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In this pioneering in silico study in Peru, we aimed to analyze Escherichia coli (E. coli) genomes for antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) diversity and virulence and for its mobilome. For this purpose, 469 assemblies from human, domestic, and wild animal hosts were investigated. Of these genomes, three were E. coli strains (pv05, pv06, and sf25) isolated from chickens in our previous study, characterized for antimicrobial susceptibility profile, and sequenced in this study. Three other genomes were included in our repertoire for having rare cgMLSTs. The phenotypic analysis for antimicrobial resistance revealed that pv05, pv06, and sf25 strains presented multidrug resistance to antibiotics belonging to at least three classes. Our in silico analysis indicated that many Peruvian genomes included resistance genes, mainly to the aminoglycoside class, ESBL-producing E. coli, sulfonamides, and tetracyclines. In addition, through Multi-locus Sequence Typing, we found more than 180 different STs, with ST10 being the most prevalent among the genomes. Pan-genome mapping revealed that, with new lineages, the repertoire of accessory genes in E. coli increased, especially genes related to resistance and persistence, which may be carried by plasmids. The results also demonstrated several genes related to adhesion, virulence, and pathogenesis, especially genes belonging to the high pathogenicity island (HPI) from Yersinia pestis, with a prevalence of 42.2% among the genomes. The complexity of the genetic profiles of resistance and virulence in our study highlights the adaptability of the pathogen to different environments and hosts. Therefore, our in silico analysis through genome sequencing enables tracking the epidemiology of E. coli from Peru and the future development of strategies to mitigate its survival.

ABSTRACT: Objectives: The draft genome sequence of Campylobacter jejuni (Cj26) was analysed to investigate genetic mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance, virulence-associated genes, and phylogenetic context. Methods: Antimicrobial resistance was assessed by agar dilution and disk diffusion. Cj26 was sequenced using NovaSeq 6000 technology. The genome was assembled and annotated. Resistance genes and chromosomal mutations were analysed using the Center for Genomic Epidemiology services, and the multilocus sequence type, SVR-flaA, and porA were determined. The virulome was determined using the Virulence Factor Database. Plasmid detection and assembly were performed using Unicycler v0.5.0 software. To infer the core genome phylogeny, prokka v1.14.5 was employed in conjunction with IQtree v2.0.3. Results: The Cj26 strain showed a high level of resistance to ciprofloxacin (32 µg/mL) and erythromycin (>128 µg/mL) and resistance to tetracycline and ampicillin. Multilocus sequence typing revealed that the strain belonged to sequence type 353. The substitutions Tre-86-Ile in gyrA and A2075G in 23s RNA were detected, along with the genes tetO, aph(3′)-III, ant(6)-Ia, and blaOXA 460. A consistent relationship among accessory and core genes was identified. When compared to other sequence type 353 genomes from Brazil, Cj26 clustered with strains that had more antimicrobial resistance genes than the other clusters. Conclusion: This report provides insight into the antimicrobial resistance determinants found in a C. jejuni strain and offers a valuable resource for further studies on Campylobacter genomics and antimicrobial resistance.

Abstract Background Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition associated with severe social communication, interaction, and sensory processing impairments. Efforts to understand its etiology and pathophysiology are crucial for improving treatment and prevention measures. Preclinical models of ASD are essential for investigating the biological mechanisms and should present translatability potential. We aim to evaluate the consistency of the most commonly used rodent models of ASD in displaying autistic-like behavior through a systematic review and meta-analysis. Methods This review will focus on the most frequently used autism models, surveying studies of six genetic (Ube3a, Pten, Nlgn3, Shank3, Mecp2, and Fmr1), three chemically induced (valproic acid (VPA), lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (poly(I:C))), and one inbred model (BTBR T+ Itpr3tf/J mouse strain). Two independent reviewers will screen the records. Data extraction of behavioral outcomes and risk of bias evaluation will be performed. We will conduct a meta-analysis whenever at least five studies investigate the same model and behavioral outcome. We will also explore the heterogeneity and publication bias. Network meta-analyses are planned to compare different models. Discussion By shortening the gap between animal behavior and human endophenotypes or specific clinical symptoms, we expect to help researchers on which rodent models are adequate for research of specific behavioral manifestations of autism, which potentially require a combination of them depending on the research interest. Systematic review registration PROSPERO CRD42021226299 .

