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Reactivation of Trypanosoma cruzi transmission by native vectors with different domiciliation capabilities is a major concern for Chagas disease control programs. T. cruzi transmission via intra-domestic Rhodnius prolixus was certified as interrupted by the Pan American Health Organization in Miraflores municipality (Boyacá, Colombia) in 2019. However, Triatoma venosa, a native vector infected with T. cruzi has been increasingly found inside human dwellings across rural areas. In this study, the aim was to describe the eco-epidemiological aspects of T. cruzi transmission in the rural area of Miraflores. For this, we designed a comprehensive, multi-faceted study in 6 rural villages and performed: (i) A cross-sectional serological and molecular study enrolling 155 people and 58 domestic dogs living within 80 households, (ii) a domestic entomological survey, (iii) a determination of the natural infection and blood meal source in collected triatomine bugs, and (iv) an evaluation of synanthropic mammal infection by parasitological and molecular tools. The T. cruzi seroprevalence rates in humans and dogs were 9.03% (14/155) and 22.4% (13/58), respectively. Most infected humans were adults between the ages of 55 and 85 years old. No evidence of T. cruzi DNA was found using qPCR in human blood samples, but we found high parasitemia levels in the infected dogs. In total, 38 triatomine bugs were collected inside dwellings and peridomestic areas: 68.4% (26/38) Triatoma venosa, 29% (11/38) Panstrongylus geniculatus, and 2.6% (1/38) P. rufotuberculatus. Natural infection prevalence was 88% (22/25) for T. venosa, 100% (12/12) for P. geniculatus, and 100% (1/1) P. rufotuberculatus: only TcI was found. No evidence of R. prolixus was found in the area. Two feeding sources were identified in T. venosa (humans and cats), while P. geniculatus fed on cows and bats. Lastly, seven D. marsupialis were captured in peridomestic areas, three were infected with T. cruzi (TcI). The results suggest the existence of T. cruzi transmission cycle between triatomines, dogs, and opossums representing a risk of infection for the human population in rural areas of Miraflores. Despite PAHO declaring Miraflores municipality, Colombia an area of T. cruzi transmission interruption in 2019, this study documents evidence of a secondary vector establishing in domestic settings. T. venosa entomological surveillance is warranted to evaluate prospective human transmission risk in an otherwise 'no-risk' perceived Chagas disease region.

In this work, we advocate agroforestry as a sustainable agricultural method that leverages biodiversity and ecosystem services, simultaneously tackling the problems of adaptation and mitigation to climate change, and of land restoration for sustainable agriculture across scales. While the rise of industrial agriculture has been instrumental in addressing the food demands of an expanding global population, enhancing food quality, yield, productivity, and efficiency, we must now reckon with the consequences. This advancement, which prioritizes simplification, specialization, and external inputs, has escalated detrimental externalities including deforestation, biodiversity loss, soil degradation, pollution, and an increase in greenhouse gases, contributing significantly to global warming and to exacerbated environmental crises. These demand urgent attention. In response, various agricultural methodologies such as organic, biodynamic, ecological, and biological farming have emerged, attempting to propose alternatives. However, these methods have yet to significantly alter the trajectory of mainstream agriculture. For over two decades, we have devoted our efforts to developing and refining a multispecies integrated agroforestry system for the sustainable cultivation of Ilex paraguariensis, “yerba mate,” in the subtropical north-east of Argentina. With “integrated” we mean that the trees are planted within the I. paraguariensis distribution, not between alleys as in “alley cropping” or “hedgrow intercropping.” The experimental work we present here was designed and implemented to enable data comparisons across consociations of multiple species of trees, at a relevant experimental scale. We achieve soil preservation and restoration, productivity comparable to or exceeding monocultures, and a significant increase in resiliency, particularly evidenced during the extreme climate events of spring and summer 2021 and 2022. These results underscore agroforestry’s potential for climate change mitigation and adaptation.

