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL), with 66.66% showing moderate and high viral loads. 58.98% of these patients presented abnormal colposcopic results. 56.42% DZT (Within the transformation zone), 2.56% ZINCN (Iodine negative zone of net contours), the patients with DZT showed 59.09% moderate and high viral loads. Despite having found predominantly moderate and high viral loads in patients with LSIL, and colposcopic lesions, they were not statistically significant, so it is necessary to elucidate the definitive role of this finding.

The review is devoted to the problems of diagnosis and treatment of chronic recurrent cystitis (CRC). The search was conducted using the Medline, PubMed, EMBASE databases. CRC is a common disease, especially among women of reproductive age. Human papillomaviruses (HPV) are part of the human virome and may be implicated in the development of CRC. Immunostimulating therapy is an effective alternative method for the treatment and prevention of CRC, notably in CRC of human papillomavirus aetiology.

This systematic review provided synthesized evidence regarding the effectiveness of the interventions promoting the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination in college-aged population. The HPV infection is the most prevailing sexually transmitted disease. Despite the availability and effectiveness of the 9-Valent HPV vaccine, the vaccine coverage among young adults remained low. In witness to the increasing burden of HPV-related infections and cancers, research focused on the vaccination interventions should be conducted to determine the effectiveness of the vaccination strategy and address the gap. The search was conducted through PubMed, Cochrane, and CINAL. Studies were included if they (1) included vaccination programs, (2) target population was young adults aged 17–26, (3) examined factors associated with the intervention effectiveness, (4) were published in English, and (5) were published between February 2010 and February 2020. HPV-related knowledge and intentions toward HPV vaccination were all reported increased after the intervention. Increased HPV vaccination intentions were found associated with the increased vaccine initiation and completion. Among bisexual or homosexual individuals, females were found more likely to complete the HPV dose 2 and 3. The review findings suggested using vaccination interventions incorporated with educational components to promote vaccine uptake among young adults. Supportive interventions tailored to different populations and settings are crucial to address the suboptimal HPV-related knowledge and vaccination status among the young beneficiaries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: As the human papillomavirus (HPV) infections are detected in healthy oral mucosa as well as in oral lesions, dental practitioners have an important role in detecting any possible lesions that might be caused by this virus. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the outcomes of orthodontic treatments and HPV infections and to report a rare case of ongoing orthodontic treatment superposed on an HPV infection. Methods: An electronic English literature research of the articles published between the years 2011–2021 was conducted between December 2021–February 2022, accessing PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, Scopus, and Google Scholar. The terms "HPV", "orthodontics", "orthodontic treatment", "tooth movement", "tooth mobility", and "malocclusion" were searched. The following inclusion criteria were pursued: articles published in English language; studies reporting HPV infection in subjects with past or ongoing orthodontic treatment; and case reports of subjects with HPV and orthodontic treatment. Exclusion criteria were: articles in languages other than English, studies related to malignancies other than HPV and orthodontic treatment; and studies reporting patients with HPV and no orthodontic treatment. Results: Following the systematic review, which includes six papers, a case of orthodontic treatment superposed on a HPV infection is presented. Conclusion: Incumbent, postponed HPV infection on an ongoing orthodontic treatment might affect treatment outcome and patient compliance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background The incidence rate of cervical cancer is increasing yearly. The persistent infection of high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) is the main factor leading to cervical cancer. HPV infection is double peak type. This study aimed at analyzing the HPV distribution characteristics, infection rate, and risk of age in pre- and postmenopausal women. So as to provide reference for the prevention of HPV infection and cervical cancer screening strategy. Methods A retrospective analysis of 4614 women who underwent cervical cytology, and HPV examination from January 2018 to October 2019 at the healthcare department of Wuhan Union Hospital was done. We explored the characteristics and distribution of HPV infections around the menopause, then comparing the infection rate of HPV in postmenopause and over 65 years old, in order to analyze the influence of different ages on HPV infection. Results Generally, the HPV infection rate was 13.10% (539/4115), whereby the high-risk subtype constituted 73.84% (398/539) of all positive cases. On the other hand, the HPV39 infection was more common in postmenopausal women; however, there was no significant difference in the distribution of the other types in the pre- and postmenopausal women. The first four types were 52/53/58/16. The results further showed that the rates of HPV infection before and after menopause were 12.34% (367/2975) and 15.09% (172/1140), respectively, which had no significant difference (P = 0.056), but more susceptible to high-risk HPV infection after the age of 65 (P = 0.041). Except for 40 years old to menopause, the infection rate of high-risk HPV in this age group was different from that in postmenopause (P = 0.023, 0.729 (0.555, 0.957)), other age groups had no significant effect on high-risk HPV infection. Conclusions It was concluded that whether menopause has nothing to do with HPV infection. Moreover, the risk of high-risk HPV infection in women aged 40 to premenopausal is relatively low, but the infection rate increases after 65. Hence the cutoff screening age should be appropriately prolonged.

