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Abstract Background Mycobacterium bovis BCG is the human tuberculosis vaccine and is the oldest vaccine still in use today with over 4 billion people vaccinated since 1921. The BCG vaccine has also been investigated experimentally in cattle and wildlife by various routes including oral and parenteral. Thus far, oral vaccination studies of cattle have involved liquid BCG or liquid BCG incorporated into a lipid matrix. Lyophilization is an established technique used for stabilizing bioproducts such as vaccines. Methods In the current study, cattle were vaccinated in two phases. In each phase, cattle were divided into three groups. Group 1 received BCG injected SQ, Group 2 received liquid BCG delivered to the posterior oral cavity, Group 3 orally consumed lyophilized BCG contained within a gelatin capsule placed within a small amount of a commercial alfalfa product. Results No vaccinated cattle were positive by an interferon gamma release assay. All but 4 animals were negative by tuberculin skin testing prior to vaccination: the 4 non-negative animals being categorized as suspects. Sixteen weeks post-vaccination all but 1 animal was negative, it being categorized as a suspect. An in vitro antigen stimulation assay and flow cytometry were used to detect antigen-specific CD4, CD8 and γδ T cell responses following vaccination. Oral vaccination of animals with lyophilized BCG did not result in any increases in the frequency of CD4, CD8 or γδ T cell proliferative or IFN-γ responses at any of the time points analyzed in either phase 1 or 2. In contrast, vaccination with BCG SQ and liquid BCG delivered to the posterior pharynx, resulted in an increase in the frequency of proliferating and IFN-γ-producing CD4 T cells with peak responses at 9–12 weeks post-vaccination. Similar to oral lyophilized BCG vaccinated animals, we did not observe any significant increases in the frequency of CD8 and γδ T cell proliferative and IFN-γ responses following SQ or oral liquid vaccinated animals. Conclusions These data would suggest that vaccination with oral lyophilized BCG does not induce a measurable, antigen-specific cell mediated responses in the periphery, when compared to BCG administered SQ or liquid BCG administered via the oral route. However, vaccination with either SQ or liquid BCG delivered to the posterior pharynx does induce measurable CD4 T cell responses in the periphery.

Objetivo: estimar la exactitud pronóstica para amputación de miembro inferior de las escalas de pie diabético utilizadas en estudios realizados en América Latina y el Caribe. Materiales y métodos: se incluyó a estudios longitudinales sin restricción de idioma provenientes de Scielo, Embase, PubMed, Web of Science (WOS) y SCOPUS, hasta octubre de 2024. Los estudios registraron la incidencia de amputación mayor o a cualquier nivel según la aplicación de una escala de pie diabético al inicio de la atención médica. Mediante un metaanálisis se estimó la sensibilidad, especificidad, razón de verosimilitud (LR, del inglés likelihood ratio) positiva (LR+) y negativa (LR-), odds ratio diagnóstico y el área bajo la curva ROC. El riesgo de sesgo fue evaluado utilizando la herramienta QUADAS-2 y la certeza de la evidencia se analizó según GRADE. Resultados: se incluyeron a 15 artículos y se identificaron cinco escalas: IDSA, San Elián, Wifi, Meggitt-Wagner (con umbrales 3 y 4) y Universidad de Texas, provenientes de nueve países. Para amputación a cualquier nivel, la clasificación que mostró la mayor sensibilidad para ambos desenlaces fue la escala Meggitt-Wagner en el umbral de grado 3 con valores de 0,91. La escala San Elián presentó la mayor especificidad con un valor de 0,92. El LR+ más significativo correspondió a San Elián con un valor de 4,1, mientras que el LR- de mayor impacto fue el de Meggitt-Wagner en categoría 3 con un valor de 0,20. Las 15 evaluaciones GRADE revelaron una certeza de evidencia muy baja. Conclusión: la escala Merritt-Wagner en el umbral de grado 3 y la escala San Elián demostraron la mayor sensibilidad y especificidad, respectivamente. Sin embargo, nuestra investigación muestra importantes limitaciones, como déficits en el reporte de seguimiento, elevada heterogeneidad y número limitado de estudios, lo que explica la muy baja certeza de la evidencia. Se requiere la realización de estudios con un mayor rigor metodológico en nuestra región.