Xicotli data is the short name given to the dataset generated within the project framework "Integration of Biodiversity Data for the Management and Conservation of Wild Bee-Plant Interactions in Mexico (2021-2023)", as xicotli is the generic word for a bee in Nahuatl. The team comprised eco-informaticians, ecologists and taxonomists of both native bees and flora. The generated dataset contains so far 4,532 curated records of the plants, which are potential hosts of species of three focal families of bees native to Mexico: Apidae, Halictidae and Megachilidae and morphological and ecological data of the plant-bee interactions. This dataset was integrated and mobilised from citizen observations available at naturalista.mx (iNat), which were compiled through the iNaturalist project.The new information obtained with the Xicotli data project was:Taxonomic information about bee species curated by taxonomists based on the information contained in iNaturalist;Taxonomic identification of the host plants by a botanist from the photos compiled by the Xicotli Data project;Data on the ecomorphological traits of bees and plants based on expert knowledge and literature.All the data were integrated into the Xicotli Data Project via the creation of new “observation fields". The visibility of the information originally contained in iNaturalist was maximized and can be consulted directly on the iNaturalist platform.

We report a confirmed case of Candidatus Neoehrlichia mikurensis infection in a woman in Spain who had a previous hematologic malignancy. Candidatus N. mikurensis infections should be especially suspected in immunocompromised patients who exhibit persistent fever and venous thrombosis, particularly if they live in environments where ticks are prevalent.

Objetivo. Identificar las acciones y experiencias de salud sexual y reproductiva (SSR) de mujeres migrantes latinoamericanas en la atención primaria de salud. Método. Se realiza revisión narrativa con búsqueda en las bases de datos Dialnet, Pubmed, CUIDEN, Redalyc, Scielo y BVS. Las palabras claves utilizadas fueron «Mujeres», «Migrantes», «Atención Primaria de Salud», «Salud Reproductiva» y «Salud Sexual», con los operadores boleanos «AND» y «OR». Se incluyen estudios que refieren la atención de mujeres migrantes latinoamericanas en el contexto de salud sexual y reproductiva, excluyendo estudios enfocados a la población pediátrica, adulto mayor y masculina. Resultados. Se incluyeron un total de 16 artículos. Del análisis se desprendieron cuatro categorías: acceso a la atención de salud; estrategias de salud pública en salud sexual y reproductiva; experiencias en salud sexual y reproductiva; percepciones de salud. Conclusiones. La salud sexual y reproductiva de las mujeres migrantes se encuentra influenciada por diversas variables, entre los que destacan factores socioculturales y factores asociados al acceso en atención de salud. Se observa un déficit de información sobre la salud sexual y reproductiva, por lo que existe el desafío de aumentar las investigaciones en este ámbito con tal de generar políticas y protocolos de cuidado que permitan mejorar y adaptar la atención en salud sexual y reproductiva.

Introduction Healthcare fragmentation, a main cause for delay in cancer diagnosis and treatment, contributes to high mortality in Latin America (LA), particularly among disadvantaged populations. This research focuses on integrated care interventions, which have been limitedly implemented in the region. The objective is to evaluate the contextual effectiveness of scaling-up an integrated care intervention to improve early diagnosis of frequent cancers in healthcare networks of Chile, Colombia and Ecuador.Methods and analysis This research is two pronged: (A) quasi-experimental design (controlled before and after) with an intervention and a control healthcare network in each LA country, using an implementation-effectiveness hybrid approach to assess the intervention process, effectiveness and costs; and (B) case study design to analyse access to diagnosis of most frequent cancers. Focusing on the most vulnerable socioeconomic population, it develops in four phases: (1) analysis of delays and barriers to early diagnosis (baseline); (2) intervention adaptation and implementation (primary care training, fast-track referral pathway and patient information); (3) intracountry evaluation of intervention and (4) cross-country analysis. Baseline and evaluation studies adopt mixed-methods qualitative (semistructured individual interviews) and quantitative (patient questionnaire survey) methods. For the latter, a sample size of 174 patients with cancer diagnosis per healthcare network and year was calculated to detect a proportions difference of 15%, before and after intervention (α=0.05; β=0.2) in a two-sided test. A participatory approach will be used to tailor the intervention to each context, led by a local steering committee (professionals, managers, policy makers, patients and researchers).Ethics and dissemination This study complies with international and national legal stipulations on ethics. It was approved by each country’s ethical committee and informed consent will be obtained from participants. Besides the coproduction of knowledge with key stakeholders, it will be disseminated through strategies such as policy briefs, workshops, e-tools and scientific papers.