Introduction. A genital human papillomavirus infection receives the sword-point attention of both researchers and practitioners, due to its large prevalence in the human population, high contagiousness and, in particular, the ability of some HPV strains to contribute to the development of malignancy. This is particularly so with cervical cancer (CC), one of the most common types of cancer both in the Russian Federation and most countries of the world. It ranked first among the causes of malignant tumour deaths of women aged over 30 years. Objective. To present the experience in using the 3,3’-diindolylmethane-containing drug in the treatment of patients with HPVassociated low-grade cervical intraepithelial lesion. Material and methods. 62 women with HPV-associated low-grade cervical intraepithelial lesion were examined and received treatment with the 3,3’-diindolylmethane-containing drug (Cervicon-DIM). The primary diagnosis and therapeutic outcomes monitoring included the following research methods: colposcopy, histological examination of biopsy cervical specimens, Pap test, RT-PCR of high carcinogenic risk (HCR) HPV. The therapy compliance was evaluated using the clinical psychological test method (Morisky Green scale): compliant patients 4 scores (noncompliant 2 scores or less, insufficiently compliant 3 scores). Results. The therapeutic outcomes using 3,3’-diindolylmethane-containing drug (Cervicon-DIM) in the form of vaginal suppositories (100 mg twice daily for 90 days) showed clinical (recovery of colposcopic status in 83.0% of patients), cytological (confirmed absence of LSIL in 98.3% of women) and microbiological (PCR-negative HCR HPV in 91.5% of women) efficacy with satisfactory tolerance of the drug. Сonclusions. The therapeutic outcomes obtained using 3,3’-diindolylmethane-containing drug in the treatment of patients with HPV-associated low-grade cervical intraepithelial lesion could be considered as satisfactory. The data presented may be of interest to practicing gynecologists and other specialists.

