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Optical wireless networks-on-chip (OWiNoC) are considered as a possible solution to overcome the communication bottleneck due to wired interconnects in modern chip multi-processor systems. The efficient implementation of optical wireless links requires considering many different aspects, including analysis and deep understanding of the effects on the propagation of the electromagnetic field induced by the discontinuities that can be found in a realistic scenario. This letter aims at showing the impact determined by some of these discontinuities on optical links designed in Silicon-on-Insulator technology, exploiting simple point-to-point interconnections as a first example. Measurements and simulations confirm that multi-path phenomena, triggered by the multi-layer structure housing the antennas and the propagation paths, can have a serious impact on the link budget, with fading effects that may compromise the performance of the link. However, in the presented experimental results, thanks to a careful choice of the chip layer structure, received powers higher than those which could have been measured for optical links fabricated in an infinite homogeneous medium are observed, thus resulting beneficial for the connection's power budget.

In this work, we analyze the effects of the presence of waveguides in a wireless on-chip optical channel, which act as obstacles for the rays composing the propagating signal. The analysis has been performed numerically by using the FDTD method, and the simulation results have been validated by the experimental characterization. This work focuses on the relationship between the received signal and the position of the obstacles on the circuit plane in a multilayered channel made of heterogeneous dielectric cladding. We show how the crossing waveguide perturbates the received power and we provide ad hoc guidelines for the best topological choices allowing to mitigate losses. Moreover, with a good agreement between numerical and experimental results, amounting to a variation of less than 1 dB, we have demonstrated that the effects of this perturbation in real chips can be predicted. The results of this analysis, as well as increasing the level of knowledge of on-chip optical wireless links, allow a better comprehension and control of unbound optical signals within the optical chip environment.

There is the urgent need to study the effects of immunomodulating agents as therapy for Covid-19. An observational, cohort, prospective study with 30 days of observation was carried out to assess clinical outcomes in 88 patients hospitalized for Covid-19 pneumonia and treated with canakinumab (300 mg sc). Median time from diagnosis of Covid-19 by viral swab to administration of canakinumab was 7.5 days (range 0–30, IQR 4–11). Median PaO2/FiO2 increased from 160 (range 53–409, IQR 122–210) at baseline to 237 (range 72–533, IQR 158–331) at day 7 after treatment with canakinumab (p 9/L, respectively, p p

Il conteggio assoluto dei linfociti CD4+, un indicatore importante dello stato immunitario, e utile nel monitoraggio dei pazienti con infezione da HIV ed e stato utilizzato per molti anni come criterio decisionale per l’inizio della terapia. La condivisione di raccomandazioni Evidence Based da parte delle UU.OO. Malattie Infettive dell’AUSL Romagna ha diminuito la frequenza del monitoraggio citofluorimetrico e la spesa per reagenti e aumentato l’appropriatezza. Scopo dello studio e stato valutare se una riduzione del conteggio dei CD4+ in una coorte di pazienti HIV+ in trattamento con terapia antiretrovirale abbia aumentato la frequenza di eventi clinici maggiori, come lo sviluppo di patologie AIDS defining. Poiche il monitoraggio dei linfociti CD4+ nella maggior parte dei pazienti HIV+ seguiti in Romagna e effettuato in un unico Laboratorio, e possibile verificare se l’esecuzione di un numero minore di esami (indicatore di esito economico) sia associata a eventi AIDS defining nei pazienti con carica virale soppressa da oltre 2 anni (indicatore di esito clinico maggiore). In seguito all’adozione da parte degli infettivologi delle linee guida evidence based relative alle modalita di richiesta, sono stati raccolti (studio retrospettivo) i seguenti dati: numero di test CD4+ eseguiti, costo reagenti, aderenza alle raccomandazioni stesse. Dal 2014 al 2017 il numero dei conteggi CD4+ eseguiti per monitoraggio e diminuito del 61% (8476 analisi nel 2014, 5718 analisi nel 2015, 4217 analisi nel 2016 e 3250 nel 2017) senza alcuna segnalazione di eventi AIDS defining associata alla riduzione della frequenza della conta dei linfociti CD4 da parte dei clinici e con un risparmio del costo dei reagenti pari a 139.607 euro (−150%). Un monitoraggio citofluorimetrico dei linfociti CD4+ meno frequente nei pazienti HIV+ con carica virale soppressa stabilmente riduce la spesa del Laboratorio senza aumentare il rischio di sviluppare patologie AIDS defining.