Objetivo: Correlacionar los hallazgos histopatológicos en la realización de biopsias mamarias por aspiración al vacío (BAV) con agujas 9 G con los observados en las mastografías. Material y métodos: Estudio descriptivo y retrospectivo. Se incluyeron 117 BAV con aguja 9 G, guiadas por estereotaxia con diagnóstico de lesiones sospechosas de malignidad en el periodo de agosto 2013 a diciembre del 2014. Se evaluaron principales factores de riesgo para cáncer de mama, hallazgos mamográficos, anatomía patológica de la biopsia radiológica y quirúrgica, así como subestimación diagnóstica. Resultados: Se incluyeron 117 muestras de pacientes con edades de 31 a 82 años. El hallazgo mamográfico más frecuente fue calcificaciones sospechosas de malignidad en 94 (80.3%) de las muestras, de las cuales 56 (47.9%) fueron diagnosticadas como lesiones benignas y 38 (32.4%) como lesiones malignas. La morfología predominante de las lesiones malignas fue finas pleomórficas y respecto a la categoría BI-RADS: 17 (14.5%) BI-RADS 4B, 9 (7.6%) BI-RADS 4C y 12 (10.2%) BI-RADS 5. Las lesiones asociadas o no a calcificaciones sospechosas fueron 23 (19.7%), de las cuales 19 (16.3%) correspondieron a lesiones malignas, distribuyéndose: 1 (0.85%) BI-RADS 4B, 11 (9.35%) BI-RADS 4C y 7 (5.95%) BI-RADS 5. En un caso (1/57) de carcinoma ductal in situ existió subestimación de infiltración. Entre las lesiones malignas, el factor de riesgo más frecuente fue no haber lactado (49.1%), el uso de la terapia hormonal (26.3%), los antecedentes heredofamiliares de cáncer de mama (22.8%) y el tabaquismo (12.3%). Conclusiones: Nuestro estudio coincide con las recomendaciones de las guías para diagnóstico de elección en lesiones sospechosas de malignidad no palpables, puesto que la BAV guiada por estereotaxia es un método diagnóstico de elección en el manejo de lesiones mamarias sospechosas no palpables, disminuye la biopsia escisional y reserva el tiempo quirúrgico para la cirugía terapéutica.

The economic empowerment of women is one of the goals proposed by both national and international organizations. Although the participation of women is increasingly greater in the world of work, not the conditions to which they accede, where a barrier is observed for the continuation in the work positions, starting from the care work, where the population vulnerable is the first to be affected and expelled from formal work. An alternative to this problem could be the professionalization of care work. This work, based on the analysis of data from the General Directorate of Statistics, Surveys and Censuses, seeks to highlight the situation of vulnerability of women in general, and in particular women heads of household. Although the goal of empowering women involves coordinated actions among all levels of society, the recommendations do not forget that with specific actions in areas of high informality, such as care, we would be one step less in the final goal eradicate poverty.