Objective: Due to hormonal and immune response changes, pregnancy contributes to their adverse stimulating effect on the progress of already existing hyperplastic processes in the cervix. The resulting aggravation of severity in their clinical course and intensity of the pathological process relatively frequently leads to precancerous conditions and cervical cancer developing further on. Some authors note the upward trend in the number of pregnant women having been diagnosed with pre-cancer and cancer of the cervix, as women postpone their maternity decisions increasingly more often. Currently, the tactics of managing pregnant women with cervical dysplasia consists in dynamic observation, including cytological study, colposcopic assessment of the state of surface cervical epithelium taking into account physiological particularities which are characteristic of pregnancy. The use of interferon therapy in pregnant female patients with HPV-associated cervical neoplasia is also expedient owing to its positive effect for reducing the CIN progression frequency, the probability of infecting the fetus with human papillomavirus, and the frequency of perinatal complications. Methods: The study involved pregnant women in their second and third trimesters of gestation who have been diagnosed with cervical neoplasia (L-SIL, H-SIL). In comparison groups, behavior of cervical neoplasia was monitored against the background of the therapy conducted with interferon alpha-2b or without treatment. Results: Against the background of the therapy conducted with interferon alpha-2b drug, higher frequency of the pathological process improving and lower frequency of its progressing into more severe dysplasia forms have been registered in the pregnant women with HPV-associated cervical neoplasia. However, it must be noted that efficiency of the treatment is higher in the group of pregnant women with L-SIL than in the H-SIL female patients. Conclusion: In managing the CIN pregnant women, it is expedient to prescribe interferon therapy systemically and topically in the form of gel (Viferon®) which allows reducing inflammation, viral load, ensuring regression of LSIL and stabilization of H-SIL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To use droplet digital polymerase chain reaction (ddPCR) to detect human papillomavirus (HPV) infection in squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx and hypopharynx (SCCLHP) and to analyze its association with the prognosis of patients with HPV.Methods: We used ddPCR for HPV detection in 114 patients with SCCLHP; clinical data were collected, and the patients were followed-up for prognosis analysis. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses were used to complete the analysis of risk factors. This clinical study was registered (clinical trial registration no. ChiCTR2000033032).Result: Of the total cases, 15.79% (18/114) were HPV-positive and 8 (8/18, 44.4%) patients had tumors with HPV-16. There was a significant correlation between HPV-16 and the T classification and Tumor-Node-Metastasis (TNM) (P = 0.025 and 0.036, respectively). The 3-year overall survival rates in the HPV-positive and HPV-negative patients were 39.8% and 48.6% (P = 0.776), respectively. In the univariate analysis, HPV infection was not associated with the relative risk of progression (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.109, P = 0.778). Patients with laryngeal carcinoma (HR = 1.805, P = 0.037), no alcohol consumption (HR = 0.430, P = 0.009), well-differentiated tumors (HR = 2.570, p = 0.006), TNM I-II (HR = 2.482, P = 0.003), and no lymph node metastasis (HR = 2.615, P = 0.001) had better prognoses. In the multivariate analysis, tumor location (HR = 3.044, P = 0.001), alcohol consumption (HR = 0.474, P = 0.022), tumor differentiation (HR = 2.131, P = 0.030), and lymph node metastasis (HR = 4.179, P < 0.001) were independent predictors of better overall survival in SCCLHP.Conclusion: ddPCR is an advanced technology that can accurately diagnose HPV infection with high specificity and sensitivity. The HPV infection rate in SCCLHP was low, and there was no significant difference in the prognosis of SCCLHP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: 5‐aminoketovaleric acid, as a precursor of the strong photosensitizer protoporphyrin IX (PpIX), mainly enters the mitochondria after entering the cell, and the formed PpIX is also mainly localized in the mitochondria. So at present the research on the mechanism of 5‐aminoketovalerate photodynamic therapy (ALA‐PDT) mainly focuses on its impact on mitochondria. There are few reports on whether ALA‐PAT can affect the endoplasmic reticulum and trigger endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS). Aims/Objectives: Here we investigated the effects of ALA‐PDT on endoplasmic reticulum and its underlying mechanisms in high‐risk human papillomavirus (HR‐HPV) infection. Materials and Methods: The human cervical cancer cell line HeLa (containing whole genome of HR‐HPV18) was treated with ALAPDT, and cell viability, ROS production, the level of Ca2+ in the cytoplasm and apoptosis were evaluated by CCK8, immunofluorescence and flow cytometry, respectively. The protein expression of the markers of ERS and autophagy and CamKKβ‐AMPK pathway was examined by western blot. Results: The results showed that ALA‐PDT inhibited cell viability of HeLa cells in vitro; ALA‐PDT induced autophagy in HeLa cells ; ALA‐PDT induced autophagy via the Ca2+‐CamKKβ‐AMPK pathway, which could be suppressed by the inhibition of ERS;ALA‐PDT induced ERS‐specific apoptosis via the activation of caspase 12. Conclusions: Our study demonstrated that ALA‐PDT could exert a killing effect by inducing HeLa cell apoptosis, including endoplasmic reticulum‐specific apoptosis. Meanwhile, ERS via the Ca2+ ‐CamKKβ‐AMPK pathway promoted the occurrence of autophagy in HeLa cells. Inhibition of autophagy could increase the apoptosis rate of HeLa cells after ALA‐PDT, suggesting that autophagy may be one of the mechanisms of PDT resistance; The Ca2+‐CamKKβ‐AMPK pathway and autophagy may be targets to improve the killing effect of ALA‐PDT in treating HR‐HPV infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background About 23% of patients develop CIN2+ after LEEP treatment due to residual or recurrent lesions. The majority of patients with HPV infection were HPV negative before treatment, but 16,4% were still HPV 16 positive after treatment, indicating that conization do not necessarily clear HPV infection rapidly. The aim of this retrospective study was to evaluate the possible correlation existing between the appearance of recurring high-grade lesions and the viral genotype 16, and other risk factors such as residual disease. Methods One hundred eighty-two HPV positive patients underwent LEEP for CIN2+. The follow-up post treatment was carried out every 6 months. Abnormal results during follow-up were confirmed histologically and considered recurrent high-grade intraepithelial cervical lesions (CIN2/CIN3 or CIS). Statistical analysis was performed by using the SPSS software package for Windows (version 15.0, SPSS, Chicago, IL, USA). Descriptive statistics are expressed as frequency, arithmetic mean, standard deviation (S.D.) and percentages. We calculated significance (P

Human papillomavirus infection (HPV) is one of the most common infections today. Young women have a high risk of infection with HPV. The contagiosity of the virus reaches 80%. HPV is a cause of cervical cancer. Genital warts is one of the most common clinical manifestations of HPV, the incidence is 120–150 per 100,000 population. The aim of the study was to assess the degree of incidence of vulvar and vaginal warts, according to the official statistical forms and clinical practice. The statistical forms do not give an accurate account of the incidence of HPV due to the characteristics of reporting. According to clinical observation, signs of HPV were detected in 23,3% of female students, who underwent periodic medical examinations, and in 10,1% of patients, who addressed complaints to the gynecologist. Inosine pranobex is the most studied systemic immunomodulator used to eliminate HPV. The non-intervention open-site single-center study showed that the effectiveness of monotherapy acounted for 66,9%, which categorized inosine pranobex as a first-line drug.