In vitro-produced blastocysts are exposed to different stimuli when compared with in vivo ones. This includes the culture of in vitro embryos in a sturdy petri-dish, while in vivo embryos develop in a soft and dynamic structure. Here we hypothesized that a softer environment could differently modulate the in vitro produced embryos. To that aim, presumptive zygotes were produced by in vitro fertilization and divided into three groups: 1) Cultured in a regular Petri dish - Control (CON); 2) Cultured on top of an alginate hydrogel surface (TOP); 3) Encapsulated inside an alginate hydrogel sphere (ENC) and cultured. We observed a decrease in blastocyst rate in TOP and ENC compared with the CON. Profiling of 383 bovine miRNAs, we found 3 miRNAs involved in cell proliferation being differently modulated by the TOP and ENC groups (miR-1246; miR-1260b, and miR-541). Analyzing global levels of DNA methylation and hydroxymethylation, we observed increased levels of the two marks in the TOP group when compared with the CON and ENC systems. RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis carried out using blastocysts showed alterations in several developmentally important genes among the three groups. In summary, our results indicate that in vitro embryo production was possible to achieve up to the blastocyst stage. However, with the experimental conditions used herein, the alginate hydrogels adversely affected the embryo development, which were paralleled by epigenetic and transcriptomic changes.

Mycobacterium bovis, the causative agent of bovine tuberculosis (bTB), is a zoonotic pathogen that contributes to economic losses in the cattle industry and poses a public health risk worldwide. Bacillus Calmette-Guerin, or BCG, is a live attenuated strain of M. bovis that is used for human vaccination against tuberculosis and is considered a potential vaccine candidate against bTB. However, BCG affords widely variable levels of protection against challenge and interferes with current diagnostic methods, and as such, it is not currently approved for use as a livestock or wildlife vaccine in the United States. Many efforts have been made to develop bTB vaccines that are reliable and do not interfere with diagnostic testing, but BCG continues to be the most effective option. Previous work has shown that a T helper 1 immune response is essential for protection against virulent M. bovis infection, characterized by CD4+ central and effector memory T cells. In an effort to identify an efficacious bTB intervention strategy, the study presented here used an in vitro recall response assay and concurrent evaluation of CD4+ T cell proliferation and cytokine production to characterize the surface and functional phenotypes of memory responses to BCG vaccination in cattle. Our findings enhance understanding of the bovine immune response to BCG and provide insights into the development of improved vaccines for the control of bTB.

Introdução: O Programa de Gerenciamento de Antimicrobianos (PGA) apresenta melhores resultados quando inclui a equipe multiprofissional da assistência direta ao paciente e equipes técnicas de apoio como controladores de infecção. A participação de um farmacêutico controlador de infecção pode resultar em uma atuação mais ampla e abrangente na gestão de antimicrobianos (ATM). Objetivo: Descrever as intervenções do farmacêutico na gestão de ATM para dois gatilhos de triagem e acompanhamento diferentes, incluindo antibióticos de uso não restrito em prescrição. Método: Avaliação das intervenções realizadas pelo farmacêutico para ATM classificados como de uso não restrito de julho de 2023 a março de 2024 em um complexo hospitalar com 721 leitos totais, 195 em unidade de terapia intensiva e 526 em unidade de internação. Os registros foram feitos em prontuário e planilha do PGA. De julho a novembro de 2023, extraímos relatórios periódicos do sistema TASY com pacientes que apresentaram pelos menos um sinal clínico deflagrador para inclusão no protocolo de sepse (gatilho 1). Modificamos a triagem de dezembro de 2023 a março de 2024, com relatórios de uso de ceftriaxone e ciprofloxacina por pelo menos 72 horas para pacientes internados em todo o hospital (gatilho 2). Descritos para os dois períodos de atuação: número de casos triados; número de intervenções; motivos para intervenções; adesão do médico às intervenções. Resultados: Triados 837 e 671 casos para os gatilhos 1 e 2, respectivamente. Para o primeiro gatilho foram identificadas 26 (3,1% dos triados) não conformidades, cujas causas foram: 38% (10) tempo prolongado, 58% (15) escolha e 4% (1) por indicação. Para o segundo gatilho, identificadas 20 não conformidades (3% dos triados) e as causas foram: 25% (5) tempo prolongado, 60% (12) escolha, 5% (1) indicação e 12% (2) para otimização de via de administração. O total de intervenções realizadas para o primeiro gatilho foram 2 (8%) e para o segundo foram 20 (100%). A adesão do médico às intervenções foi de 0% (0) e 70% (14) para gatilhos 1 e 2, respectivamente. Conclusão: A definição de um gatilho mais objetivo para triagem de atuação do farmacêutico em um serviço com alto volume de prescrições de antimicrobianos, permitiu maior abrangência do programa e eficiência das intervenções realizadas junto as equipes médicas.