Background: People who inject drugs (PWID) are the largest group at risk for HCV infection. Despite the direct acting antivirals (DAA) advancements, HCV elimination has been hindered by real-life difficulties in PWID. Aims: This study aimed to assess the impact of a multidisciplinary intervention strategy where HCV screening, treatment and follow-up were performed at the same location on efficacy and safety of DAA-therapy in real-life PWID population. Methods: All HCV-infected PWID referred to five specialized outpatient centers for drug addicts (SerDs) in Northern Italy were prospectively enrolled from May 2015 to December 2019. Hepatologists and SerDs healthcare workers collaborated together in the management of PWID inside the SerDs. Sustained virologic response (SVR), safety of treatment, proportion of patients lost to follow-up and reinfection rate were evaluated. Results: A total of 358 PWID started antiviral treatment. About 50% of patients had advanced fibrosis/cirrhosis, 69% received opioid substitution treatment, and 20.7% self-reported recent injecting use. SVR was achieved in 338 (94.4%) patients. Two patients died during treatment, one prematurely discontinued, resulting in a non-responder, twelve were lost during treatment/follow-up, and five relapsed. No serious adverse events were reported. SVR was lower in recent PWID than in former ones (89.2% vs. 95.8%, p = 0.028). Seven reinfections were detected, equating to an incidence of 1.25/100 person-years. Reinfection was associated with recent drug use (OR 11.07, 95%CI 2.10–58.38, p = 0.005). Conclusion: Our embedded treatment model could be appropriate to increase the linkage to care of HCV-infected PWID. In this setting, DAA regimens are well tolerated and highly effective, achieving a lower rate of reinfection.

In this paper, we propose an integrated Vivaldi antenna, coupled to a silicon waveguide, for wireless Optical Network-on-Chip applications. On-chip wireless propagation characteristics and point-to-point link performances in homogeneous and multilayered medium are investigated and discussed as well. The proposed structure allows the implementation of wireless communication at optical frequencies and it can lead to a completely new approach in network design, allowing hybrid wireless/wired communications on the same die. This hybrid solution, in fact, can mitigate the problems related to the design and the fabrication of complex switching matrices in large networks, where long paths suffer of crosstalk and loss issues.

The Coupled Mode Theory (CMT) is a tool widely used to study the electromagnetic behavior of complex optical devices via the study of the, simpler, composing structures. In this paper, the CMT will be assessed both theoretically and experimentally to show which are the best choices in its formulation to allow its successful use also in the case of closely spaced, high index contrast waveguides.

Premesse. La crescente complessita dei sistemi sanitari, accompagnata dalle numerose innovazioni della tecnologia biomedica, ha contribuito negli ultimi anni a un sovrautilizzo della diagnostica di laboratorio. Il recente Report dell’Institute of Medicine (IOM) Improving Diagnosis in Health Care si occupa anche di Medicina di Laboratorio e conclude che il processo diagnostico richiede sempre piu un approccio di squadra intra- e interprofessionale. E confermato, quindi, che le difficolta teoriche e pratiche della promozione del ruolo dei professionisti del Laboratorio nei diversi sistemi sanitari sono note e dibattute da tempo, mentre gli esempi di modalita strutturate per limitare, d’intesa con i clinici, la richiesta di esami inappropriati, sono pochi.

We experimentally study the performance of directional couplers fabricated in indium-phosphide membrane on silicon (IMOS) technology. We both investigate the validity of the coupled mode theory (CMT) applied to directional coupler structures with high index contrast and study the effect of some different topological choices in device fabrication. In particular, besides the conventional curved structures, we consider ultra sharp corner bends that reduce the footprint. The effect of fabrication tolerances on the different guided mode polarizations is also discussed.

This paper presents a novel narrow band wavelength selective optical reflector implemented by indirectly coupling two micro ring resonators in silicon-on-insulator technology. The device is studied using an analytical model based on the transfer matrix method. With the proposed configuration, by electrically driving the integrated micro heaters, a single reflection wavelength with narrow bandwidth can be tuned. The experimental results show a good agreement with the model outcomes. The average measured reflectivity over a wavelength span of 37 nm is 0.55, with a peak of about 50 pm full-width-half-maximum, which corresponds to a quality factor of ∼30, 000. The proposed device can offer an alternative approach to realize compact reflective structures for single wavelength reflection operations in photonic integrated circuits.

