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Se realizó un estudio de caso descriptivo sobre la percepción que tienen tres padres de familia y tres maestros sobre el proceso de inclusión escolar que se está llevando a cabo en algunas instituciones educativas de la ciudad de Santa Marta (Colombia), con niños y niñas en edad escolar, diagnosticados con Trastorno del Espectro Autista (TEA) por su respectiva entidad promotora de salud (EPS). Se utilizó como técnica de recolección de información un cuestionario, diligenciado por los padres de familia y maestros participantes en esta investigación. Los resultados muestran que los niños con TEA se ven beneficiados al ser incluidos en instituciones regulares, ya que presentan mejoría en sus habilidades tanto cognitivas como comportamentales. Sin embargo, se identifican algunas deficiencias para llevar a cabo este proceso, como la falta de flexibilidad y adaptabilidad curricular, la escasa adecuación de los espacios y los recursos didácticos para atender a las características y necesidades de esta población.

New techniques for cardiac arrhythmia ablation, such as contact force (CF) technology, have emerged recently. These catheters provide information about adequate tissue contact for optimal lesions. In adults, these techniques have shown greater accuracy, reduced arrhythmia recurrence and complications, and higher success rates. However, data on pediatric patients are limited.The purpose of this study was to describe the experience with arrhythmia ablation using CF catheters in the pediatric population.A retrospective cross-sectional descriptive study of all patients18 years old undergoing cardiac 3-dimensional mapping and ablation with CF between March 2016 and June 2022 was performed.A total of 321 patients were included (51.40% male; mean age 12.26 years). The most frequent arrhythmia were supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) mediated by accessory pathways (APs) (atrioventricular reentrant tachycardia in 82.24%, ventricular arrhythmia in 11.21%, atrial tachycardia in 5.92%). Mean procedural time was 2.86 ± 1.2 hours, and average contact used was 14.33This is the largest published series of CF technology use in patients18 years old. In the pediatric population, CF ablation is a safe procedure with high success rates and can be used for most arrhythmic substrates. The most frequent tachycardia observed in this study was SVT mediated by APs. Contact with 14

Este artículo tiene como propósito reflexionar sobre las carreteras solares como alternativa de sostenibilidad en la infraestructura vial. La estructura de este estudio se fundamenta en el enfoque post positivista soportado en el método hermenéutico en contexto teórico documental, tomando la revisión exhaustiva de bases de datos oficiales que permitieron una consulta a más de 30 artículos científicos y trabajos de tesis relacionados con carreteras solares, el diseño de la estructura del pavimento fotovoltaico, así también, el análisis de proyectos desarrollados, las ventajas y desventajas. Los prototipos mencionados han realizado estudios de estructura para soportar las mismas cargas dinámicas de un pavimento convencional. En suma, los estudios de carreteras solares como alternativa para la sostenibilidad de la infraestructura vial se encuentran en desarrollo, por lo tanto, este trabajo será de gran utilidad para futuras investigaciones, al definir un punto de partida teórico que contrasta avances de esta tecnología, asimismo, el análisis de una opción sostenible para reducir los daños ambientales ocasionados por las carreteras convencionales.

Este editorial resume los 10 años de historia y los principales logros del Centro de Investigación de la Biodiversidad y Cambio Climático (BioCamb), de la Universidad Tecnológica Indoamérica. El BioCamb fue creado el 15 de julio del 2011, en respuesta a la necesidad de conocer la diversidad biológica del Ecuador, incluyendo su interrelación con el ser humano. Estos años ha publicado más de 140 artículos en revistas indexadas en Scopus con investigadores de 48 países, de 412 instituciones. Estas investigaciones se han centrado en Ecuador y en los Andes y han descrito 53 nuevas especies. El BioCamb, con la Facultad de Ciencias del Medio Ambiente, puso en marcha la Ingeniería en Biodiversidad y Recursos Genéticos, y las maestrías en Biodiversidad y Cambio Climático y en Gestión Ambiental. Además, ha impulsado la ciencia ciudadana, organizando, varios BioBlitz y el Desafío Naturaleza Urbana, y trabajos comunitarios integrados en proyectos de investigación o a través de la vinculación con la sociedad. El BioCamb ha conseguido integrar las tres funciones sustantivas de la educación superior, docencia, investigación y vinculación con la sociedad, aportando con conocimiento y profesionales que trabajen por el desarrollo sostenible de Ecuador y la conservación de su biodiversidad.