Site differences, or systematic differences in feature distributions across multiple data-acquisition sites, are a known source of heterogeneity that may adversely affect large-scale meta- and mega-analyses of independently collected neuroimaging data. They influence nearly all multi-site imaging modalities and biomarkers, and methods to compensate for them can improve reliability and generalizability in the analysis of genetics, omics, and clinical data. The origins of statistical site effects are complex and involve both technical differences (scanner vendor, head coil, acquisition parameters, imaging processing) and differences in sample characteristics (inclusion/exclusion criteria, sample size, ancestry) between sites. In an age of expanding international consortium research, there is a growing need to disentangle technical site effects from sample characteristics of interest. Numerous statistical and machine learning methods have been developed to control for, model, or attenuate site effects – yet to date, no comprehensive review has discussed the benefits and drawbacks of each for different use cases. Here, we provide an overview of the different existing statistical and machine learning methods developed to remove unwanted site effects from independently collected neuroimaging samples. We focus on linear mixed effect models, the ComBat technique and its variants, adjustments based on image quality metrics, normative modeling, and deep learning approaches such as generative adversarial networks. For each method, we outline the statistical foundation and summarize strengths and weaknesses, including their assumptions and conditions of use. We provide information on software availability and comment on the ease of use and the applicability of these methods to different types of data. We discuss validation and comparative reports, mention caveats and provide guidance on when to use each method, depending on context and specific research questions.

Salmonella Isangi is an infrequent serovar that has recently been reported in several countries due to nosocomial infections. A considerable number of reports indicate Salmonella Isangi multidrug resistance, especially to cephalosporins, which could potentially pose a risk to public health worldwide. Genomic analysis is an excellent tool for monitoring the emergence of microorganisms and related factors. In this context, the aim of this study was to carry out a genomic analysis of Salmonella Isangi isolated from poultry in Brazil, and to compare it with the available genomes from the Pathogen Detection database and Sequence Read Archive. A total of 142 genomes isolated from 11 different countries were investigated. A broad distribution of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) genes was identified in the Salmonella Isangi genomes examined (blaCTX-M-15, blaCTX-M-2, blaDHA-1, blaNDM-1, blaOXA-10, blaOXA-1, blaOXA-48, blaSCO-1, blaSHV-5, blaTEM-131, blaTEM-1B), primarily in South Africa. Resistome analysis revealed predicted resistance to aminoglycoside, sulfonamide, macrolide, tetracycline, trimethoprim, phenicol, chloramphenicol, and quaternary ammonium. Additionally, PMQR (plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance) genes qnr19, qnrB1, and qnrS1 were identified, along with point mutations in the genes gyrAD87N, gyrAS83F, and gyrBS464F, which confer resistance to ciprofloxacin and nalidixic acid. With regard to plasmids, we identified 17 different incompatibility groups, including IncC, Col(pHAD28), IncHI2, IncHI2A, IncM2, ColpVC, Col(Ye4449), Col156, IncR, IncI1(Alpha), IncFIB (pTU3), Col(B5512), IncQ1, IncL, IncN, IncFIB(pHCM2), and IncFIB (pN55391). Phylogenetic analysis revealed five clusters grouped by sequence type and antimicrobial gene distribution. The study highlights the need for monitoring rare serovars that may become emergent due to multidrug resistance.

Abstract Despite major advances in the study of the brain, investigations on neurochemistry in vivo still lack the solid ground of more established methods, such as structural and functional magnetic resonance imaging. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) is a technique that might potentially fill in this gap. Nevertheless, studies using this approach feature great methodological heterogeneity, such as varying voxel of choice, differences on emphasized metabolites, and absence of a standardized unit. In this study, we present a methodology for creating a systematic review and meta-analysis for this kind of scientific evidence using the prototypical case of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Systematic review registration: International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO), CRD42018112418.