Serjania triquetra is a medicinal plant widely used in traditional medicine for the treatment of urinary tract diseases, renal affections, and its complications. The population can buy this plant in folk markets as a raw material mixed with several herbal remedies or as a health supplement. On the market, two commercial presentations were found for the vegetal material; one had a bulk appearance and the other was marketed wrapped in cellophane bags (HESt-2, HESt-3). Nevertheless, the plant has not been exhaustively investigated and quality control techniques have not been developed. This research aimed to realize a phytochemical study using an authentic, freshly collected sample as a reference for S. triquetra (HESt-1), using the compounds identified. A method for the determination of preliminary chromatographic fingerprinting was developed. Additionally, the vasorelaxant effect from three samples was evaluated with ex vivo rat models. Thus, three hydroalcoholic extracts (HESt-1, HESt-2, and HESt-3) were prepared by maceration. A total of nine compounds were fully identified from HESt-1 after the extract was subjected to open-column chromatography. Seven metabolites were detected by gas chromatography, while ursolic acid (UA) and allantoin were isolated and identified using UPLC-MS and NMR, respectively. Three extracts were analyzed for their chromatographic fingerprint by UPLC-MS. Biological activity was explored by ex vivo rat aorta ring model to evaluate vasorelaxant activity. All extracts showed a vasorelaxant effect in a concentration-dependent and endothelium-dependent manner. S. triquetra vascular activity may be attributed to UA and allantoin compounds previously described in the literature for this activity.

Background: Integrated management strategies for dengue prevention and control have been the main way to decrease the transmission of arboviruses transmitted by 'A. aegypti' in Colombia. However, the increase of chikungunya (CHIKV), Zika, and dengue (DENV) fever cases suggests deficiencies in vector control strategies in some regions from this country. Objective: This work aimed to establish a baseline susceptibility profile of 'A. aegypti' to insecticides, determine the presence of 'kdr' mutations associated with resistance to pyrethroids, and detect natural arbovirus infection in this vector from Moniquirá – Boyacá, one of the most endemic cities in Colombia. Methods: Mosquitos were collected in six neighborhoods, and colonies established in the laboratory. Susceptibility to malathion and lambda-cyhalothrin insecticides was evaluated, and we examined the point mutations present in portions of domains I, II, III, and IV of the sodium channel gene using a simple allele-specific PCR-based assay (AS-PCR). Findings: 'A. aegypti' from Moniquirá showed decreased susceptibility to pyrethroid insecticides, and kdr mutations 419L, 1016I, and 1558C with allelic frequencies of 0.39, 0.40 and 0.95, respectively, were observed. The minimal infection rate (MIR) to DENV-1 was 44.1, while to CHIKV was 14.7. Conclusions: We establish a baseline insecticide resistance, 'kdr' mutations, and arbovirus circulation, which contain the elements necessary for the consolidation of a local surveillance strategy with an early warning system and rational selection and rotation of insecticides.

Resumen El presente artículo expone el resultado de una evaluación cualitativa sobre las acciones que los servicios públicos de salud desarrollan para la prevención de embarazos subsiguientes en adolescentes, en un estado en el centro-norte de México. El objetivo fue documentar los obstáculos percibidos para prevenir embarazos subsiguientes en madres adolescentes. La información se obtuvo entre 2016-2018, mediante entrevistas individuales en los domicilios de jóvenes usuarias de servicios públicos de salud. El análisis de la información se hizo a partir de la propuesta de Strauss y Corbin para teoría fundamentada. Las experiencias compartidas por las jóvenes madres fueron analizadas y clasificadas en dos categorías, obstáculos asociados a: (1) competencias profesionales, y (2) a imaginarios morales. Se concluye que las limitaciones más importantes tienen que ver con el hecho de que la estrategia de servicios amigables para adolescentes deja de implementarse en aquellas que han sido madres, sin considerar el impacto biológico y psicosocial que tienen los embarazos subsiguientes en la adolescencia y la necesidad de postergar la reproducción hasta la edad adulta.