El interés en el estudio de la cultura tributaria, en el país, se ha incrementado; son muchos los índices de evasión tributaria e informalidad en el sector comercio; el presente estudio buscó determinar el grado de relación entre la cultura tributaria y el cumplimiento de las obligaciones tributarias, en un estudio de enfoque cuantitativo, correlacional, de corte transversal; en una población de 184 comerciantes; se utilizó un cuestionario con los requisitos de validez de contenido y confiabilidad (alfa de Crombach = 0.920). Los resultados muestran que existe una relación significativa (≤0.05) de tipo positiva fuerte (r=0.785) entre la cultura tributaria y el cumplimiento de las obligaciones tributarias; es decir, a mayor nivel de cultura tributaria, se producirá un mejor cumplimiento de las obligaciones tributarias; en conclusión, ambas variables tienen un relación significativa, positiva y fuerte.

Pilotrichella, a genus of epiphytic mosses comprising 6 species and 1 form, is represented in Mexico by P. flexilis(Hedw.) Aongstr., P. flexilis fo. nudiramulosa (Müll. Hal.) B. H. Allen & Magill, P. mauiensis (Sull.) A. Jaeger, and P. reesei B. H. Allen & Magill. The last species is known from a single specimen. The Peruvian P. vermiformis B. H. Allen & Magill is reported here as new to Mexico from Hidalgo, Veracruz, and Oaxaca. In total, 260 specimens deposited at MEXU served to illustrate, map, and discuss the basic morphology of the local taxa.

High-density lipoproteins (HDLs) are known to enhance vascular function through different mechanisms, including the delivery of functional lipids to endothelial cells. Therefore, we hypothesized that omega-3 (n-3) eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) content of HDLs would improve the beneficial vascular effects of these lipoproteins. To explore this hypothesis, we performed a placebo-controlled crossover clinical trial in 18 hypertriglyceridemic patients without clinical symptoms of coronary heart disease who received highly purified EPA 460 mg and DHA 380 mg, twice a day for 5 weeks or placebo. After 5 weeks of treatment, patients followed a 4-week washout period before crossover. HDLs were isolated using sequential ultracentrifugation for characterization and determination of fatty acid content. Our results showed that n-3 supplementation induced a significant decrease in body mass index, waist circumference as well as triglycerides and HDL-triglyceride plasma concentrations, whilst HDL-cholesterol and HDL-phospholipids significantly increased. On the other hand, HDL, EPA, and DHA content increased by 131% and 62%, respectively, whereas 3 omega-6 fatty acids significantly decreased in HDL structures. In addition, the EPA-to-arachidonic acid (AA) ratio increased more than twice within HDLs suggesting an improvement in their anti-inflammatory properties. All HDL-fatty acid modifications did not affect the size distribution or the stability of these lipoproteins and were concomitant with a significant increase in endothelial function assessed using a flow-mediated dilatation test (FMD) after n-3 supplementation. However, endothelial function was not improved in vitro using a model of rat aortic rings co-incubated with HDLs before or after treatment with n-3. These results suggest a beneficial effect of n-3 on endothelial function through a mechanism independent of HDL composition. In conclusion, we demonstrated that EPA and DHA supplementation for 5 weeks improved vascular function in hypertriglyceridemic patients, and induced enrichment of HDLs with EPA and DHA to the detriment of some n-6 fatty acids. The significant increase in the EPA-to-AA ratio in HDLs is indicative of a more anti-inflammatory profile of these lipoproteins.

The pine-oak forests of Mexico are reservoirs of high biological diversity, largely due to their high richness of vascular flora. However, mosses have received little attention. We studied the floristic composition, diversity, and species richness of the moss community in the pine-oak forests of the Sierra Norte of Oaxaca, Mexico. A comprehensive list of the species occurring in the region was made by reviewing herbarium databases and conducting fieldwork. We analyzed alpha and beta diversity, as well as community structure, based on 60 sampling sites. Our results show the occurrence of 339 species of mosses in the study area, distributed in 168 genera and 52 families. We found high α and β diversity values compared with other vegetation types in Mexico. Our study provides a more detailed portrait of the high moss diversity occurring in the region.

