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2. Tackling terrorism in Africa : post-9/11 US security policies and radicalisation in Kenya

Author

Papale, Simone

Subjects
DT Africa, HV Social pathology. Social and public welfare
Abstract

Since the beginning of the war on terror, the US has intensified security efforts in Africa, promoting regional initiatives and increasing bilateral cooperation with local governments to fight terrorism on the ground. Yet, despite Washington's attempts, Islamist violence on the continent is on the rise. What is more, several of US African partners have been criticised for overstepping legal boundaries in the conduct of counter-terrorism operations, committing human rights violations against African people. This study fills a longstanding gap in the literature by exploring whether, and above all, how post-9/11 US security policies may have a negative impact on radicalisation in African states, increasing dynamics culminating with mobilisation into terrorism. Relying on a critical theoryinspired research orientation, it sets up an innovative and interdisciplinary framework, shifting the emphasis to local politics as a determinant for the impact of US policies and pointing to dynamics of violent interaction between African states and their population as a crucial dimension of radicalisation. Incorporating analytical elements from the research on remote warfare, security assistance and the role of agency, and social movements, the proposed framework develops around a three-step causal mechanism hypothesised to connect US policies to the increase in radicalisation on the ground. The mechanism posits that post-9/11 US security policies have a negative impact in African states characterised by the threat of terrorism and the use of indiscriminate repression against suspect groups by: 1) leading to the establishment of a partnership relationship within the framework of remote warfare; 2) from the partnership relationship, African states gain resources and room for manoeuvre to implement indiscriminate repression; 3) indiscriminate repression causes an increase in radicalisation in African states. To test such a mechanism, the research is designed as a case study, focusing on post-9/11 US security policies in Kenya by using theory-testing process tracing to identify the case-specific manifestations of the three steps. The research provides extensive evidence in support of the hypothesised mechanism in the case of Kenya, showing how US remote intervention, based on the provision of indirect support, has inadvertently contributed to fuelling the repressive campaign conducted by local security authorities against Muslims and ethnic Somalis, pushing the latter into the hands of the terrorist group Al Shabaab. Such findings have significant implications, pointing to the need of context-sensitive security policies acknowledging the political drivers of terrorism and the limits of remote warfare in Kenya. At the same time, they make a theoretical contribution, setting the foundation for a more thorough approach towards the study of US efforts in Africa which, by overcoming divisions in the discipline, could help shape more sustainable and effective security policies.

Published
2021

3. Food, Terrorism, and the Boko Haram and Al-Shabaab Insurgencies.

Author

Papale, Simone and Castelli, Emanuele

Subjects
*RESOURCE mobilization, *TERRORISM, *FOOD research, *TERRORISTS, *RADICALS, *INSURGENCY
Abstract

AbstractThis article explores the role of food in terrorist insurgencies, focusing on the cases of Boko Haram and Al-Shabaab. Building on the research on food weaponization and resource mobilization, it shows how food is a key dimension of insurgencies. Terrorist groups leverage it to increase compliance from the population and weaken state forces. However, despite enabling militants to achieve operational objectives, food-centered tactics can cause long-term disruptions decreasing their access to resources and their capabilities. Such dynamics have major humanitarian consequences on the ground, showing the need for more comprehensive security strategies addressing local vulnerabilities while building resilience against terrorism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2025
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4. Tackling Terrorism in Africa: US Remote Interventionism and the Fight against Al-Qaeda and Al-Shabaab in Kenya.

Author

Papale, Simone

Abstract

In the last two decades, the US has provided African governments with increasing assistance to fight terrorism. Kenya has been a major recipient of US support. Drawing on research on remote warfare and the principal-agent theory, this article explores the effects of US security policies in the country. It shows how the remote form of intervention adopted by the US against terrorism in Africa has increased the vulnerability of US policies to the interests and perceptions of local actors. In Kenya, such dynamics have favoured the abuse of US assistance for the implementation of repressive measures against suspect groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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7. Fuelling the fire: Al-Shabaab, counter-terrorism and radicalisation in Kenya.