Brucella abortus strain RB51 is the commercial cattle vaccine used in the United States (US) and many parts of the world against bovine brucellosis. RB51 was licensed for use in 1996, and it has been shown to be safe and efficacious in cattle, eliciting humoral and cellular responses in calves and adult animals. In 2017, an epidemiological trace-back investigation performed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) identified human cases of brucellosis caused by infection with RB51. These infections resulted from the consumption of unpasteurized dairy products, which were traced back to otherwise healthy animals that were shedding RB51 in their milk. At the current time, six adult Jersey cows have been identified in the U.S. that are shedding RB51 in milk. One of the RB51 shedding cattle was obtained and housed at the National Animal Disease Center (NADC) for further study. Improved understanding of host cellular and humoral immune responses to RB51 in persistently colonized cattle may be achieved by the characterization of responses in shedding animals. We hypothesized, based on the lack of RB51 clearance, that the RB51 shedder animal has a diminished adaptive cellular immune response to RB51. Our data demonstrate that in the presence of persistent RB51 infection, there is a lack of peripheral anti-RB51 CD4+ T cell responses and a concurrently high anti-RB51 IgG humoral response. By understanding the mechanisms that result in RB51 persistence, the development of improved interventions or vaccinations for brucellosis may be facilitated, which would provide public health benefits, including reducing the risks associated with the consumption of non-pasteurized milk products.

Antecedentes: En los pacientes con lesiones de menisco se presentan de forma concomitante lesiones condrales en el 51% de los casos; la asociación entre la gravedad de la lesión condral y el mayor riesgo de presentar osteoartritis está claramente establecida. Sin embargo, hay escasa información acerca de las características que se asocian a la gravedad de la lesión condral en sujetos con lesiones de menisco mediales y laterales de forma aislada; subgrupo en el que el tratamiento preventivo no está establecido. Objetivo: Identificar las características del paciente con lesión aguda simple de menisco asociadas con la gravedad de la lesión condral. Método: En un estudio transversal se incluyeron sujetos con lesión aguda simple de menisco, se recabó la información de variables clínicas y se evaluó la gravedad de la lesión condral de acuerdo con los criterios de Outerbridge. Resultados: De 70 pacientes, 23 (32.9%) presentaban lesión de tipo I, 34 (48.6%) de tipo II y 13 (18.5%) de tipo III. Los sujetos mayores de 35 años (OR: 3.400; IC95%: 1.198-9.650) y aquellos con etiología degenerativa (OR: 9.333; IC95%: 1.144-76.161) mostraron mayor riesgo de presentar lesiones graves. Conclusiones: La gravedad de la lesión condral en sujetos con lesiones simples de menisco se asocia principalmente a la etiología.

The present paper focuses on one of the competitive scenes staged during the Vedic classical mahāvrata rite: a sort of “agonistic” play performed between someone defined as abhigara, basically translated as “praiser,” and someone who is called apagara, interpreted as “reviler.” They appear to take part only in a verbal and not a physical duel. In fact, scholars consider the scene an example of a verbal contest. However, given that abhigara and apagara are never mentioned in the Rigvedic and Atharvavedic collections and rarely occur in the Vedic corpus, appearing mostly in sections concerning the peculiar mahāvrata ceremony, this dichotomous pair certainly sparks interest since they are associable with the Mahābhārata context. The analysis of the Vedic textual sources concerning the abhigara / apagara contest on the mahāvrata day, a survey of the terminology correlated to these two terms and their etymological reconstruction may offer a peculiar perspective on the relationship between violence, ritualism and narration in the Mahābhārata.