Background: Reproductive health changes can occur following infection with Human papillomavirus. HPV is the most prevalent sexually transmitted infection causing a variety of clinical manifestations ranging from warts to cancer. This study aimed to explore the reproductive concerns of women infected with HPV. Methods: In this qualitative study, we used the conventional content analysis approach, with the aid of MAXQDA.10 software, to analyze data extracted from the face-to-face semi-structured interviews with 20 Iranian HPV-positive women (sampled by maximum variation purposive sampling). The accuracy of this research was ensured according to the four criteria proposed by Guba and Lincoln. Results: Exploring participants' reproductive concerns, three main categories were identified from the interviews including concerns about fertility potential, pregnancy and non-pregnancy reproductive issues. HPV-positive women concerned about reduced female/ male fertility due to HPV, the impact of the HPV on the fetal health, adverse pregnancy outcomes such as miscarriage and preterm delivery, and mother-to-child transmission of HPV during breastfeeding. HPV-positive women with abnormal cytology results were anxious that becoming pregnant or taking hormonal contraception might worsen their abnormalities. Most married women were reluctant to use a condom. Participants requested further information about the potential reproductive risks of the HPV vaccine. They also wanted to know about the safety of HPV vaccine during pregnancy and breastfeeding. Conclusions: HPV-positive women had some reproductive concerns that should be considered in the designing of educational-consulting interventions. Women need to be better understood and informed about the impact of HPV on their reproductive health. Health care providers may lack knowledge about these specific areas, and they could benefit from additional up-to-date information to address women's reproductive concerns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: As the human papillomavirus (HPV) infections are detected in healthy oral mucosa as well as in oral lesions, dental practitioners have an important role in detecting any possible lesions that might be caused by this virus. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the outcomes of orthodontic treatments and HPV infections and to report a rare case of ongoing orthodontic treatment superposed on an HPV infection. Methods: An electronic English literature research of the articles published between the years 2011–2021 was conducted between December 2021–February 2022, accessing PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, Scopus, and Google Scholar. The terms “HPV”, “orthodontics”, “orthodontic treatment”, “tooth movement”, “tooth mobility”, and “malocclusion” were searched. The following inclusion criteria were pursued: articles published in English language; studies reporting HPV infection in subjects with past or ongoing orthodontic treatment; and case reports of subjects with HPV and orthodontic treatment. Exclusion criteria were: articles in languages other than English, studies related to malignancies other than HPV and orthodontic treatment; and studies reporting patients with HPV and no orthodontic treatment. Results: Following the systematic review, which includes six papers, a case of orthodontic treatment superposed on a HPV infection is presented. Conclusion: Incumbent, postponed HPV infection on an ongoing orthodontic treatment might affect treatment outcome and patient compliance.