Although the moss flora of Mexico consists of nearly 1000 species, only 77 are endemic. The country has many poorly collected or unexplored areas, but the number of endemic mosses is not expected t...

Sterol Regulatory Element-Binding Protein-1c (SREBP-1c) is translated as an inactive precursor-protein that is proteolytically activated to promote fatty-acid (FA) biosynthesis, when unsaturated (u)FAs are scarce. During fasting, however, lipogenesis is low, and adipose-tissue lipolysis supplies the organism with FAs. Adipose TriGlyceride Lipase (ATGL) is the rate-limiting enzyme for lipolysis, and it preferentially hydrolyzes uFAs. Therefore, we hypothesized that ATGL-derived FAs may suppress the proteolytic activation of SREBP-1c in the liver. Here we show that (i) SREBP-1c is inactive during fasting but active after refeeding, (ii) uFA species liberated by ATGL suppress SREBP-1c activation in vitro, (iii) SREBP-1c is hyper-activated in livers of mice lacking ATGL, and (iv) pharmacological inhibition of ATGL selectively activates SREBP-1c in hepatocytes. Our findings highlight an ATGL/SREBP-1c axis, instrumental to coordinate lipogenesis and lipolysis, whose homeostatic regulation is crucial to avoid severe diseases including diabetes, cardiomyopathy, and even cancer.

Introduction: Obstetric hemorrhage is one of the most common causes of maternal morbidity and mortality worldwide. Placenta previa is an important risk factor for obstetric hemorrhage. The purpose of this study is to determine the risk factors related to placenta previa in pregnant women Santo Domingo. Methods: The cases were women whose deliveries were complicated with placenta previa and the controls were deliveries without placenta previa. 16 cases and 76 controls were analyzed. Statistical analysis was conducted and odds ratio (OR) was calculated. Results: The relationship between placenta previa with a history of two or more abortions with an OR = 5.3 was demonstrated; with previous caesarean section OR = 3.02, which increased with more than 2 caesarean sections with an OR = 5.91, with previous ectopic pregnancy and diagnosis of placenta previa in a previous pregnancy. Patients with placenta previa and a history of surgery had a higher risk of requiring a hysterectomy. Women with placenta previa and a history of multiple caesarean sections (2 or more) had a higher risk of suffering from placenta accreta with an OR = 18. Discussion: Our study suggests that multiple abortions, previous caesarean section, multiple previous caesarean sections, antecedents of placenta previa and history of ectopic pregnancy are risk factors of developing placenta previa.

Antecedentes y Objetivos: Las briofitas son plantas no vasculares que se reproducen por esporas, yemas o fragmentos de gametofitos (diásporas); de ellos depende su distribución y supervivencia. En esta contribución se evalúa el papel de la condición sexual en la distribución de las especies mexicanas de Pottiaceae, una familia de musgos diversa y frecuente en México. Se propone lo siguiente: a) las especies monoicas deben exhibir una distribución amplia en el país debido a su frecuente producción de esporofitos, b) las especies dioicas que no producen esporofitos, muestran una distribución discontinua o restringida y c) las especies que solo producen yemas deben tener áreas de distribución reducidas. Métodos: Con información bibliográfica y de herbario se elaboraron mapas de distribución de la familia Pottiaceae en México para detectar posibles diferencias en los patrones de distribución de especies dioicas y monoicas. Se agregaron datos de factores ambientales para afinar la agrupación de especies dioicas y monoicas. Resultados clave: Las Pottiaceae dioicas y monoicas difieren en el número de especies. En ambas, sin embargo, se detectaron dos tipos de distribución en México, en grupos que cuentan con un número similar de registros. Los taxa dioicos Plaubelia sprengelii var. sprengelii y Weissia jamaicensis se distribuyen principalmente en el oriente y sureste, mientras que las especies monoicas Syntrichia obtusissima y Timmiella anomala están mejor representadas en las regiones centro y noroeste. Conclusiones: Las Pottiaceae se distribuyen en México sin importar su condición sexual. Las especies que producen yemas no muestran una distribución restringida o limitada, pero las que no tienen esporofitos ni yemas muestran una distribución más reducida.