La presencia de micro (MPs) y nanoplásticos (NPs) ha sido objeto de exhaustivos estudios a nivel mundial. Sin embargo, la investigación enfocada en evaluar las consecuencias ecotoxicológicas de la exposición en ecosistemas es limitada, especialmente en especies presentes en la región de América Latina y el Caribe. En tal sentido, se llevó a cabo una revisión sistemática de la información disponible sobre los efectos de MPs y/o NPs en organismos acuáticos de esta región. Desde el año 2001, los MPs han sido identificados como contaminantes de preocupación emergente. A lo largo del tiempo, se observó un incremento marcado de estudios que documentan su presencia en organismos, destacando a Brasil como uno de los países con mayor número de investigaciones a nivel regional. Entre los polímeros más estudiados para evaluar los efectos toxicológicos se encuentran el poliestireno y el polietileno, y en menor medida otros compuestos y mezclas. Estudios realizados en diversas especies de vertebrados acuáticos, han revelado una amplia diversidad de efectos en los organismos, siendo la clase Pisces el grupo más estudiado. Alteraciones inmunológicas y neurológicas, cambios en el comportamiento reproductivo, genotoxicidad y la modificación de la ingesta de alimentos son algunos de los efectos comúnmente documentados. En América Latina y el Caribe, intensificar la investigación sobre los efectos de MPs y NPs emerge como un imperativo estratégico. Este esfuerzo no solo expandirá el conocimiento acerca de las dinámicas específicas de estos contaminantes a nivel regional, sino que también enriquecerá la comprensión global de esta problemática en constante crecimiento.

Mycoplasma bovis (M. bovis) is the etiologic agent of high mortality epizootics of chronic respiratory disease in American bison (Bison bison). Despite the severity of the disease, no efficacious commercial vaccines have been licensed for the prevention of M. bovis infection in bison. Elongation factor thermal unstable (EFTu) and Heat Shock Protein 70 (Hsp70, DnaK) are highly conserved, constitutively expressed proteins that have previously been shown to provide protection against M. bovis infection in cattle. To assess the suitability of EFTu and Hsp70 as vaccine antigens in bison, the immune response to and protection conferred by an injectable, adjuvanted subunit vaccine comprised of recombinantly expressed EFTu and Hsp70 was evaluated. Vaccinates developed robust antibody and cellular immune responses against both EFTu and Hsp70 antigens. To assess vaccine efficacy, unvaccinated control and vaccinated bison were experimentally challenged with bovine herpes virus-1 (BHV-1) 4 days prior to intranasal infection with M. bovis. Vaccinated bison displayed reductions in joint infection, lung bacterial loads, and lung lesions compared to unvaccinated controls. Together, these results showed that this subunit vaccine reduced clinical disease and bacterial dissemination from the lungs in M. bovis challenged bison and support the further development of protein subunit vaccines against M. bovis for use in bison.

This study aims to provide empirical evidence about how sustainable heritage tourism paths can be developed in Ghana by focusing on the relationship between 20 guesthouses and various other local and multi-local actors. A co-evolutionary analysis is conducted stressing the dialectical nature of this relationship and following a mixed method. Findings from the analysis highlight eight interconnected key factors: five inhibitors and three enablers that are capable of influencing (un)sustainable heritage tourism paths development. In this dynamic, the application of the principle of subsidiarity, coupled with capacity building, can help the various multilevel actors co-adapt effectively. Consequently, the study suggests conceiving heritage tourism paths as co-evolutionary processes generated, and recognized as virtuous, by all actors involved. This research contributes to understanding the socio-economic and environmental dynamics underlying sustainable heritage tourism development in Africa as advocated in literature. Moreover, the findings may help decision makers and policy makers to exploit the huge sustainable potential of heritage tourism. Questo articolo intende fornire un’evidenza empirica su come percorsi di heritage tourism sostenibile possono essere sviluppati in Ghana, focalizzando la relazione tra 20 guesthouses e vari altri attori, a livello locale e multi-locale. Viene condotta un’analisi co-evolutiva sottolineando la natura dialettica di questa relazione e adottando un metodo misto. I risultati dell’analisi evidenziano otto fattori chiave interconnessi, cinque inibitori e tre abilitanti, in grado di influenzare lo sviluppo di percorsi di heritage tourism (in)sostenibili. In questa dinamica, l’applicazione del principio di sussidiarietà, unita alla capacity building, può aiutare l’efficace co-adattamento tra vari attori multilivello. Di conseguenza, l’articolo suggerisce di concepire i percorsi di heritage tourism sostenibile come processi co-evolutivi generati, e riconosciuti come virtuosi, da tutti gli attori coinvolti. Questa ricerca contribuisce a comprendere le dinamiche socio-economiche e ambientali che sostanziano lo sviluppo di heritage tourism sostenibile in Africa, rispondendo a una esigenza avvertita in letteratura. I risultati possono aiutare decision makers e policy makers a sfruttare il grande potenziale di sostenibilità dell’heritage tourism.