Abstract Background Helicobacter pylori is a Gram-negative bacterium that colonizes the gastric mucosa in humans. One of the main virulence factors of H. pylori is the cag pathogenicity island (cagPAI), which encodes a type 4-secretion system (T4SS) and the cytotoxin CagA. Translocation of CagA through the T4SS triggers host-signaling pathways. One of the T4SS proteins is CagL, which is necessary for CagA translocation. CagL is a 26-kDa protein that contains a hypervariable motif, which spans residues 58 to 62. Several polymorphisms in this region have been associated with different disease outcomes, e.g. in Mexico, N58 is associated with a higher risk of gastric cancer. The aim of this work is to analyze the sequence of the hypervariable motif (residues 58 to 62) of clinical isolates from Mexican patients with chronic gastritis, and to correlate these polymorphisms with the vacA genotype. Results Of the 164 biopsies analyzed, only 30.5% (50/164) were positive for H. pylori. Thirty-six of the 50 clinical isolates (72%) were cagA positive, and 40 (80%) had the most virulent vacA genotype (s1/m1). Of the cagA positive strains, 94.4% were vacA s1/m1. All the cagA + strains contained the cagL gene. The most prevalent sequence in the polymorphic region (residues 58–62) was DKMGE (75.8%, 25/33), followed by NKMGQ and NEIGQ (6.1%, 2/33), and DEIGQ, NKMGE, DKIGE, and DKIGK (3%, 1/33). Regarding polymorphisms in positions 58 and 59, the most common were D58/K59 (81.8%, 27/33), followed by N58/K59 (9.1%, 3/33), and D58/E59 (3%, 1/33). Only two isolates (6.1%) contained residues N58/E59, which correspond to those found in H. pylori strain ATCC 26695. 92.6% of the clinical isolates having polymorphism D58/K59 had the genotype vacA s1/m1, considered to be the most virulent, while 7.4% had the genotypes vacA s1/m2 and s2/m2. Conclusions In Mexican patients, CagL polymorphisms D58, K59, M60, E62, K122, and I134 are more common in patients with chronic gastritis.

The Image of the Hispanic World in Poland: Hispanicism, Spanish-Polish Relations and Their Reflection in the Teaching of Spanish through the ELE Manuals There is evidence of medieval Polish pilgrimages to (place) and the first Polish writings about Latin America date back to the 16th century. Since then the Hispanic World has raised the interest of the Polish population and its perception has been reflected not only in literary works but also in Spanish teaching books. This paper aims to approach the concept of country image, and it will reflect on the first trips of Polish citizens to Spain and Latin America and the first writings, treatises and bilateral relationships between these countries. It will also reflect on the beginnings of the teaching of Spanish as a Second Language in Poland and the use of the first teaching methods in the country. An analysis of the image of the Hispanic world in the manual Język hiszpański dla lektoratów (1971) by Oskar Perlin and the interpretation of some examples from the manual will follow.

Möbius syndrome is a congenital paralysis of the seventh cranial nerve that may be associated with involvement of other cranial nerves or other systems. In the United States frequencies from 0.002 to 0.0002 % of all births, and 1/ 50 000 newborns have been calculated. The aim of the study was to present a case of a newborn with Möbius syndrome prenatally exposed to Misoprostol, detected in a third level hospital, under the parameters of the Latin American Collaborative Study of Congenital Malformations (ECLAMC). Literature search focused on the association of prenatal exposure to Misoprostol and congenital malformations, was realized. Case Presentation: New­born with phenotypic characteristics of Möbius syndrome, 16 -year-old mother with history of use of Misoprostol 200 mcg vaginally and 200 mcg orally during the fourth week of gestation. Discussion: Facial palsy and congenital musculoskeletal anomaly have to be established in order to diagnose Möbius syndrome, the patient meets both. Prenatal exposure to Misoprostol has been associated with the occurrence of birth defects, mainly Möbius syndrome and limb defects of terminal transverse type. One of the teratogenic mechanisms proposed for Misoprostol is vascular disruption, as we propose it could be in this case.