Author

Papale, Simone

Subjects
COUNTERTERRORISM, SOCIAL movements, NATIONAL security, TERRORISM
Abstract

In the last decade, facing an increase in Al-Shabaab's activities on its soil, Kenya has tightened up its counter-terrorism policy, intensifying security operations in vulnerable areas. However, Kenyan counter-terrorism measures have been criticised for overstepping legal boundaries, often degenerating into practices of indiscriminate repression against suspect communities. Adopting a social movement theory approach, this article investigates whether, and above all how, such practices may have detrimental effects, increasing radicalisation. The article shows that, by exacerbating frictions and widening socio-political divisions in the country, indiscriminate repression has increased a motivation to mobilise into terrorism among targeted groups while, at the same time, shaping conducive conditions enabling them to do so through emerging connections with Al-Shabaab. Such findings have substantial implications, highlighting the need for more targeted strategies tackling terrorism without setting in motion dynamics of violent interaction further undermining national security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2022
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9. Framing frictions: frame analysis and Al-Shabaab's mobilisation strategies in Kenya.

Author

Papale, Simone

Subjects
SOCIAL movements, TERRORISM, TERRORIST recruiting, COUNTERTERRORISM
Abstract

In the last decade, while suffering a dramatic escalation of terrorist attacks by Al-Shabaab, Kenya has become a major source of recruits for the Somali-based organisation. Relying on analytical tools from the research on social movements, this article investigates terrorist strategies of mobilisation in the country, using frame analysis to explore the imagery promoted by terrorist propaganda to achieve mobilisation of potential supporters. The article shows how, rather than merely reproducing a global radical religious ideology transcending local politics, Al-Shabaab capitalises on historical fractures and conflictual dynamics in Kenya, forging interpretative orientations that draw on more "profane" segments of local narratives, experiences and values to gain resonance among targeted audiences. Such findings have considerable implications, contributing to de-exceptionalising Islamist terrorism in East Africa and pointing to the need of more context-sensitive counter-terrorism measures dealing with the sources of instability that shape a socio-political terrain on which the terrorist message takes root. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2021
Full Text
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10. Tackling Terrorism in Africa: Post-9/11 US Security Policies and Radicalisation in Kenya

Author

Papale, Simone

Abstract

Since the beginning of the war on terror, the US has intensified security efforts in Africa, promoting regional initiatives and increasing bilateral cooperation with local governments to fight terrorism on the ground. Yet, despite Washington’s attempts, Islamist violence on the continent is on the rise. What is more, several of US African partners have been criticised for overstepping legal boundaries in the conduct of counter-terrorism operations, committing human rights violations against African people. This study fills a longstanding gap in the literature by exploring whether, and above all, how post-9/11 US security policies may have a negative impact on radicalisation in African states, increasing dynamics culminating with mobilisation into terrorism. Relying on a critical theoryinspired research orientation, it sets up an innovative and interdisciplinary framework, shifting the emphasis to local politics as a determinant for the impact of US policies and pointing to dynamics of violent interaction between African states and their population as a crucial dimension of radicalisation. Incorporating analytical elements from the research on remote warfare, security assistance and the role of agency, and social movements, the proposed framework develops around a three-step causal mechanism hypothesised to connect US policies to the increase in radicalisation on the ground. The mechanism posits that post-9/11 US security policies have a negative impact in African states characterised by the threat of terrorism and the use of indiscriminate repression against suspect groups by: 1) leading to the establishment of a partnership relationship within the framework of remote warfare; 2) from the partnership relationship, African states gain resources and room for manoeuvre to implement indiscriminate repression; 3) indiscriminate repression causes an increase in radicalisation in African states. To test such a mechanism, the research is designed as a case study, focusing on post-9/11 US security policies in Kenya by using theory-testing process tracing to identify the case-specific manifestations of the three steps. The research provides extensive evidence in support of the hypothesised mechanism in the case of Kenya, showing how US remote intervention, based on the provision of indirect support, has inadvertently contributed to fuelling the repressive campaign conducted by local security authorities against Muslims and ethnic Somalis, pushing the latter into the hands of the terrorist group Al Shabaab. Such findings have significant implications, pointing to the need of context-sensitive security policies acknowledging the political drivers of terrorism and the limits of remote warfare in Kenya. At the same time, they make a theoretical contribution, setting the foundation for a more thorough approach towards the study of US efforts in Africa which, by overcoming divisions in the discipline, could help shape more sustainable and effective security policies.