Background: The incidence rate of cervical cancer is increasing yearly. The persistent infection of high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) is the main factor leading to cervical cancer. HPV infection is double peak type. This study aimed at analyzing the HPV distribution characteristics, infection rate, and risk of age in pre- and postmenopausal women. So as to provide reference for the prevention of HPV infection and cervical cancer screening strategy.Methods: A retrospective analysis of 4614 women who underwent cervical cytology, and HPV examination from January 2018 to October 2019 at the healthcare department of Wuhan Union Hospital was done. We explored the characteristics and distribution of HPV infections around the menopause, then comparing the infection rate of HPV in postmenopause and over 65 years old, in order to analyze the influence of different ages on HPV infection.Results: Generally, the HPV infection rate was 13.10% (539/4115), whereby the high-risk subtype constituted 73.84% (398/539) of all positive cases. On the other hand, the HPV39 infection was more common in postmenopausal women; however, there was no significant difference in the distribution of the other types in the pre- and postmenopausal women. The first four types were 52/53/58/16. The results further showed that the rates of HPV infection before and after menopause were 12.34% (367/2975) and 15.09% (172/1140), respectively, which had no significant difference (P = 0.056), but more susceptible to high-risk HPV infection after the age of 65 (P = 0.041). Except for 40 years old to menopause, the infection rate of high-risk HPV in this age group was different from that in postmenopause (P = 0.023, 0.729 (0.555, 0.957)), other age groups had no significant effect on high-risk HPV infection.Conclusions: It was concluded that whether menopause has nothing to do with HPV infection. Moreover, the risk of high-risk HPV infection in women aged 40 to premenopausal is relatively low, but the infection rate increases after 65. Hence the cutoff screening age should be appropriately prolonged. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: High‐grade vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia (VAIN) is considered to be a premalignant lesion. We conducted a 20‐year retrospective observational single‐center study on the effectiveness of vaginal stripping (local excision procedure) as a treatment for high‐grade VAIN. Methods: Women diagnosed with VAIN and treated with vaginal stripping performed from 1998 to 2017 at our unit were identified using the hospital computer database. Vaginal stripping was performed for high‐grade VAIN after being diagnosed by colposcopy‐directed biopsies. The patients were followed every 3–6 months afterward via cytology monitoring and vaginal smear. Colposcopy‐guided biopsy was repeated for high‐grade abnormal cytology or persistent low‐grade abnormality. The residual disease and recurrence rates were determined. Risk factors for margin positivity and residual and recurrent disease were identified. The association between margin positivity and recurrence was evaluated. Results: Excluding three women whose final histology were malignant, the follow‐up smears and histology (if any) were traced in the remaining 111 women. The median follow‐up time was 76 months. Twenty‐one of them had persistent abnormal smears (14 high‐grade lesions and seven low‐grade lesions) during the year following the vaginal stripping. The residual disease rate was 18.9% (21/111). The recurrence rate was 7.2%. There were five women (4%) with procedure‐related complications. History of hysterectomy was identified as a risk factor for recurrence. Conclusions: Vaginal stripping is a valid treatment option for VAIN. High‐grade VAIN post treatment recurred up to 5 years post treatment. Regular long‐term surveillance is needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Aim: to evaluate the presence of subclinical HPV-induced anal lesions with anal cytology, High-Resolution Anoscopy (HRA) and HPV genotyping by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in the follow-up of treated condylomata acuminata (CA). Methods: seventy-nine male patients were included. One month after anal CA eradication, the patients underwent brush samples collection for anal cytology and PCR, and HRA with biopsy of acetowhite lesions. These methods were compared within all patients and between groups, according to Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection status: HIV-negative; HIV-positive with TCD4 count above and below 350 cells/mm3. Results: the most frequent HPV types were 6 and 16. HPV DNA was isolated in 92%. HIV infection was associated with a higher number of oncogenic HPV types (p=0.038). All patients with negative PCR had negative HRA and cytology. There were no differences in cytological, HRA or histopathological findings between groups. Conclusion: the association of the findings of cytopathology, HRA and genotyping of HPV refined the diagnosis of HPV-induced lesions. The degree of immunodeficiency was not associated with increase in remnant HPV-induced anal lesions.

Background. In the regions of the Russian Federation (RF), papillomavirus infection in women of reproductive age is characterized by different frequency of occurrence from 13 to 68.4 %. Aims: to establish the frequency of detection of human papilloma virus in Irkutsk, according to the data of circulation. Materials and methods. The article presents the results of the medical examination of residents of Irkutsk on the presence DNA of human papilloma virus. We analyzed the results of laboratory studies of patients who from 2014 to 2016 turned to the medical institution for the diagnosis of human papilloma virus. For the period surveyed was 13 090 man, age from 18 to 67 years, including 11 174 women and 1 916 male. The diagnosis of HPV was carried out by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results. It was found the frequency of HPV in Irkutsk in the general population is 21.1 %, among women – 21.9 %, among male – 16.4 %. It was shown that the frequency of detection of papillomavirus infection in the sample of women was significantly higher than in the sample of men (p < 0.001).Conclusions: It was shown that the frequency of HPV is 21.1 % the frequency of detection of the pathogen of papillomavirus infection in the sample of women was significantly higher (p < 0.001) than in the sample of male.

The human papilloma virus (HPV) is the most common sexually transmitted infection. 440 million people in the world suffer from HPV infection of the genital. During the life of HPV, 50 to 80% of the sexually active population is infected, most often in the first years of sexual activity (the maximum prevalence is between 18-30 years of age). The treatment of subclinical forms of HPV epithelial lesions in 115 patients aged 26 to 42 years with a normal colposcopic pattern and the presence of coilocytosis was performed.

Numerous studies have shown the role of human papillomavirus (HPV) in the generation of cervical cancer. The review presents Russian researching data aboutfrequency of the HPV in different regions of the Russian Federation. The regional feature in the frequency of the HPV is observed. The average population frequency of the HPV varies from 13 to 63 % in different region. The frequency of the HPV reaches 82 % in groups of patients with dysplasia of the 3rd degree and cervical cancer. The most oncogenic type 16 the HPV is the most common virus among other papillomavirus in the most Russian regions that corresponds to the global data. This type of virus is the most common in both groups of women and men. Type 16 of HPV with high frequency is detected in different age groups, and among clinically healthy patients and in groups of patients with various gynecological pathologies. Modern methods of molecular diagnostics, in particular, the PCR method, allow to detect and genotype the HPV with high sensitivity and specificity, and to determine the viral load. The PCR method in screening programs can identify risk groups of the urogenital pathology in examined women.