El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar las columnas de La Prensa referidas a la libertad de prensa que se publicaron durante el gobierno de facto del general Roberto Viola, para identificar cuáles fueron las ideas que los columnistas de este medio pretendieron instalar frente a los lectores y qué estrategias utilizaron para lograrlo. El análisis fue realizado sobre las publicaciones del período comprendido entre marzo y diciembre de 1981, correspondientes a los tres principales columnistas: el Observador, Jesús Iglesias Rouco y Manfred Schönfeld.

Este trabajo examina nuevos caminos metodológicos para el estudio de la iconografía del arte rupestre del sitio Los Mellizos. En particular, se emplean los principios geométricos de la simetría en la descripción y la comprensión de este arte visual. Luego se clasifican sus formas y estructuras subyacentes. Al mismo tiempo, la estructura del diseño ha demostrado ser un atributo sensible a problemas relacionados con la identidad de grupo y los procesos de intercambio e interacción. Para abordar este último aspecto, un segundo esfuerzo fue realizado al comparar los patrones decorativos de Los Mellizos con patrones decorativos de la decoración cerámica de culturas prehispánicas presentes en la región. Como resultado de este ejercicio identificamos una fuerte presencia de iconografía Inka o Diaguita-Inka, así como otras influencias culturales.This paper examines new methodological approaches to the systematic study of Los Mellizos rock art iconography. In particular, we use the geometrical principles of symmetry to describe and understand this visual art, then classify the forms and underlying structures. At the same time, the structure of the design has been shown to be sensitive to issues of group identity, exchange and interaction. Therefore, a secondary effort compares Los Mellizos decorative patterns with ceramic decorative patterns of the pre-Hispanic cultures present in the region. As a result of this exercise, we identified the strong presence of Inka and Diaguita-Inka visual patterns and other cultural influences.

El presente trabajo estudia la biología reproductiva de la jibia o calamar gigante, Dosidicus gigas frente a la costa de Chile central capturados en julio-agosto (invierno) y octubre-noviembre (primavera) de 1993. En 254 hembras (93 de invierno y 161 de primavera) se analizó el estado de madurez microscópico, determinándose un predominio de hembras en maduración, y en menor porcentaje a punto de desovar. El índice gonadosomático (IGS) y el índice del peso del complejo oviductual (IPCO) indicaron que las hembras estaban en un proceso de maduración gonádica. En hembras, el IGS y el IPCO muestran diferencias significativas en los valores promedio entre invierno y primavera (p= 0,000 y p= 0,002, respectivamente). Sólo para el IPCO de invierno existió una relación lineal con la longitud dorsal del manto (p=0,009, r²=0,067). En aguas chilenas la presencia de hembras maduras de D. gigas abarcaría gran parte del año, alcanzando los ejemplares de invierno una mayor talla de madurez sexual.The present study examines the reproductive biology of the giant squid, Dosidicus gigas collected off the coast of north-central Chile from july-august (winter) to october-november (spring) of 1993. In 254 females (93 in winter and 161 in spring) the microscopic stage of maturity was analyzed, being determined a prevalence of females in maturation, and in smaller percentage near the spawning. The Gonadosomatic Index (IGS) and the Index of the Weight of the Oviductual Complex (IPCO) indicated females were in process of gonadic maturation. Seasonal significant differences for IGS and IPCO were found between winter and spring (p=0,000 and p=0,002, respectively). Only winter IPCO showed a lineal relationship with the mantle dorsal length (p=0,009, r²=0,067). In Chilean waters mature females of D. gigas were found the major part of the year, but the winter individuals had bigger size of sexual maturity.