Multi-core processors are likely to be a point of no return to meet the unending demand for increasing computational power. Nevertheless, the physical interconnection of many cores might currently represent the bottleneck toward kilo-core architectures. Optical wireless networks on-chip are therefore being considered as promising solutions to overcome the technological limits of wired interconnects. In this work, the spatial properties of the on-chip wireless channel are investigated through a ray tracing approach applied to a layered representation of the chip structure, highlighting the relationship between path loss, antenna positions and radiation properties.

In this paper we present a double plasmonic Vivaldi antenna for on-chip optical wireless communication. The proposed antenna is a two-element broadside array fed by a silicon waveguide. The designs of the power splitter and of the hybrid Si-plasmonic coupler used for antenna excitation are described in detail. The array radiation characteristics are optimized through Finite Difference Time Domain simulations and the performance of a point-to-point link is evaluated. The proposed double Vivaldi array increases the gain of 3dB with respect to a single antenna, improving the received power on a link of 6dB when the double antenna is used for both transmitting and receiving sections.

The coupled-mode theory (CMT) is a powerful approach routinely used to calculate the effects of spatial mode interactions in perturbed structures, such as optical waveguides. One of its basic hypotheses requires that perturbations are weak. This is usually not the case for devices fabricated with modern semiconductor-based technologies. In this paper, the CMT is studied in these critical cases to assess its validity. Attention will be focused on the quite common case of parallel coupled waveguides. For these structures, results can in fact be compared to the exact ones, obtained using super-modes. The study will show that not all the possible expressions of the coupling coefficients are equivalent, and which one can be pragmatically used to obtain results with minimum errors with respect to exact solutions.

On-chip wireless optical communications among distant cores in chip multiprocessors can lead to a completely new approach to overcome the limits of current on-chip communication. In fact, using wireless connections mitigates the problems related to the design and the fabrication of hugely complex switching fabrics, where long paths suffer of crosstalk and loss issues. Implementing wireless communication at optical frequencies allows simplifications in network design and management. In this paper, a solution based on Vivaldi plasmonic antennas integrated with silicon waveguides is presented. Moreover, on-chip wireless propagation characteristics and point-to-point link performances in homogeneous and multilayered medium are investigated and discussed.

Optical technology applied to on-chip wireless communication is particularly promising to overcome the performance limitations of the state-of-the-art networks on-chip. A key enabling component for such applications is the plasmonic antenna coupled to conventional silicon waveguides, which can guarantee full compatibility with standard optical circuitry. In this paper, we propose an antenna array configuration based on tilted plasmonic Vivaldi antennas coupled to a silicon waveguide. The details of the single antenna and of the array design are reported. The radiation characteristics of the array are suitable for on-chip point-to-point communication, i.e. in-plane maximum gain of 14.70 dB for an array with five antennas. The array exploits a travelling wave feeding scheme and, therefore, is compact in size (about 3.5 µm × 8.7 µm ).

In this paper we propose a novel hybrid optical plasmonic Vivaldi antenna for operation in the standard C telecommunication band for wavelengths in the 1550 nm range. The antenna is fed by a silicon waveguide and is designed to have high gain and large bandwidth. The shape of the radiation pattern, with a main lobe along the antenna axis, makes this antenna suitable for point-to-point connections for inter- or intra-chip optical communications. Direct port-to-port short links for different connection distances and in a homogeneous environment have also been simulated to verify, by comparing the results of a full-wave simulation with the Friis transmission equation, the correctness of the antenna parameters obtained via near-to-far field transformation.

We present a comprehensive design, fabrication, and characterization analysis of compact silicon-on-insulator bandpass filters with widely tunable bandwidth. The filter architecture is based on an unbalanced Mach–Zehnder interferometer loaded with a pair of ring resonators. A wide bandwidth tunability (from 10% to 90% FSR) can be achieved by controlling the resonant frequency of the rings while preserving a good filter off-band rejection. Design rules are provided that take into account fabrication tolerances as well as losses. Furthermore, the use of tunable couplers allows a more flexible shaping of the spectral response of the filter. The sensitivity with respect to nonlinear effects is carefully investigated. Operation over a wavelength spectrum of ${20} \ {\rm n}{\rm m}$ is demonstrated, making the device suitable for channel subset selection in WDM systems, reconfigurable filters for gridless networking and adaptive filtering of signals.