We report on measurements of the c-axis component of the magnetic susceptibility in the normal phase of several single crystal samples of the Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+δ cuprate superconductor. These crystal were submitted to appropriate heat treatments so that the density of hole carriers could be varied in an extended region of the superconducting dome. In general, the measured susceptibility shows significant temperature dependence, which was attributed to the pseudogap phenomenon. The results were interpreted with basis on a phenomenological model that allows the determination of the pseudogap characteristic temperature T* as a function of the carrier density.

Background: Seven moss species were known from the state of Aguascalientes before a study by Delgadillo et al. (2015) listed 38 new records for its moss flora. Hypothesis: Despite its comparatively dry climate, Aguascalientes could harbor a more diverse moss flora. Geographically, this would be an extension of the moss flora of Jalisco and Zacatecas. Study site and dates: Moss collections in Aguascalientes were made in August 2014 and September 2015, with emphasis on northwestern and southwestern localities. Methods: About 165 moss samples were collected in old fields, streambeds, and areas covered with chaparral vegetation. These and 140 herbarium specimens from the herbarium of Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes (HUAA) were studied to prepare the species list. Resultados: The Aguascalientes moss flora comprises at least 95 moss species and varieties, including 50 new state records. The families Pottiaceae (34 species), Bryaceae (11) and Grimmiaceae (7) are the most important. It is a flora characteristic of the drylands, but with some highland representatives. Keys for the identification of the known moss species are included. Conclusions: A larger species number should be expected once less-accessible areas are explored. The known Aguascalientes moss flora is characteristic of dry land areas extending to Jalisco and Zacatecas, but with some high elevation species. It comprises cleistocarpic taxa and other with peculiar adaptations. Some species form associations that require other forms of analysis.

Introducción: las coinfecciones con hepatitis virales y el VIH representan un riesgo por su alta transmisibilidad y complicaciones. Es de vital importancia que se puedan identificar las barreras de acceso y manejo de las coinfeccio-nes del VIH y la Hepatitis B y C. El propósito del estudio es describir la cascada de atención para la coinfección de las hepatitis virales en personas viviendo con VIH/SIDA. Métodos: se delimitaron los indicadores de manejo y seguimiento de los pacientes monitoreados actualmente en clínicas de primer nivel de atención en Santo Domingo y Santiago. Los datos recopilados fueron analizados a partir de los registros escritos de los pacientes en seguimiento, para evaluar los datos epidemiológicos y serológicos que se obtuvieron de los archivos clínicos. Resultados: se demostró que un 100 % de los pacientes fueron enrolados, 85.7 % se consideraron como retenidos en el manejo de la coinfección VIH/VHB y solamente 71.4 % recibieron TARV basado en Tenofovir. La casca-da de atención para la coinfección VIH/VHC muestra un vínculo de 87.5 % de los pacientes, 75 % fueron retenidos y ninguno recibió tratamiento. Conclusión: la identificación de los factores de riesgo que influyen en las brechas de la cascada es fundamental para optimizar el manejo y monitoreo de los pacientes coinfec-tados, teniendo en cuenta que es preciso poder reconocer aquellos infectados para iniciar tratamiento de inmediato y así prever secuelas citopatológicas hepáticas.