Pinguipes chilensis presenta un comportamiento alimentario y reproductivo que comprende todo el año, en donde índices de condición como Indice Hepatosomático y Factor de Condición no se relacionan con la madurez de las gónadas, indicando una posible independencia de la energía almacenada como lípidos en la musculatura y en el hígado con el proceso reproductivo. El presente trabajo determina el contenido de lípidos totales (%) en la musculatura de P. chilensis, y su variación entre zonas del cuerpo, así como diferencias entre sexos y ontogenéticas. En hembras (n=12) y machos (n=11) capturados en el litoral de Talcahuano, Chile, se determinó el contenido de lípidos totales mediante la Técnica Gravimétrica de extracción por Soxhlet, de tejido muscular desde tres zonas del cuerpo, anterior, medio (con y sin tegumento) y posterior. La musculatura de hembras y machos no muestra diferencias significativas en el contenido de lípidos totales por zona del cuerpo del pez analizado (p=0,12 y p=0,24, respectivamente). En muestras agrupadas, el contenido de lípidos de la zona posterior es menor (p=0,01) al de la zona media del pez. El porcentaje de lípidos totales no se relacionó con la talla (p>0,20) y el peso (p>0,20) de los individuos, reflejando una importancia menor de la musculatura como sitio de almacenaje de lípidos o una movilización continua de lípidos totales para procesos de maduración gonadalPinguipes chilensis presents an alimentary and reproductive pattern similar around the year. The Hepatosomatic Index and the Condition Factor are not correlated with gonad maturation as an expression of independence between store energy as lipids in muscles and liver associated with reproductive processes. In this work the percentage of total lipids in muscles of P. chilensis and body variation were determined. Also the differences between sex and ontogeny were evaluated. In fishes caught off Talcahuano, Chile (12 females and 11 males) the total lipids percentages were quantified using the Soxhlet method. Samples of muscles were taken from three parts of the body (anterior, center and posterior). The muscles present no statistical differences in lipid content between the body parts for males or females (p= 0.24 and 0.12 respectively). In pooled samples the lipid content in the posterior part is minor (p= 0.01) to the central part. The total lipid contents are not related with length (p>0.2) or weight (p>0.2) showing the muscles with less importance as lipids store or that the lipids are moved continuously for the gonad maturation

Deltamethrin and other pyrethroids have been extensively used in Argentina since 1980, for the chemical control of Triatoma infestans Klug (Hemiptera: Reduviidae). Recently, resistance to deltamethrin was detected in field populations by the survival of bugs exposed by topical application to the diagnostic dose estimated on the CIPEIN susceptible strain. Results of the current study showed low resistant ratios (RRs) to deltamethrin for the resistant populations (RR ranged from 2.0 for San Luis colony to 7.9 for Salta colony). Biochemical studies were made on the most resistant colony (Salta) and the susceptible strain (CIPEIN), in order to establish the importance of degradative mechanisms as a cause of the detected resistance. Esterase activity was measured on 3 days old first instars through phenylthioacetate and a-naphtyl acetate activities. The results showed a significant difference in no cholinesterase esterase activity from susceptible (7.6 ± 0,7 µM S./i.min.) and Salta resistant colony (9.5 ± 0.8 µM S./i.min.). Cytochrome P450 mono-oxygenase (P450) activity was measured on individual insects through ethoxycoumarine deethylase (ECOD) activity using a fluorescence micro plate reader. The dependence of ECOD activity on age and body region of the nymphs, and pH and time of incubation were studied in order to optimize the measurement. As a result, comparative studies were performed on abdomens of 2 days old first instars at pH 7.2 and 4 h incubation time. ECOD activity of first nymphs was significantly lower in the susceptible colony (61.3 ± 9.08 pg ECOD/ insect) than in the resistant one (108.1± 5.7 pg ECOD/ insect). These results suggest that degradative esterases (no-cholinesterase) and mono-oxygenases cytochrome P450, play an important role in the resistance to deltamethrin in Salta colony from Argentina.