The characteristics of triangular Photonic Crystal Fibers (PCF) with elliptical holes filled with a Nematic Liquid Crystal are investigated theoretically. The analysis carried out using the Finite Element Method, including also material dispersion effects, will show that the Liquid Crystal anisotropy and the hole ellipticity allow some not yet predicted phenomena, such as polarization dependent losses and birefringence sign change in the wavelength range used for standard telecom fibers. Control of these features allows the design of new devices for sensing or telecommunication applications.

We present the results of an experimental study of waveguide tapers realized in LiNbO3 using the Soft Proton Exchange (SPE) process and the waveguide segmentation technique. Measurements show that they can be favorably introduced between the non-linear or electro-optic part of the components, which require strong mode confinement to increase efficiency, and the coupling section with a standard optical fiber, which require low mode confinement in order to have low coupling losses. These tapers allow almost lossless mode shape transformation. Preliminary results show that they allow reducing the coupling losses by up to 0.7 dB, thus proving the practical interest of the approach.

In 2012, we conducted a retrospective cross-sectional study to assess the number of people living with HIV linked to care and, among these, the number of people on antiretroviral therapy. The health authority in each of the 20 Italian Regions provided the list of Public Infectious Diseases Clinics providing antiretroviral therapy and monitoring people with HIV infection. We asked every Public Infectious Diseases Clinic to report the number of HIV-positive people diagnosed and linked to care and the number of those on antiretroviral therapy during 2012. In 2012, 94,146 people diagnosed with HIV and linked to care were reported. The majority were males (70.1%), Italians (84.4%), and aged between 25 and 49 years (63.4%); the probable route of transmission was heterosexual contact in 37.5% of cases, injecting drug use in 28.1%, and male-to-male contact in 27.9%. Among people in care, 20.1% had less than 350 CD4 cells/μl, 87.6% received antiretroviral therapy, and among these, 62.4% had a CD4 cell count higher than 350 cells/μl. The overall estimated prevalence of individuals diagnosed and linked to care in 2012 in Italy was 0.16 per 100 residents (all ages). Adding the estimated proportion of undiagnosed people, the estimated HIV prevalence would range between 0.19 and 0.26 per 100 residents. In Italy, the majority of people diagnosed and linked to care receive antiretroviral therapy. A higher prevalence of individuals diagnosed and linked to care was observed in Northern Italy and among males. More information for developing the HIV care continuum is necessary to improve the entire engagement in care, focusing on test-and-treat strategies to substantially reduce the proportion of people still undiagnosed or with a detectable viral load.

Some important properties of photonic wire Bragg grating structures have been investigated. The design, obtained as a generalisation of the full-width gap grating, has been modelled using 3D finite-difference time-domain simulations. Different types of stop-band have been observed. The impact of the grating geometry on the lowest order (longest wavelength) stop-band has been investigated – and has identified deeply indented configurations where reduction of the stop-bandwidth and of the reflectivity occurred. Our computational results have been substantially validated by an experimental demonstration of the fundamental stop-band of photonic wire Bragg gratings fabricated on silicon-on-insulator material. The accuracy of two distinct 2D computational models based on the effective index method has also been studied – because of their inherently much greater rapidity and consequent utility for approximate initial designs. A 2D plan-view model has been found to reproduce a large part of the essential features of the spectral response of full 3D models.

The spectral properties of a single-mode planar deep waveguide Bragg grating (DWBG) operating on the first diffraction order are investigated by a spatial harmonics theoretical approach. This analytical method allows us to evaluate the most important features of the propagating fields. In particular, the slowdown of the group electromagnetic propagation near the photonic band-edges is accurately modelled with a minimal computational effort, which makes this tool useful for preliminary analysis of periodic waveguides.

Fournier's gangrene is a life-threatening acute necrotizing fasciitis of perianal,genitourinary and perineal areas. Nowadays, is well known that Fournier gangrene is almost never an idiopathic disease. In this article we report a case of a 70-year-old patient that initially was not treated properly. The gold standard therapy of the Fournier's gangrene remains today a complete, early and extended surgical debridement.