In recent years, Campylobacter has become increasingly resistant to antibiotics, especially those first-choice drugs used to treat campylobacteriosis. Studies in South America have reported cases of antibiotic-resistant Campylobacter in several countries, mainly in Brazil. To understand the current frequency of antibiotic-resistant Campylobacter in humans, farm animals, and food of animal origin in South America, we systematically searched for different studies that have reported Campylobacter resistance. The most commonly reported species were C. jejuni and C. coli. Resistance to ciprofloxacin was found to be ubiquitous in the isolates. Nalidixic acid and tetracycline showed a significantly expressed resistance. Erythromycin, the antibiotic of first choice for the treatment of campylobacteriosis, showed a low rate of resistance in isolates but was detected in almost all countries. The main sources of antibiotic-resistant Campylobacter isolates were food of animal origin and farm animals. The results demonstrate that resistant Campylobacter isolates are disseminated from multiple sources linked to animal production in South America. The level of resistance that was identified may compromise the treatment of campylobacteriosis in human and animal populations. In this way, we are here showing all South American communities the need for the constant surveillance of Campylobacter resistance and the need for the strategic use of antibiotics in animal production. These actions are likely to decrease future difficulties in the treatment of human campylobacteriosis.

A new transmission route of SARS-CoV-2 through food was recently considered by the World Health Organization (WHO), and, given the pandemic scenario, the search for fast, sensitive, and low-cost methods is necessary. Biosensors have become a viable alternative for large-scale testing because they overcome the limitations of standard techniques. Herein, we investigated the ability of gold spherical nanoparticles (AuNPs) functionalized with oligonucleotides to detect SARS-CoV-2 and demonstrated their potential to be used as plasmonic nanobiosensors. The loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) technique was used to amplify the viral genetic material from the raw virus-containing solution without any preparation. The detection of virus presence or absence was performed by ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis) absorption spectroscopy, by monitoring the absorption band of the surface plasmonic resonance (SPR) of the AuNPs. The displacement of the peak by 525 nm from the functionalized AuNPs indicated the absence of the virus (particular region of gold). On the other hand, the region ~300 nm indicated the presence of the virus when RNA bound to the functionalized AuNPs. The nanobiosensor system was designed to detect a region of the N gene in a dynamic concentration range from 0.1 to 50 × 103 ng·mL−1 with a limit of detection (LOD) of 1 ng·mL−1 (2.7 × 103 copy per µL), indicating excellent sensitivity. The nanobiosensor was applied to detect the SARS-CoV-2 virus on the surfaces of vegetables and showed 100% accuracy compared to the standard quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) technique. Therefore, the nanobiosensor is sensitive, selective, and simple, providing a viable alternative for the rapid detection of SARS-CoV-2 in ready-to-eat vegetables.

The present work studies the incorporation of the waste glass in ceramic paver, containing clay, one plentiful raw material in the earth’s crust. Ceramic paver has a huge capacity of use and, consequently too, of recycling of the waste glass. A more sustainable process is presented here, since there is the use of waste which give more energy efficiency during ceramic firing, because of the fluxing protagonism of the waste glass. Formulations using clay up to 60% by weight of the waste glass were evaluated. The pressing method is used to produce pavers for its firing in temperatures between 900 and 1000 ​°C. As a main result, the waste glass acts as fluxing in formulations, improving pavers properties. Pavers produced at 900 ​°C present properties for application in industrial floors, light vehicular and pedestrian traffic, and when fired at 950 ​°C, are suitable for use in heavy vehicle traffic. The waste glass makes it possible to produce novelty ceramic pavers with high properties from lower firing temperatures when compared to formulations without waste glass.

BackgroundThe construction sector is one of the most stable growth industries in the world. However, many studies have suggested an association between occupational exposure in civil construction and lung cancer risk. Thus, this study aims to assess lung cancer risk in civil construction workers occupationally exposed to physical and chemical agents through a systematic review and meta-analysis.Methods/designStudies will be identified by searching PUBMED, Embase, SCOPUS, WEB OF SCIENCE and the reference list of included articles. Eligible study designs will be cohort, cross-sectional, and case-control studies that report occupational exposure to physical or chemical agents and lung cancer risk through mortality or incidence outcomes. A meta-analysis will be used to combine odds ratios (ORs) from case-control studies and relative risks (RR) from cohort studies. Two reviewers will independently screen articles, extract data, and assess scientific quality using standardized forms and ROBINS-E tool if available. Otherwise, the New-Castle Ottawa rating scale will be used. Any of those will also be used in combination with the GRADE approach for quality of evidence. Overall risk estimates and their corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) will be obtained using the random-effects model meta-analysis. This systematic review and meta-analysis will be conducted following the Meta-analysis of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (MOOSE) guidelines. Results will be reported according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement.DiscussionThis review will identify and synthesize studies investigating the association between occupational exposure in the construction industry and lung cancer. The findings will help governmental entities and researchers with evidence-based decision-making because they will integrate and validate the evidence on construction workers' health effects due to occupational exposure.Systematic review registrationPROSPERO CRD42020164209.