Se ha señalado que el Indice Gonadosomático (IGS) se relacionaría en forma inversa al Factor de Condición (FCC) y al Indice Hepatosomático (IHS) debido a una demanda de energía por parte del pez para procesos reproductivos. El presente trabajo estudia el comportamiento de estos índices durante un ciclo anual de reproducción en la especie Pinguipes chilensis (rollizo). En hembras (n=200) y machos (n=214) de P. chilensis capturados en el litoral de Talcahuano, se analizó el comportamiento de las curvas del IGS, FCC e IHS en forma estacional. Además se estudio la relación existente entre el IGS, el FCC y el IHS mediante modelos de regresión lineal simple. Se encontraron diferencias significativas para cada una de las curvas en forma estacional. Los valores del IGS no se relacionan con el FCC (p= 0.41 en hembras y p=0.48 en machos) ni con el IHS en machos (p=0.48), pero sí en hembras (r²= 0.08, p=0.00). La falta de relación entre el IGS con el FCC y el IHS puede estar reflejando condiciones fisiológicas en los peces que les permiten soportar la maduración y desove durante todo el añoThe Gonadosomatic Index (IGS) has been reported to be inversely related to Condition Factor (FCC) and the Hepatosomatic Index (IHS), presumably reflecting tradeoffs in energy used by fish. The present study examines behavior during an annual reproductive cycle of the Chilean sandperch Pinguipes chilensis. Seasonal behavior of IGS, FCC and IHS was analized in female (n=200) and male (n=214) P. chilensis caught in the Talcahuano area. The relationships among IGS, FCC and IHS were studied by lineal regression. Significant seasonal differences were found for each relationship. IGS values were not related to the FCC (p=0.41 in females and p=0.48 in males). There was no correlation between IGS and IHS in males (p=0.48) but a marginal relationship in females (r²=0.08, p= 0.00). The lack of relationship between IGS and FCC and IHS could indi-catephysiological conditions that support the fish maturation and spawning all around the year

Megaplatypus mutatus (Chapuis) (Coleoptera, Platypodidae) is an ambrosia beetle native to South America. It builds internal galleries that weaken the tree trunks, causing them severe stem breakage and mortality in commercial poplar plantations. The host selection by male M. mutatus has previously been correlated with the increasing diameter. This work explores the possibility that differential susceptibility of individual plants to M. mutatus could be associated with volatiles emitted. The comparison of the VOCs profiles of attacked and nonattacked P. x canadensis “Conti” 12 during M. mutatus flying season showed both qualitative and quantitative differences. The attacked plants, but not the nonattacked ones, showed the following compounds: a long chain aldehyde, α-ylangene, δ-cadinene, α-gurjunene, and β-cubebene; on the other side, β-sesquiphellandrene and β-chamigrene were detected only in nonattacked plants. α-Copaene is a common component of all the samples analyzed, but its proportion is increased in attacked individuals. Behavioral bioassays showed that males but not females M. mutatus are attracted to α-copaene. The relative increase of α-copaene in attacked individuals and the positive behavioral answer of males to it suggest that this compound could play a role in the orientation of the pioneer male towards the most suitable host.

Resumen: El presente texto es un análisis interpretativo de la obra de Yamil de La Paz García, titulada "Esto es producto de su imaginación", tomando como base la teoría de estudio de la Performance e intervención de espacio públicos y de acciones efímeras. Abstract: This text is an interpretive analysis of the work of Yamil de La Paz García entitled "This is a product of your imagination," based on the study of theory of Performance art and public space intervention and ephemeral ActionArt.

The neurobiological mechanisms underlying major depressive disorder (MDD) remain largely unexplored due to the limited availability of study models in humans. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have overcome multiple limitations of retrospective clinical studies, contributing to a more detailed understanding of the molecular pathways that presumably contribute to the manifestation of depression. Despite the significant progress made by these study models, there are still more formidable challenges that will eventually be addressed by these platforms, as further studies may eventually emerge. This review will examine the most recent advances in the comprehension of depression by using human neurons and non-neuronal cells derived from induced pluripotent stem cells of patients with depression. This study highlights the importance of using these platforms to increase our knowledge of depression and address this psychiatric disorder more efficiently. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]