A novel silicon photonics filter enabling single-channel-extraction over a wavelength range wider than the telecom C-band is proposed. An extraction bandwidth of only 15 GHz is demonstrated with off-band rejection of more than 15 dB.

A theoretical approach based on Bloch theorem and spatial harmonics has been used to investigate the propagation characteristics in planar periodic segmented waveguides. This analytical method allows to evaluate the field distribution, the effective index and the propagation losses of these structures, taking into account both the propagating and the counterpropagating field components, thus evidencing all the phenomena which can take place in: Bragg reflections, leaky waves, etc. Results for TE fields are presented and compared with those obtained using a paraxial 2D FD-BPM method and a Pade based one, showing that no more than (1, 1) order approximants are needed to provide good estimates of the device characteristics.

Through a detailed electromagnetic analysis we investigate the characteristics of liquid crystal infiltrated photonic crystal Fibers guiding by the Photonic Bandgap effect. The analysis, carried out using the Finite Element Method and including also material dispersion effects, puts into evidence particular spectral features related to the so-called splay alignment of the molecules constituting the liquid crystal, the so called mesogens. Control of these features is of use in the design of new devices for sensing or telecommunication applications.

The behavior of a fiber-slab coupler used as a polarization and wavelength tunable filter is studied both experimentally and theoretically. The theoretical model is based on a three-dimensional (3-D) fully vectorial beam propagation method (BPM), whose main features concern its high efficiency from the point of view of memory and central processing unit (CPU) requirements. The device characteristics have been measured and the results of the comparisons among experimental and theoretical two-dimensional (2-D) and 3-D numerical modeling are reported and discussed. They show a very good agreement In the 3-D case where field polarization, coupling terms and z-variant structures are taken into account.

Continous advances in material technology, in the field of integrated optics and optoelectronics, allow the realization of devices with geometries more and more compact and complex. Because of this trend, there is a parallel need for accurate fully numerical CAD tools. Among new ones, the FDTD method, already widely and successfully used for the characterization of microwave and millimeter-wave devices, is emerging in optics community because of its accuracy and versatility. However, in spite of the tremendous increase in computing power, the applicability of the method is still limited by the typical dimensions of optical structures. To overcome these limitations a specialized version of the FDTD algorithm for the rigorous analysis of 3D optical and optoelectronic devices is proposed and validated. This new technique is then used to characterize the optical behaviour of a MQW waveguide electroabsorption modulator.

Any implementation of the beam propagation method, when used to analyse open problems, requires a procedure allowing radiation to leave the computational window. In this paper we present the results of a case study on the effectiveness of the classical Hadley's Transparent Boundary Conditions (TBC) and the Perfectly Matched Layer (PML) to handle strong radiation at the boundaries. A polished fibre coupler will be studied both in 2D and in 3D configurations using, in the former case, a scalar method and, in the latter, a full vectorial approach. Numerical results show that simple TBC can be used in 2D simulations also when high radiation occurs but they easily fail in 3D structures. Therefore, in these cases, the more complicated PML conditions should be preferred.

Results of a theoretical and experimental study on proton exchanged lithium niobate (LiNbO/sub 3/) planar waveguides are presented. Experimental results are successfully explained by the theoretical model only if the guiding layer is assumed to be anisotropic with biaxial characteristics, this biaxiality being induced by the proton exchange process in the uniaxial lithium niobate substrate.

The finite difference time domain method is used as a tool to model non-linear optical devices. Following this approach, Maxwell's equations are directly integrated in the time domain, avoiding any mathematical approximation. As an example, spatial soliton propagation and interaction will be modelled by the FDTD technique. Some new results will be discussed, to highlight the envisaged breakthroughs allowed by the method.

We present the design and the fabrication of compact tunable silicon-on-insulator bandpass filters based on the integration of a Mach–Zehnder interferometer with ring resonators and activated via thermo-optic phase shifters. The proposed architecture provides wide filter bandwidth tunability from 10% to 90% of the free spectral range preserving the filter off-band rejection. Possible applications are channel subset selection in wavelength division multiplexing optical systems, adaptive filtering to signal bandwidth, and reconfigurable filters for gridless networking.