Copyright of Ginecología y Obstetricia de México is the property of Federacion Mexicana de Ginecologia y Obstetricia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Ginecología y Obstetricia de México is the property of Federacion Mexicana de Ginecologia y Obstetricia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: This study investigated whether patients with a history of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection are at increased risk of developing psoriasis.Methods: We enrolled 66 274 patients with HPV infection between 1997 and 2013 from the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database, and compared them with control individuals who had never been diagnosed with HPV infection (at a 1:4 ratio matched by age, sex and index year) in relation to the risk of developing psoriasis. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs), with the control group as reference.Results: The adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) was 1.177 (95% CI, 1.010-1.373) after adjusting for demographic characteristics, comorbidities, dermatology-related outpatient visits and medications. The HPV group had an increased risk of psoriasis compared with the control group in all of the different age groups. The P-value for interaction between age and exposure of HPV is 0.009 in our sub-group analysis.Conclusions: A higher risk of psoriasis was found after HPV infection, and age acted as an effect modifier between the HPV infection and risk of psoriasis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent evidence suggests that, when compared to their cisgender counterparts, transgender youth exhibit more unsafe sexual behavior that may elevate their risk for sexually transmitted infections. The aim of this study was to better understand what transgender youth know about oral sex, related consequences, and mechanisms of protection and where they obtained this information. The findings can be helpful in preparing oral health providers to play a role in meeting this public health need. The study took place at a U.S. academic pediatric medical center in 2017. Participants were recruited at a Transgender Research Day and during Transgender Clinic sessions. English-speaking transgender adolescents ages 14 to 24 were invited to participate in a previously validated survey about their knowledge and behaviors related to oral sex. Of the 138 transgender youth invited to participate, 57 completed the surveys, for a 41% response rate. Most respondents reported feeling they understood the necessity of protection and consequences of oral sex but did not use protection. Over half of the participants (58%) said they had not had a physician, dentist, or parent speak to them about oral sex. Given the lack of standardized, evidence-based sex education, it is imperative that adolescents, particularly in highly vulnerable populations like transgender youth, receive accurate information about oral sexual contact. Dental schools should prepare future practitioners to address these issues with youth using a culturally competent, evidence-based approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The role of human papillomavirus (HPV) as single or multiple infections in pregnant women would be relevant to determine the time to progression and/or the time to regression of cervical lesions. Objective: In this preliminary study, we determined the prevalence of HPV as single or multiple infections in pregnant women from Northeastern Mexico. Materials and Methods: Samples from 31 pregnant and 62 nonpregnant women were examined between January 2015 and November 2015 at UMAE-23 of the Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS). The samples of cervicovaginal exudate were obtained for HPV DNA detection using the INNO-LiPA test, and HPV infections were analyzed as single or multiple infections. Participants completed a questionnaire on sociodemographic, gynecological, obstetric, and sexual behavior characteristics. Results: The mean age of the pregnant women was 25.7 ± 4.8 yr, with an average time of pregnancy of 6 ± 1 months at the time of the study. With respect to age, parity, smoking history, or oral contraceptive use no statistically significant differences between the two studied groups was observed. The HPV infection was 2.7 times higher in pregnant women (35%) than in the control group (13%). In total, 78% of the pregnant women who were HPV-positive presented with single infections compared with 28% of the nonpregnant women. Conclusion: A higher prevalence of HPV as a single infection was found in this sample of pregnant Mexican women. Follow-up is necessary to evaluate the persistence or regression of the infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is one of the most common groups of viruses that has infected more than 660 million people in the world. It has been proved that the long persistence of HPV in the tissues of the organs of the lower part of the genital tract provokes the development of precancerous and cancerous processes. Since the state of the immune system largely determines the nature of the course of HPV infection, a modern approach to the treatment of HPV-associated diseases involves the use of antiviral and immunomodulatory therapy.

The review dedicated by the diagnosis of recurrent infection of the lower urinary tract of the papillomavirus etiology. The search was conducted using Medline, PubMed, EMBASE, CNKI and WANG FANG databases. Human papillomaviruses included in the human virome and may be implicated in the development of the recurrent lower urinary tract infection. There are limitations of modern molecular-genetic methods for diagnosis of papillomavirus infection of the bladder. The gold standard for diagnosis of papillomavirus infection of the bladder remains cystoscopy and morphological study of the bladder biopsies.