This study, conducted in the State of Rio de Janeiro, aimed to genetically distinguish 29 isolates of S. Typhimurium isolated from 344 samples of swine carcasses by PFGE (pulse‑field gel electrophoresis) and to evaluate their antimicrobial resistance profile. Out of the 29 isolates, 26 (90%) were resistant to at least one antimicrobial. Sulfonamides (66%), nalidixic acid (66%), trimethoprim (66%) and tetracycline (52%) were the most frequent resistant drugs. Multidrug‑resistance (MDR) profile was frequent (60% of isolates). The profile Eno‑Na‑Nxn‑Fc‑C‑S‑Gm‑G‑T‑Te (14%), Cp‑Eno‑Na‑Fc‑C‑S‑G‑T‑Te (10%) and Na‑G‑T (7%) were the most frequent. Five isolates within the predominant PFGE pulsetype came from lymph nodes of distinct animals from multiple slaughterhouses indicating that this particular clone might be widespread in the Rio de Janeiro State. This paper reveals a threat to the population in the entire State and highlights the necessity of the strict control in the use of antimicrobials in swine production in the entire country.

Salmonella is a leading human pathogen and a significant public health concern worldwide. Massive food production and distribution have contributed to this pathogen dissemination, which, combined with antimicrobial resistance (AMR), creates new control challenges in food safety. The development of AMR is a natural phenomenon and can occur in the bacterial evolutionary process. However, the overuse and the misuse of antimicrobial drugs in humans and in animals have increased AMR selective pressure. In Brazil, there is an accuracy lack in AMR frequency in Salmonella because too many isolates are under-investigated for genetic and phenotypic AMR by the Brazilian health authorities and the research community. This underreporting situation makes the comprehension of the real level of Salmonella AMR in the country difficult. The present study aimed to use bioinformatics tools for a rapid in silico screening of the genetic antimicrobial resistance profile of Salmonella through whole-genome sequences (WGS). A total of 930 whole-genome sequences of Salmonella were retrieved from the public database of the National Biotechnology Information Center (NCBI). A total of 65 distinct resistance genes were detected, and the most frequent ones were tet(A), sul2, and fosA7. Nine point mutations were detected in total, and parC at the 57 position (threonine → serine) was the highest frequent substitution (26.7%, 249/930), followed by gyrA at the 83 position (serine → phenylalanine) (20.0%, 186/930) and at the 87 position (aspartic acid → asparagine) (15.7%, 146/930). The in silico prediction of resistance phenotype showed that 58.0% (540/930) of the strains can display a multidrug resistance (MDR) profile. Ciprofloxacin and nalidixic acid were the antimicrobial drugs with the highest frequency rates of the predicted phenotype resistance among the strains. The temporal analysis through the last four decades showed increased frequency rates of antimicrobial resistance genes and predicted resistance phenotypes in the 2000s and the 2010s when compared with the 1980s and 1990s. The results presented herein contributed significantly to the understanding of the strategic use of WGS associated with in silico analysis and the predictions for the determination of AMR in Salmonella from Brazil.