Cities globally must make urgent decisions to ensure a sustainable future as rising pollution, particularly PM2.5, poses severe health risks like respiratory and heart diseases. PM2.5’s harmful composition also impacts vegetation and the environment. Immediate government intervention is necessary to mitigate these effects. This study tackles the urgent problem of reducing PM2.5 levels in Medellín’s urban and indoor environments, where pollution presents serious health risks. To explore effective solutions, this research provides new data on the interaction between particulate matter from various pollutants and negative ions under different temperature conditions, offering valuable insights into air quality improvement strategies. Using a high-voltage system, ions bind to pollutants, accelerating their removal. Experiments measured temperature, humidity, formaldehyde, volatile organic compounds, negative ions, and PM2.5 in a 40 cm3 chamber across various conditions. Pollutants tested included cigarette smoke, incense, charcoal, and gasoline at two voltage levels and three temperature ranges. The data, available in CSV format, were based on 36,000 samples and repeated tests for reliability. This resource is designed to support studies investigating particulate matter control in urban and indoor environments, as well as to improve our understanding of negative ion-based air purification processes. The data are publicly available and structured in formats compatible with leading data analysis platforms.

Bovine tuberculosis is caused by Mycobacterium bovis, a member of the M. tuberculosis complex of mycobacterial species that cause tuberculosis in humans and animals. Diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis has relied on examinations of cell-mediated immune responses to M. bovis proteins using tuberculin skin testing and/or interferon gamma release assays. Even when using these methods, disease detection during the earliest phases of infection has been difficult, allowing a window for cattle-to-cattle transmission to occur within a herd. Alternative means of diagnosis could include methods to detect M. bovis or M. bovis DNA in bodily fluids such as nasal secretions, saliva, or blood. During the first 8 weeks after experimental aerosol infection of 18 calves, M. bovis DNA was detected in nasal swabs from a small number of calves 5, 6, and 8 weeks after infection and in samples of saliva at 1, 7, and 8 weeks after infection. However, at no time could culturable M. bovis be recovered from nasal swabs or saliva. M. bovis DNA was not found in blood samples collected weekly and examined by real-time PCR. Interferon gamma release assays demonstrated successful infection of all calves, while examination of humoral responses using a commercial ELISA identified a low number of infected animals at weeks 4–8 after infection. Examination of disease severity through gross lesion scoring did not correlate with shedding in nasal secretions or saliva, and calves with positive antibody ELISA results did not have more severe disease than other calves.

IntroductionBrucella abortus is the causative agent of brucellosis in cattle and in humans, resulting in economic losses in the agricultural sector and representing a major threat to public health. Elk populations in the American Northwest are reservoirs for this bacterium and transmit the agent to domestic cattle herds. One potential strategy to mitigate the transmission of brucellosis by elk is vaccination of elk populations against B. abortus; however, elk appear to be immunologically distinct from cattle in their responses to current vaccination strategies. The differences in host response to B. abortus between cattle and elk could be attributed to differences between the cattle and elk innate and adaptive immune responses. Because species-specific interactions between the host microbiome and the immune system are also known to affect immunity, we sought to investigate interactions between the elk microbiome and B. abortus infection and vaccination.MethodsWe analyzed the fecal and vaginal microbial communities of B. abortus-vaccinated and unvaccinated elk which were challenged with B. abortus during the periparturient period.ResultsWe observed that the elk fecal and vaginal microbiota are similar to those of other ruminants, and these microbial communities were affected both by time of sampling and by vaccination status. Notably, we observed that taxa representing ruminant reproductive tract pathogens tended to increase in abundance in the elk vaginal microbiome following parturition. Furthermore, many of these taxa differed significantly in abundance depending on vaccination status, indicating that vaccination against B. abortus affects the elk vaginal microbiota with potential implications for animal reproductive health.DiscussionThis study is the first to analyze the vaginal microbiota of any species of the genus Cervus and is also the first to assess the effects of B. abortus vaccination and challenge on the vaginal microbiome.

The paper aims at illustrating the possible interconnection between Ṛgvedic poetry and the bovine environment in relation to which the proto-Vedic clan-based society ensured its own subsistence. Given that the protection of livestock was one of the functions attributed to chieftainship, especially during the phase of clan mobility (yóga), and that the figure of the proto-Vedic kaví, the so-called ‗sage poet,‘ is correlated to the milieu of the lordship, it is most likely that the bovine imagery and rhetorical devices, particularly connected to sonority, stemmed precisely from that environment where the human and animal dimensions were symbiotically associated to ensure clan‘s prosperity. Therefore, Ṛgvedic poetical expressions are not only the artful means to mark the liturgical language, but also a direct output of the expertise of the warrior-cowherd, identified especially with the mythological figure of Indra, who could, by way of sonorous enchanting of both, the livestock and the enemies, yoke the former and keep away the latter, guaranteeing subsistence to his own clan.