Aim. Objective was to establish the features of markers expression of receptivity, proliferation, apoptosis and angiogenesis of cervix with CIN associated with HPV infection in various forms of female infertility. Materials and methods. Cervical biopsy material of 157 women with CIN associated with HPV infection in infertility was investigated. Depending on the degree of CIN all cases are divided into three groups: 1st group – 62 women with mild CIN (CIN-I), 2nd group – 53 women with moderate CIN (CIN-II), 3rd group – 42 patients with severe CIN (CIN-III). The control group consisted of 15 cervical samples from infertile women without cervical pathology. For immunohistochemical (IHC) studies the primary monoclonal antibodies Ki-67 (Clone MIB-1, DakoCytomation) r63 (clone 4A4, DakoCytomation), VEGF (clone VG1, DakoCytomation), p16ink4a (kit for histological preparations, number K5334), estrogen (ER) (clone 6F11, Novocastra) and progesterone receptors (PR) (clone 1A6, Novocastra) were used. Results. As a result of studies it was found that dysplastic cervical processes in terms of human papilloma virus infection are characterized by severe structural changes in the form of cell renewal violation, redistribution of hormonal reception and expression of vascular endothelial growth factor by stratified squamous epithelium especially in the tubular, hormonal and combined infertility. Conclusions. It was established that for infertility the cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) associated with HPV infection (PVI) is characterized by different individual potential for the development of cervical carcinoma. For early detection, verification of the severity degree and prognosis of CIN, especially during the tubular, hormonal and combined forms of infertility it is advisable to include the immunomorphological study of tissue of the cervix using monoclonal antibodies (Ki-67, r63, pl6ink4a, ER, PR, VEGF) in the algorithm of complex inspection.

Treatment approach Neoplastic epithelial changes (cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, CIN) can be precancerous. Human papillomavirus is considered to be the cause of neoplastic processes.

The paper presents data on the prevalence of PVI, the recurrence rate of this infection. It discusses various therapy protocols of the disease including the use of destructive methods in the treatment and combination of the above methods with immunomodulating therapy. The own observation data are provided.

Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is a highly contagious sexually transmitted infection that leads to preventable cancers of the mouth, throat, cervix, and genitalia. Despite the wide availability of HPV Vaccine (HPVV) in Canada, its uptake remains suboptimal. This review aims to identify factors (barriers and facilitators) in HPV vaccine uptake across English Canada at three levels (provider, system, and patient). We explored academic and gray literature to examine factors involved in HPVV uptake and synthesized results based on interpretive content analysis. The review identified the following factors of prime significance in the uptake of the HPV vaccine (a) at the provider level, 'acceptability' of the HPV vaccine, and 'appropriateness' of an intervention (b) at the patient level, the 'ability to perceive' and 'knowledge sufficiency' (c) at the system level, 'attitudes' of different players in vaccine programming, planning and delivery. Further research is needed to conduct population health intervention research in this area.