Background Postprandial triglyceridemia may transitory affect the structure of HDL subclasses and probably their antiatherogenic properties but little is known in this field. We analyzed the HDL subclasses lipid content along postprandial period. Methods Fifteen metabolic syndrome (MS) patients and 15 healthy controls were enrolled. HDL were isolated from plasma samples obtained at fasting and every 2-h up to 8-h, after a 75-g fat meal. Cholesterol (C), triglycerides (TAG), and phospholipid (Ph) plasma concentrations of five HDL subclasses were determined by densitometry of electrophoresis gels enzymatically stained. Results The increase of postprandial triglyceridemia expressed as the incremental area under the curve (iAUC) was twice in MS patients than in controls. Only large HDL2b-TAG were higher in MS than controls at 4, 6 and 8 h after meal intake, whereas cholesterol of HDL2a, 3a and 3b were lower at 8 h. HDL size distribution shifted towards large HDL and HDL3a-, 3b- and 3c-subclasses had a lower content of cholesterol (estimated by the C-to-Ph ratio) in subjects whose iAUC > 289.5 mg h/dl (n = 15) in comparison with those subjects with iAUC below this cutoff point (n = 15), independently of the MS status and fasting TAG. Triglycerides content of HDL subclasses changed only discreetly along the postprandial period, whereas paraoxonase-1 remained unchanged. Conclusions A high postprandial triglyceridemia conditions the shift of HDL size distribution towards large particles and the decrease of cholesterol in HDL3 subclasses. These data demonstrate that postprandial hypertriglyceridemia contributes to a transitory hypoalphalipoproteinemia that may increase the risk of cardiovascular disease.

La exploración del estado de Aguascalientes documenta la existencia de 45 especies y variedades en la flora de musgos incluyendo siete especies citadas previamente en la literatura. Se supone que las especies registradas representan una extensión de la floras de las zonas secas de Jalisco y Zacatecas. Aunque se requiere mayor exploración de campo, los análisis de riqueza florística y distribución potencial estiman que la flora del estado es comparativamente pequeña (91 especies). Los sitios más altos en el occidente del estado, principalmente, deberán explorarse para conocer la diversidad de su flora de musgos.

"Para determinar la proporción de musgos dioicos o monoicos en la flora mexicana se preparó una base de datos de las 983 especies conocidas para México. Además se obtuvo información sobre formación de esporofitos y de propágulos para 829 especies. De este número, 458 (55%) especies son dioicas y 371 (45%) son monoicas. La condición sexual de las 154 especies remanentes es polioica, incierta o no existe información precisa. La tendencia a formar esporofitos es mayor en las especies monoicas, pero los musgos dioicos forman tanto esporofitos como propágulos en mayor proporción que los monoicos, pero la proporción de propágulos y esporofitos varía en las 13 familias más importantes de la flora mexicana. La expresión sexual en los musgos mexicanos sigue los patrones básicos de otras regiones en el mundo. Sin embargo, la investigación por familias puede ser ventajosa para determinar patrones particulares. En cada familia, se debe buscar la relación de la condición sexual con microhábitats, con la distribución geográfica local y con la producción de esporofitos y de propágulos."

Objective To evaluate the performance of the most widely used SpA classification criteria in a Colombian group of patients with chronic low back pain. Methods We assessed the ASAS and the European Spondyloarthropathy Study Group (ESSG) classification criteria in a group of 133 patients who attended consecutively over a period of six months at outpatient clinic of low back pain. All the patients were evaluated with the same protocol. The patients were divided into two groups according to the diagnosis. The diagnosis was compared with the diagnosis made by a expert rheumatologist blinded to patient information. Results 81 patients with SpA and 52 with other diagnoses were included. There were no differences in age and age of onset of symptoms between the two groups. The SpA group included 55 males and more common clinical findings were: enthesitis, arthritis, sacroiliitis, HLA-B27-positive, previous infection, and dactylitis. The sensitivity and specificity of criteria were: ASAS criteria 96% of sensibility and 80% of specificity, and ESSG criteria 95% and 100% respectively. The agreement between the classification criteria and the diagnosis established by the rheumatologist showed a Cohen's kappa index of 0.938 for ESSG criteria (95% CI: 0.877–0.998) and 0.790 for the ASAS criteria (95% CI: 0.682–0.898). Conclusion In a Colombian group of SpA patients, the new ASAS classification criteria have a good concordance with clinical diagnosis but are not superior to the ESSG criteria.