Brazil is a major beef exporter to countries where religious slaughter without stunning is mandatory. Fresh beef color influences consumers’ purchase decisions, and harvest method influences beef quality attributes, such as color, water holding capacity, pH, and lipid oxidation. Beef color is a breed-specific trait, and the excitable temperament of Bos indicus cattle can affect fresh meat color. Nonetheless, the effects of harvest method on color and oxidative stabilities of beef from Bos indicus cattle have not been investigated yet. Therefore, our objective was to evaluate the impact of harvest method on color and oxidative stabilities of longissimus lumborum (LL) steaks from Bos indicus beef cattle. The LL muscles (24 h post-mortem) were obtained from 12 Nellore bull carcasses, harvested by either captive bolt stunning (CBP; n = 6) or without stunning (NST; n = 6). The muscles were fabricated into 2.54-cm steaks, aerobically packaged, and stored for 9 d at 4°C in darkness. Myoglobin concentration was analyzed on d 0, whereas pH, instrumental color, lipid oxidation, and water holding capacity were evaluated on d 0, 3, 6, and 9. While CBP and NST steaks exhibited similar (P > 0.05) myoglobin concentration (4.84 mg/g in CBP; 4.84 mg/g in NST), CBP steaks exhibited greater (P < 0.05) surface redness and color stability than their NST counterparts throughout the storage. On the other hand, NST steaks exhibited greater (P < 0.05) pH, yellowness, and water holding capacity than CBP steaks. Overall, the lightness and lipid oxidation were greater (P < 0.05) in NST steaks than their CBP counterparts. These results indicated that harvest method influences surface discoloration and oxidative stability of fresh LL steaks from Bos indicus cattle.

Antimicrobial resistance is a major public health problem and is mainly due to the indiscriminate use of antimicrobials in human and veterinary medicine. The consumption of animal-based foods can contribute to the transfer of these genes between animal and human bacteria. Resistant and multi-resistant bacteria such as Salmonella spp. and Campylobacter spp. have been detected both in animal-based foods and in production environments such as farms, industries and slaughterhouses. This review aims to compile the techniques for detecting antimicrobial resistance using traditional and molecular methods, highlighting their advantages and disadvantages as well as the effectiveness and confidence of their results.

Salmonellosis is one of the most common causes of foodborne infection and a leading cause of human gastroenteritis. Throughout the last decade, Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium (ST) has shown an increase report with the simultaneous emergence of multidrug-resistant isolates, as phage type DT104. Therefore, to successfully control this microorganism, it is important to attribute salmonellosis to the exact source. Studies of Salmonella source attribution have been performed to determine the main food/food-production animals involved, toward which, control efforts should be correctly directed. Hence, the election of a ST subtyping method depends on the particular problem that efforts must be directed, the resources and the data available. Generally, before choosing a molecular subtyping, phenotyping approaches such as serotyping, phage typing, and antimicrobial resistance profiling are implemented as a screening of an investigation, and the results are computed using frequency-matching models (i.e., Dutch, Hald and Asymmetric Island models). Actually, due to the advancement of molecular tools as PFGE, MLVA, MLST, CRISPR, and WGS more precise results have been obtained, but even with these technologies, there are still gaps to be elucidated. To address this issue, an important question needs to be answered: what are the currently suitable subtyping methods to source attribute ST. This review presents the most frequently applied subtyping methods used to characterize ST, analyses the major available microbial subtyping attribution models and ponders the use of conventional phenotyping methods, as well as, the most applied genotypic tools in the context of their potential applicability to investigates ST source tracking.

A enrofloxacina é um dos antimicrobianos mais utilizados na avicultura industrial, e a deposição de resíduos em produtos avícolas, como os ovos, são de grande importância para a saúde pública. Na legislação brasileira não existe padronização do período de carência para o seu uso na produção avícola e não há Limite Máximo de Resíduo (LMR) fixado para enrofloxacina em ovos. Neste estudo, foi utilizado o kit de ELISA comercial (Bioo Scientific(r)) e a LC-MS/MS na pesquisa de enrofloxacina em ovos de 30 galinhas tratadas previamente via água de bebida, com 10mg/kg de enrofloxacina, durante cinco dias. Seis ovos foram coletados diariamente e analisados durante o tratamento e após a sua suspensão, durante 15 dias. A deposição de resíduos obteve níveis máximos no quinto dia de tratamento das aves, declinando gradativamente até não ser detectada a partir do nono dia de suspensão do tratamento. Considerando como base o LMR de 100µg/kg fixado pelo Brasil para tecidos comestíveis de aves e pela União Europeia para músculo, gordura e pele, após seis dias de suspensão do tratamento, os níveis de resíduos foram inferiores a esse limite, tendo como médias 37,43µg/kg na LC-MS/MS e 14,731µg/kg no ELISA. Dentro das condições deste estudo, um período de carência de seis dias seria mais adequado para utilização dos ovos para consumo humano. Foram detectados valores de resíduos nos ovos menores no ELISA em relação à LC-MS/MS para a mesma amostra, mas os dois métodos apresentaram concordância estatística entre si. A LC-MS/MS é o teste recomendado pela legislação brasileira para a análise de resíduos em alimentos; entretanto, pelos resultados obtidos, o kit de ELISA utilizado também pode ser aplicado na detecção de resíduos de enrofloxacina em ovos, com as vantagens de rapidez e simplicidade.