Background: About 23% of patients develop CIN2+ after LEEP treatment due to residual or recurrent lesions. The majority of patients with HPV infection were HPV negative before treatment, but 16,4% were still HPV 16 positive after treatment, indicating that conization do not necessarily clear HPV infection rapidly. The aim of this retrospective study was to evaluate the possible correlation existing between the appearance of recurring high-grade lesions and the viral genotype 16, and other risk factors such as residual disease. Methods: One hundred eighty-two HPV positive patients underwent LEEP for CIN2+. The follow-up post treatment was carried out every 6 months. Abnormal results during follow-up were confirmed histologically and considered recurrent high-grade intraepithelial cervical lesions (CIN2/CIN3 or CIS). Statistical analysis was performed by using the SPSS software package for Windows (version 15.0, SPSS, Chicago, IL, USA). Descriptive statistics are expressed as frequency, arithmetic mean, standard deviation (S.D.) and percentages. We calculated significance (P < 0.5) with the Easy Fischer Test. We calculated the Odds Ratio (OR) of women with peristent HPV 16 infection and positive margin, to have a recurrence. Results: In our study, the rate of persistent infection from HPV 16, after LEEP, was 15.9% (29/182) with 94% (17/18) of the recurring disease occurring within 18 months of follow up. From this study it was found that the persistence of genotype 16 is associated with a greater rate of relapse post-conization of CIN 2+ lesions, with respect to other genotypes. Our study further supports those studies that demonstrate that the risk for residual disease or relapse is not to be overlooked, also when the margins are negative, but persistent HPV infection is present. In our case study, 40% of relapses were in women with negative margin, but with persistent HPV 16 infection. Even more so, the margins involved in HPV16 positive subjects is another prediction factor for relapse. Conclusions: Our results show the importance of genotyping and that persistent HPV 16 infection should be considered a risk factor for the development of residual/recurrent CIN 2/3. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To assess the frequency of detection of high-risk human papillomavirus (hrHPV) on transvaginal ultrasound (TVS) probes and keyboards and evaluate operator compliance with national recommendations for prevention of cross-infection during TVS.Methods: This was a multicenter observational survey involving 46 public and private centers, in the Paris region of France, in which at least five consecutive TVS examinations were performed per day. We audited 676 TVS procedures. We recorded preventive hygiene actions undertaken by the operator at three stages: (1) during TVS; (2) during probe disinfection; and (3) during preparation of the probe for the next TVS. After probe disinfection, we collected one sample from the bare probe and one from the ultrasound keyboard; following probe preparation for the next examination, an additional sample was obtained from the covered probe. The samples were tested for presence of hrHPV DNA using the Cobas® 4800 System.Results: We did not detect hrHPV DNA in samples collected from uncovered or covered probes (0%; 95% CI, 0.00-0.55%). Keyboard samples were positive for hrHPV in two cases (0.3%; 95% CI, 0.04-1.07%). During TVS, the operator avoided touching the keyboard with a hand that had touched the patient's vulva in 86% of cases and held the probe with a gloved hand in 68%. Before probe disinfection, the operator wore new gloves, or performed hand disinfection in 8% of cases. The probe disinfection technique used was adequate in 87% of cases, not performed at all in 12% and insufficient in 1%. Before preparing the probe for the next scan, the operators disinfected their hands or used new gloves in 81% of cases. The probe cover and the coupling gel used complied with recommendations in 98% and 46% of cases, respectively. Of the seven preventive hygiene actions recommended in national guidelines, all were performed in 2%, three to six in 95% and two in 3% of observations. In four (9%) centers, disinfection was not performed in over half the observations.Conclusions: No evidence of hrHPV DNA was found on TVS probes and probe covers following low-level disinfection, despite suboptimal compliance with hygiene guidelines. Routine TVS practice could be made easier and safer with a global approach to probe disinfection and hand hygiene. Copyright © 2019 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. To assess the impact of HPV testing on longstanding problems faced by screening programs in Latin America, using the case of the Jujuy Demonstration Project (JDP) in Argentina. Materials and methods. The study measured the level of impact produced by the introduction of HPV-testing on problems faced by cytology programs by analyzing modifications on specific problems produced during the JDP. Impact was classified as direct/indirect, and positive/ negative. Results. Direct/positive impact was found in issues concerning age and screening frequency, cytology laboratories and screening sensitivity, and low coverage. Direct/negative impact was mainly related to the adherence to triage cytology by HPV+ women with self-collected-tests, and the delivery and labelling of samples. Indirect impact of HPV-Test was mostly positive, and related to the programmatic reorganization which was facilitated by the introduction of HPV testing. Conclusions. HPV testing provides an opportunity window for improving primary screening, but does not solve programmatic problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A better understanding of the life cycle of human papillomaviruses (HPV) and innate immune control responses made it possible to lookfor ways of reducing the replication load of viral proteins and to activate the mechanisms of innate immunity for rapid viral elimination. This is extremely important since persistent infection mainly with papillomavirus types 16, 18, 35, 45, and 52 is the major cause of cervical cancer. Over 3 years, the screening program proposed by the World Health Organization in 2001 could reveal about 10 % of the 30 000 women who had moderate and severe or more cervical epithelial lesion and other 14 % had a HPV positive test showing mainly the presence of several strains. The level of persistent infection (the presence of one type of the virus within 12 months) was significantly higher among smokers and women older than 35 years of age. In our trial, the use of Isoprinosine in a dose of 50 mg/kg/day for 28 days contributed to rapid viral elimination persisting longer than 12 months in 91.8 % of the patients.

Uterine cervical cancer is on the 3rd place of cancerous diseases morbidity in Russia. Uterine cervical cancer is caused by persistent papillomavirus infection (PVI), therefore the main factor of uterine cervical cancer prevention is screening and vaccination against human papillomavirus (HPV). Uterine cervical cells infection with HPV is necessary, but not sufficient for their malignancy. Its important to provide adequate therapeutic measures to eliminate HIV from the organism, if infection already occurred. One of the effective methods of PVI complex conservative therapy is stimulation of cell immunity by use of natural purine analogue inosine pranobex (IP) as an immunostimulator. IP antivirus effect is associated with suppression of replication of DNA and RNA viruses by bounding to cell ribosome. Immunomodulating capacity of IP is characterized by stimulation of nonspecific immunity, enhanced interleukin production, increased antibodies synthesis, stimulation of chemotaxic and phagocytous activity of monocytes and macrophagues and polymorphonuclear cells. In present article data on open and double blind placebo-controlled studies of IP are summarized. These studies confirm IP efficacy in HPV-infection therapy.