Background Since 1973, the association of HLA-B27 and spondyloarthritis (SpA) is well known, however in Colombian population it is present in only 40% of patients and HLA-B15 is present almost in 25%. A mechanism of polygenic mechanism has been proposed as an explanation for the development of SpA. Endoplasmic reticulum aminopeptidase (ERAP) genes 1 and 2 have been implicated. ERAP1 is strongly associated with HLA-B27 positive patients and ankylosing spondylitis, but not with ERAP2 Objectives To determine the association between ERAP polymorphisms and HLA-B27 or HLA-B15 positive SpA patients Methods 178 patients with SpA according to ASAS criteria were included in the study. HLA typing was performed by the PCR technique using the Biorad® HLA-SSP plates. The polymorphisms were determined by the RT-PCR technique using Roche® probes for ERAP1 rs27044, rs17482078, rs10050860, and rs30187. For ERAP2 the probes used were rs2910686, rs2248374 and rs2549782. The allele and genotype frequencies polymorphisms were obtained by direct counting. In each group the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium was evaluated using the 2 test. Associations were assessed using odds ratio (OR). Stata v.12.0 program was used to analyse data. The construction and analysis of haplotypes was performed using Haploview v.4.2 Results In total 70 patients were HLA-B27 positive and 34 were HLA-B15 positive. 78 were women and 100 were men. Linkage disequilibrium map of the ERAP gene is depicted in figure 1. When analysed by ERAP2 haplotype it is observed that there is a statistically significant association with the combinations described in table 1. No associations were observed between ERAP1 haplotypes and HLA-B15 or B27 Conclusions In the group of patients analysed, a statistically significant association was found between patients with SpA HLA-B15 positive and the haplotype TGT of ERAP2. Also HLA-B27 positive SpA patients were associated with haplotype TGC and CAT of ERAP2 with statistical significance Disclosure of Interest None declared

Background A main challenge in spondyloartritis (SpA) management was the availability of reliable biomarkers related with disease activity, or predicting joint damage and the response to treatment. Although erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and C-reactive protein (CRP) are currently used as biomarkers for disease activity, they lack sensitivity, specificity and reproducibility. With the understanding of SpA pathogenesis, additional biomarkers like metalloproteinase 3 (MMP-3), interleukin (IL)-1a, IL-6, lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP), tumour necrosis factor a (TNFa), macrophage colony stimulating factor (M-CSF), interferon gamma (INF-g), IL-17 and IL-23, had been proposed Objectives We aimed to evaluate the associations of MMP-3, IL-1a, IL-6, M-CSF, LPB, IL-17 and IL-23 levels in SpA patients positive for HLA-B27 or HLA-B15 Methods 178 patients (100 men and 78 women) with SpA according to ASAS criteria were included in the study. HLA typing was performed by PCR using the Biorad® HLA-SSP ABDR plates. The levels of TNFa, IL-1a, IL-6, INF-g and IL-17 were measured by a cytometric bead-array (CBA Flex Set) using a FACS Canto II Flow CytometerO. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to determine serum levels of IL-23, M-CSFand MMP-3. CRP and LBP levels were measured by chemiluminescence. Statistical analysis was made with SPSS v19. For comparison of quantitative variables with a normal distribution we used the Student9s t-test. Categorical variables were presented in frequency charts and percentages, and the Chi-squared test and Fisher9s exact test were used when necessary, for comparing groups. Two-tailed P-value Results Of the 178 patients, 70 were positive for HLA-B27, 34 for HLA-B15 and 74 had other HLA-B. According to ASAS classification criteria, 152 patients had axial SpA (axSpA) manifestations, 161 had peripheral SpA (pSpA) manifestations, and 148 patients had mixed axial and peripheral manifestations. Figure 1 shows the mean levels of inflammatory serologic biomarkers in these subgroups of patients Conclusions High levels of IL-17 and IL-23 were associated with the presence of HLA-B27, which mainly correlates with an axial presentation of the disease as compared to HLA-B15 patients. Accordingly, the genotype (presence of HLA-B27 or HLA-B15) and phenotype (axial or peripheral involvement) may help physicians when considering a targeted therapy of SpA patients with IL-17 inhibition in a context of personalized medicine Disclosure of Interest None declared