In this paper, we present a relation between material structure, hybrid modes, and propagation losses in proton exchanged (PE) LiNbO/sub 3/ waveguides. Rutherford backscattering (RBS) and X-ray diffraction studies are used to show that there are two essential reasons for losses and complex behavior in high /spl delta/n/sub e/ PE waveguides. RBS studies show that using benzoic acid melt temperatures below 300/spl deg/C leads to distorted waveguide layers and propagation losses higher than several dB/cm. At high temperature, the X-ray studies prove that the crystalline order is preserved, but induced strain leads to biaxial exchanged layers, which results in hybrid modes that can have very high losses. Finally, fabrication parameters allowing the realization of high quality, high /spl delta/n/sub e/, PE waveguides in LiNbO/sub 3/ are identified. >

A B S T R A C T The purpose of this study was to evaluate the state-of-the-art of antimicrobial stewardship programmes (ASPs) in Emilia-Romagna, Italy. A self-compiled, 23-question, multiple-choice questionnaire, divided into eight sections, focusing on Public Health Trust (PHT) characteristics, multidisciplinary team, formulary restrictions, education, guidelines and protocols, auditing, antimicrobial therapy management and consumption, and resistance surveillance, was sent to all 17 PHTs of Emilia-Romagna. The ‘composite index of good antibiotic use’ (ICATB) score, a French ASP process index based upon 12 different parameters, was calculated. All PHTs completed the survey. All PHTs had an antimicrobial control programme, although an antimicrobial stewardship team was present in 11/17 (65%) of trusts. The main results were (a) active antimicrobial committee, 47% of PHTs; (b) restricted formularies, 100%; (c) courses on surgical antimicrobial prophylaxis (SAP) and antimicrobial therapy, 56% of surgical specialties and 47% of PHTs, respectively; courses for new prescribers, nil; (d) guidelines on SAP and on antimicrobial therapy, 100% and 71% of PHTs, respectively; (e) antimicrobial prescribing audits, 71%; and (f) antibiotic consumption and antimicrobial resistance data periodically fed back to wards, 100% and 88% of PHTs, respectively. Low overall quality scores were observed for antibiotic committee, education and auditing activities. The mean ICATB score was 11.94 points, varying significantly among trusts (5.25–16.25 points). In conclusion, all PHTs have implemented an ASP, although significant differences exist between trusts. Antimicrobial committee organisation, education and auditing activities represent the most critical points and need to be addressed by regional programmes in order to harmonise the healthcare system.

A rigorous electromagnetic model which considers both guided and semi-leaky modes of planar uniaxial optical waveguides with nondiagonal dielectric tensors is proposed. This model permits an excellent fit with the experimental results obtained from different high Δ n e proton exchanged LiNbO 3 waveguides and allows us to determine the rotation of the principal axes which occurs for layers exchanged at low temperature.

A general algorithm for three-dimensional (3D) modeling of acoustic fields generated by phased array transducers and propagating in uniformly lossy media is introduced and illustrated also with the help of specific examples. Applications of the method are foreseen in the analysis and the design of transducers for echographic applications in order to evaluate and/or optimize their performances.

Coupled resonator optical waveguides (CROW) can significantly reduce light propagation pulse velocity due to pronounced dispersion properties. A number of interesting applications have been proposed to benefit from such slow-light propagation. Unfortunately, the inevitable presence of disorder, imperfections, and a finite Q value may heavily affect the otherwise attractive properties of CROWs. We show how finite a Q factor limits the maximum attainable group delay time; the group index is limited by Q, but equally important the feasible device length is itself also limited by damping resulting from a finite Q. Adding the additional effects of disorder to this picture, limitations become even more severe due to destructive interference phenomena, eventually in the form of Anderson localization. Simple analytical considerations demonstrate that the maximum attainable delay time in CROWs is limited by the intrinsic photon lifetime of a single resonator., Accepted for Opt. Quant. Electron

Presentation d'une technique de correlation dans laquelle l'energie optique necessaire pour la realisation d'une mesure peut etre dispersee sur un long intervalle de temps. On montre comment cette technique peut permettre une bonne resolution spatiale, avec une electronique peu onereuse

The ability of a recently proposed birefringent all optical fiber filter in obtaining tunable wavelength selection is demonstrated using Stimulated Raman Scattering light. Three kinds of light: the pump light, the first order Stokes line and the second order Stokes line of a Nd:YAG laser have been extracted separately.