Há uma preocupação crescente sobre a necessidade de produção e consumo de alimentos mais saudáveis, sem uso de agrotóxicos nem fertilizantes sintético-industriais. Neste contexto se insere a prática da agricultura orgânica, que, contudo, apresenta resultados ainda pouco avaliados nos meios acadêmicos e científicos. Assim, pretendeu-se nesta pesquisa diagnosticar aspectos técnico-ambientais da produção orgânica na região citrícola do Vale do Rio Caí, no Rio Grande do Sul. Inicialmente, foram selecionadas propriedades de oito agricultores familiares, todas já convertidas ao sistema orgânico de produção, sendo aplicadas entrevistas semi-estruturadas. Os produtores mostram-se satisfeitos com o sistema orgânico de produção e revelam bom conhecimento sobre o ambiente, plantas, solos e processos agroecológicos, adquiridos através da participação em eventos técnicos e em reuniões da Cooperativa Ecocitrus. A constante troca de experiências entre esses agricultores tem melhorado sua qualificação técnica, além de melhor conscientizá-los nos aspectos políticos, econômicos e sociais.There's a growing concern about the need for production and consumption of healthier food, without pesticides and chemical fertilizers. The practice of organic agriculture appears in this context, but still shows little assessed results in the academic and scientific context. Thus, this research is aimed at the diagnoses of organic production of citrus in the region of Caí Valley, in southern Brazil. Initially eight producers were selected, all already converted to the organic production system. To carry out the research, semi-structured surveys were applied, seeking the diagnoses of technical and environmental aspects. The organic producers have shown to be satisfied with the organic production system. Moreover, show good knowledge about the environment, plants, soil and agrobiological processes, which is possible technical events and meetings, between these of the Ecocitrus cooperative. The constant sharing of experiences among organic producers has improved their technical qualification, besides providing better awareness in the political, economic and social aspects.