Background. Clinical, laboratory, and radiologic parameters are used for diagnosis and classification of spondyloarthritis (SpA). Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of sacroiliac (SI) joints is being increasingly used to detect early sacroiliitis. We decided to evaluate the interobserver agreement in MRI findings of SI joints of SpA patients between a local radiologist, a rheumatologist, and an expert radiologist in musculoskeletal diseases. Methods. 66 MRI images of the SI joints of patients with established diagnosis of SpA were evaluated. Agreement was expressed in Cohen’s kappa. Results. Interobserver agreement between a local radiologist and an expert radiologist was fair (κ=0.37). Only acute findings showed a moderate agreement (κ=0.45), while chronic findings revealed 76.5% of disagreement (κ=0.31). A fair agreement was observed in acute findings (κ=0.38) as well as chronic findings (κ=0.38) between a local radiologist and a rheumatologist. There was a substantial agreement between an expert radiologist and a rheumatologist (κ=0.73). In acute findings, a 100% agreement was achieved. Also chronic and acute plus chronic findings showed high levels of agreement (κ=0.73 and 0.62, resp.). Conclusions. Our study shows that rheumatologists may have similar MRI interpretations of SI joints in SpA patients as an expert radiologist.

9 páginas Abstract Objective Human leucocyte antigen (HLA) B27 and HLA-B15 are associated with spondyloarthritis (SpA). Recent Assessment of SpondyloArthritis international Society (ASAS) criteria emphasise a distinction between SpA with axial and peripheral patterns. We analysed whether HLA-A, HLA-B and HLA-DRB1 alleles could associate with these patterns. Methods We studied 100 healthy individuals and 178 patients with SpA according to European Spondyloarthropathy Study Group (ESSG) criteria. Patients were then classified according to ASAS criteria, the axial spondyloarthritis pattern (axSpA) being defined by ascertained sacroiliitis and the peripheral pattern (pSpA) by enthesitis and/or arthritis in extremities. A combined ax/p pattern was also considered. Results Only HLA-B27 and HLA-B15 alleles were associated with SpA. ASAS criteria for axSpA were met in 152 patients (12 with isolated axSpA and 140 with a combined ax/p patterns). When the ASAS peripheral criteria were applied, 161 patients met these criteria (13 with isolated pSpA and 148 with a combined ax/p pattern). HLA-B27 was found in 83% of patients with axSpA and 43% of ax/pSpA patients according to axASAS. HLA-B27 occurred in 7% controls but not in any patient with isolated pSpA. HLA-B15 was encountered in 31% of patients with isolated pSpA and 20% of ax/pSpA patients according to pASAS criteria. Moreover, 2 healthy controls, but none of our patients with isolated axSpA were positive for HLA-B15. Conclusions Our data suggest that the presence of HLA-B15 favours the development of isolated/combined peripheral rather than isolated axSpA, while HLA-B27 promotes an isolated/combined axial disease and excludes a peripheral pattern. HLA-B15 should be considered in addition to HLA-B27 when diagnosing patients with SpA according to ASAS criteria.

The paper assesses the available evidence on the potential effects of social transfers on child protection outcomes in low- and middle-income countries: the negative outcomes or damaging exposure of children to violence, exploitation, abuse and neglect, and improved outcomes or a reduction in exposure to these phenomena. The study identifies and evaluates three possible channels through which social transfers can influence child protection outcomes: direct effects observed where the objectives of social transfers are explicit chid protection outcomes; indirect effects where the impact of social transfers on poverty and exclusion leads to improved child protection outcomes; and potential synergies in implementation of social transfers and child protection. It also discusses how the design and implementation of social transfers can contribute to improved child protection outcomes. A revised version of this report was published in the Children and Youth Services Review