11. Tackling Terrorism in Africa: Post-9/11 US Security Policies and Radicalisation in Kenya

Author

Papale, Simone and Papale, Simone

Abstract

Since the beginning of the war on terror, the US has intensified security efforts in Africa, promoting regional initiatives and increasing bilateral cooperation with local governments to fight terrorism on the ground. Yet, despite Washington’s attempts, Islamist violence on the continent is on the rise. What is more, several of US African partners have been criticised for overstepping legal boundaries in the conduct of counter-terrorism operations, committing human rights violations against African people. This study fills a longstanding gap in the literature by exploring whether, and above all, how post-9/11 US security policies may have a negative impact on radicalisation in African states, increasing dynamics culminating with mobilisation into terrorism. Relying on a critical theoryinspired research orientation, it sets up an innovative and interdisciplinary framework, shifting the emphasis to local politics as a determinant for the impact of US policies and pointing to dynamics of violent interaction between African states and their population as a crucial dimension of radicalisation. Incorporating analytical elements from the research on remote warfare, security assistance and the role of agency, and social movements, the proposed framework develops around a three-step causal mechanism hypothesised to connect US policies to the increase in radicalisation on the ground. The mechanism posits that post-9/11 US security policies have a negative impact in African states characterised by the threat of terrorism and the use of indiscriminate repression against suspect groups by: 1) leading to the establishment of a partnership relationship within the framework of remote warfare; 2) from the partnership relationship, African states gain resources and room for manoeuvre to implement indiscriminate repression; 3) indiscriminate repression causes an increase in radicalisation in African states. To test such a mechanism, the research is designed as a case study, focusing o

12. Tackling Terrorism in Africa: Post-9/11 US Security Policies and Radicalisation in Kenya

Author

Papale, Simone and Papale, Simone

Abstract

Since the beginning of the war on terror, the US has intensified security efforts in Africa, promoting regional initiatives and increasing bilateral cooperation with local governments to fight terrorism on the ground. Yet, despite Washington’s attempts, Islamist violence on the continent is on the rise. What is more, several of US African partners have been criticised for overstepping legal boundaries in the conduct of counter-terrorism operations, committing human rights violations against African people. This study fills a longstanding gap in the literature by exploring whether, and above all, how post-9/11 US security policies may have a negative impact on radicalisation in African states, increasing dynamics culminating with mobilisation into terrorism. Relying on a critical theoryinspired research orientation, it sets up an innovative and interdisciplinary framework, shifting the emphasis to local politics as a determinant for the impact of US policies and pointing to dynamics of violent interaction between African states and their population as a crucial dimension of radicalisation. Incorporating analytical elements from the research on remote warfare, security assistance and the role of agency, and social movements, the proposed framework develops around a three-step causal mechanism hypothesised to connect US policies to the increase in radicalisation on the ground. The mechanism posits that post-9/11 US security policies have a negative impact in African states characterised by the threat of terrorism and the use of indiscriminate repression against suspect groups by: 1) leading to the establishment of a partnership relationship within the framework of remote warfare; 2) from the partnership relationship, African states gain resources and room for manoeuvre to implement indiscriminate repression; 3) indiscriminate repression causes an increase in radicalisation in African states. To test such a mechanism, the research is designed as a case study, focusing o

13. Tackling Terrorism in Africa: Post-9/11 US Security Policies and Radicalisation in Kenya

Author

Papale, Simone and Papale, Simone

Abstract

Since the beginning of the war on terror, the US has intensified security efforts in Africa, promoting regional initiatives and increasing bilateral cooperation with local governments to fight terrorism on the ground. Yet, despite Washington’s attempts, Islamist violence on the continent is on the rise. What is more, several of US African partners have been criticised for overstepping legal boundaries in the conduct of counter-terrorism operations, committing human rights violations against African people. This study fills a longstanding gap in the literature by exploring whether, and above all, how post-9/11 US security policies may have a negative impact on radicalisation in African states, increasing dynamics culminating with mobilisation into terrorism. Relying on a critical theoryinspired research orientation, it sets up an innovative and interdisciplinary framework, shifting the emphasis to local politics as a determinant for the impact of US policies and pointing to dynamics of violent interaction between African states and their population as a crucial dimension of radicalisation. Incorporating analytical elements from the research on remote warfare, security assistance and the role of agency, and social movements, the proposed framework develops around a three-step causal mechanism hypothesised to connect US policies to the increase in radicalisation on the ground. The mechanism posits that post-9/11 US security policies have a negative impact in African states characterised by the threat of terrorism and the use of indiscriminate repression against suspect groups by: 1) leading to the establishment of a partnership relationship within the framework of remote warfare; 2) from the partnership relationship, African states gain resources and room for manoeuvre to implement indiscriminate repression; 3) indiscriminate repression causes an increase in radicalisation in African states. To test such a mechanism, the research is designed as a case study, focusing o

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