In this study, we used shotgun metagenomic sequencing to characterise the microbial metabolic potential for lignocellulose transformation in the gut of two colonies of Argentine higher termite species with different feeding habits, Cortaritermes fulviceps and Nasutitermes aquilinus. Our goal was to assess the microbial community compositions and metabolic capacity, and to identify genes involved in lignocellulose degradation. Individuals from both termite species contained the same five dominant bacterial phyla (Spirochaetes, Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Fibrobacteres and Bacteroidetes) although with different relative abundances. However, detected functional capacity varied, with C. fulviceps (a grass-wood-feeder) gut microbiome samples containing more genes related to amino acid metabolism, whereas N. aquilinus (a wood-feeder) gut microbiome samples were enriched in genes involved in carbohydrate metabolism and cellulose degradation. The C. fulviceps gut microbiome was enriched specifically in genes coding for debranching- and oligosaccharide-degrading enzymes. These findings suggest an association between the primary food source and the predicted categories of the enzymes present in the gut microbiomes of each species. To further investigate the termite microbiomes as sources of biotechnologically relevant glycosyl hydrolases, a putative GH10 endo-β-1,4-xylanase, Xyl10E, was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. Functional analysis of the recombinant metagenome-derived enzyme showed high specificity towards beechwood xylan (288.1 IU/mg), with the optimum activity at 50 °C and a pH-activity range from 5 to 10. These characteristics suggest that Xy110E may be a promising candidate for further development in lignocellulose deconstruction applications.

Pseudorabies virus (PRV)—the causative agent of Aujeszky’s disease—was eliminated from commercial pig production herds in the United States (US) in 2004; however, PRV remains endemic among invasive feral swine (Sus scrofa). The circulation of PRV among abundant, widespread feral swine populations poses a sustained risk for disease spillover to production herds. Risk–based surveillance has been successfully implemented for PRV in feral swine populations in the US. However, understanding the role of host genetics in infection status may offer new insights into the epidemiology and disease dynamics of PRV that can be applied to management strategies. Genetic mechanisms underlying host susceptibility to PRV are relatively unknown; therefore, we sought to identify genomic regions associated with PRV infection status among naturally infected feral swine using genome–wide association studies (GWAS) and gene set enrichment analysis of single nucleotide polymorphism data (GSEA–SNP). Paired serological and genotypic data were collected from 6,081 feral swine distributed across the invaded range within the contiguous US. Three complementary study populations were developed for GWAS: 1) comprehensive population consisting of feral swine throughout the invaded range within the contiguous US; 2) population of feral swine under high, but temporally variable PRV infection pressure; and 3) population of feral swine under temporally stable, high PRV infection pressure. We identified one intronic SNP associated with PRV infection status within candidate gene AKAP6 on autosome 7. Various gene sets linked to metabolic pathways were enriched in the GSEA–SNP. Ultimately, improving disease surveillance efforts in feral swine will be critical to further understanding of the role host genetics play in PRV infection status, helping secure the health of commercial pork production.

The COVID-19 pandemic brought on a marked increase in intimate partner violence (IPV) worldwide, Mexico being no exception. Factors that exacerbated gender-based violence (GBV) in the household during the pandemic include gendered loss of income, regression in access to social and legal justice resources, reversal to more traditional gender norms and roles, and increased alcoholism. While there are studies about the prevalence and determinants of IPV in rural and urban Mexico, there appears to be a lack of information regarding how these realities differed as they interacted with the compounding pressures of the COVID-19 pandemic. Stemming from 10 ethnographic interviews with women across rural and urban localities of Oaxaca, Mexico City, and Mexico State, who were recruited from NGOs providing psychological and legal services against GBV, we analyze some factors associated with the prevalence of IPV during confinement. We conclude that all women in our study experienced IPV both before and during the pandemic, with variations in IPV patterns influenced by their rural or urban residence, socio-economic status, ethnic-racial identity, and proximity to the abuser’s network. We also found that not all impacts were negative, rather COVID-19 measures had a paradoxical effect for some women where restrictions on geographical mobility and decrease in access to alcohol became pivotal protective factors. We recommend that public policymakers and civil society organizations alike pay attention to these differential challenges and benefits in their crisis responses.