Villarrica volcano, a 2,850 m basaltic-andesite stratocone in southern Chile (39°25'S-71° 42'W), has had an active summit lava lake (30-60 m diameter) since the last eruption in 1984-85. Current activity is characterised by mild strombolian activity, continuous degassing, and periodic larger explosions. Between August-December 1999, Villarrica showed a significant increase in seismic activity. Lava lake activity increased and larger discrete explosions occurred destroying the lava lake crust on, at least, 4 occasions. Since February 1999, radiance data provided by the NOAA GOES 8 satellite via the University of Hawaii hot spot monitoring web-site served, as an additional real time monitoring method of the lava lake. Preliminary GOES data, for the period February-December 1999, have been correlated with seismic RSAM data and visual observations. Correlations exist between these data sets only for the most active periods. At Villarrica, the small dimensional and temporal exposure of the lava lake surface and the narrow crater coupled with a low satellite viewing angle generate a very subtle hot spot signature. Radiance variations can only provide reliable data where adequate constraining ground information exists and viewing conditions are optimal. However, the hot spot tool, once refined is considered a potentially important method of improving the monitoring capabilities Análisis térmico y sísmico combinado del lago de lava del volcán Villarrica, Chile. El volcán Villarrica es un estrato-volcán andesítico-basáltico de 2850 metros de altura, que se ubica al sur de Chile (39°25' S-71°42' W). Presenta en su cráter un lago de lava, de 30-60 m de diámetro, que ha estado activo desde 1984-85, fecha en que se registró su última erupción. En la actualidad, este volcán presenta una actividad estromboliana moderada, permanente liberación de gases magmáticos y periódicas explosiones mayores. Durante los meses de agosto a diciembre de 1999, hubo un notable aumento de su actividad sísmica, acompañado con un aumento de la actividad del lago de lava: explosiones mayores destruyeron la corteza sobre éste en, al menos, 4 ocasiones. Desde febrero de 1999, datos de radiancia proporcionados por el satélite NOAA GOES 8, han sido utilizados como un método adicional para observar la actividad del lago de lava en tiempo real. Los datos preliminares obtenidos durante el período comprendido entre febrero y diciembre de 1999 fueron contrastados con datos RSAM sísmicos y observaciones visuales. Es así como, correlaciones han sido encontradas entre estos conjuntos de datos, aunque solamente para los períodos de mayor actividad. La pequeña exposición temporal y dimensional de la superficie del lago de lava en un cráter angosto, junto con un bajo ángulo de visibilidad satelital, genera una incipiente señal en el volcán Villarrica. Las variación de radiancia puede solamente proveer datos confiables donde existe adecuada información de la superficie y las condiciones para la observación son óptimas. Sin embargo, la herramienta, una vez refinada, puede ser considerada un método potencialmente importante para mejorar las capacidades de monitoreo del volcán

Background The MRI of SI joints, included in the ASAS criteria, is being increasingly used to detect early sacroiliitis and as a tool to measure response to treatment in clinical studies. However, evaluation of the MRI of SI joints has been considered difficult to a non-experienced observer, in which case, Sacroiliitis could be mis diagnosed or delay diagnosis and cost increase. Objectives To evaluate the concordance rate of detecting abnormalities of sacroiliac joints on MRI, between a musculoskeletal expert observer and conventional radiologist, in a group of patients with SpA Methods 66 patients with diagnosis of SpA according to the ESSG (European Study Group spondyloarthritis), who were attended to a SpA clinic from January to November of 2012 and their MRI films of SI joints and its originals reports by conventional radiologist were selected. Those images were read independently in a second time by a musculoskeletal expert observer. The agreement between two readers was analyzed through the kappa statistic. Results The agreement between the two readers (musculoskeletal expert radiologist and conventional radiologist) was poor (K 0.37), on the normal case (K 0.39), and on chronic findings (K0.31), while there was moderate agreement on the presence of acute changes (K 0.45). The agreement between a rheumatologist expert in SpA and a musculoskeletal expert radiologist observer also was analyzed, the agreement was acceptable to be useful in ascertaining acute inflammatory and chronic structural changes due to sacroiliitis (sacroilitis by X-ray K 0,5; acute changes K 0,52, chronic changes K 0,61). Conclusions Sacroiliitis can be difficult to detect in early stages of SpA. The agreement for changes due to sacroiliitis by MRI between expert and non- expert radiologist in this study was poor, while between two experts readers (Radiologist and Rheumatologist) was better. Although MRI is highly sensitive in detecting early changes according to other studies, these findings may be no detected by non-expert observers, that’s why training of rheumatologists and radiologists in the evaluation of sacroiliac joints on MRI is necessary, to optimize the accuracy of the diagnostic test, avoid mis diagnostic and cost increase. Disclosure of Interest None Declared