A laranjeira-de-umbigo 'Monte Parnaso' (Citrus sinensis [L.] Osbeck) tem produtividade inferior a 10 kg de frutos/planta, em função de baixa fixação e/ou retenção de frutos. Com o propósito de solucionar esse problema, no ano agrícola de 2001-2002, plantas com 11 anos de idade, enxertadas sobre Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf., em Butiá, Rio Grande do Sul, foram submetidas aos seguintes tratamentos: 1) Testemunha: sem anelagem e sem reguladores vegetais; 2) Incisão anelar da casca dos ramos principais, 10 dias após a queda das pétalas (02-10-2001); 3) Incisão anelar da casca dos ramos no final da queda natural de frutos (08-11-2001); 4) Pulverização com 5 mg.L-1 de ácido giberélico (AG3), 10 dias após a queda das pétalas (02-10-2001); 5) Pulverização com 15 mg.L-1 de ácido 2,4 diclorofenoxiacético (2,4-D), no final da queda natural dos frutos (08-11-2001); 6) Pulverização com 50 mg.L-1 de ácido diclorofenoxipropiônico (2,4-DP), no final da queda natural dos frutos (08-11-2001); 7) Pulverização com 10 mg.L-1 de AG3 + 15 mg.L-1 de 2,4-D, em maio (14-05-2001 e 11-05-2002); 8) Tratamentos 2 + 3, e 9) Tratamentos 2 + 3 + 7. O delineamento experimental adotado foi em blocos ao acaso, com 5 repetições, usando 3 plantas úteis por parcela. A pulverização com 5 mg.L-1 de AG3, 10 dias após a queda das pétalas, aumenta a produção, mas diminui a massa média dos frutos em relação a outros tratamentos que aumentam a produção, e a pulverização no final da queda natural com 15 mg.L-1 de 2,4-D diminui o teor de suco dos frutos. Para aumentar a produção de frutos, basta adotar-se um dos seguintes procedimentos: em novembro, após a queda natural dos frutos, fazer a incisão anelar da casca dos ramos, ou pulverizar as plantas com 15 mg.L-1 de 2,4-D, ou pulverizar as plantas com 50 mg.L-1 de 2,4-DP; ou em maio, pulverizar as plantas com 10 mg.L-1 de AG3 + 15 mg.L-1 de 2,4-D.In order to reduce early fruit drop and increment fruit production of 'Monte Parnaso' oranges (Citrus sinensis [L.] Osbeck), during the season 2001/2002 orange trees from an 11 years old orchard grafted onto Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf. located in Butiá, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, were submitted to the following treatments: 1) control (no girdling and no growth regulator sprays); 2) girdling of branches after 10 days of petal drop; 3) girdling of branches after June drop; 4) 5 mg.L-1 of GA3 sprayed 10 days after petal drop; 5) 15 mg.L-1 of 2,4-D sprayed at the end of June drop; 6) 50 mg.L-1 of 2,4-D sprayed at the end of June drop; 7) 10 mg.L-1 of GA3 plus 15 mg.L-1 of 2,4-D sprayed on May 14th, 2001 and May 11th, 2002; 8) combination of treatments 2 and 3; 9) combination of treatments 2, 3 and 7. The experiment was conducted in a randomized block design with 5 replicates and 3 trees as experimental units. The results indicate that spraying 5 mg.L-1 of GA3 10 days after petal drop increase fruit weight production but reduce fruit average weight in relation to other treatments that enhances the fruit production; spraying 15 mg.L-1 of 2,4-D in November after June drop reduce fruit juice content; and to have higher fruit production one of the following procedures are recommended: girdling of branches or spraying 5 mg.L-1 of GA3 10 days after petal drop, spraying 15mg.L-1 or 50 mg.L-1 of 2,4-D in November after June drop or spraying orange trees with 10 mg.L-1 of GA3 plus 15 mg.L-1 of 2,4-D in May.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o desenvolvimento de porta-enxertos de Poncirus trifoliata Raf. e de enxertos de laranjeira "Valência" (Citrus sinensis Osb.), os índices de ataque de cancro cítrico, causado pela bactéria Xanthomonas citri pv. citri, artificialmente inoculada, e o controle dessa moléstia, com pulverizações cúpricas em sistemas de cultivo, convencional e orgânico, no Centro de Formação da EMATER, situado no município de Montenegro, Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Foram testadas pulverizações cúpricas a cada 7, 14 e 21 dias, com concentrações de 0,15 e 0,30% de cobre metálico, utilizando calda bordalesa no sistema orgânico e oxicloreto de cobre no sistema convencional. Foram avaliados o crescimento do diâmetro do caule das plantas, a produção de matéria seca da parte aérea dos porta-enxertos, o número de folhas com lesões de cancro cítrico e o número de lesões presentes por folha atacada. Verificou-se que em ambos os sistemas de cultivo, no convencional e no orgânico, o desenvolvimento dos porta-enxertos foi semelhante, mas os enxertos cresceram mais no sistema convencional. Com elevada presença de fontes de inóculo, os tratamentos cúpricos não controlaram o cancro cítrico nos porta-enxertos. Já nos enxertos, com baixa presença de fontes de inóculo, tanto a calda bordalesa como o oxicloreto de cobre controlaram a doença, com melhor resposta na concentração de 0,3% de cobre metálico, aplicada em intervalos de 14 dias. Para melhorar o controle do cancro cítrico, com calda bordalesa, em sistemas orgânicos de cultivo, devem ser desenvolvidas medidas eficazes de controle da larva-minadora.

O presente trabalho teve por objetivo comparar e caracterizar sistemas de cultivo convencional e orgâni- co em dois pomares jovens de laranjeiras 'Valência', enxertadas sobre Poncirus trifoliata Raf., no Centro de Formação dc Montenegro-RS, implantados em julho de 2001. Os pomares foram instalados distantes 300 m um do outro, com espaçamento de 2,5 m entre plantas e 5,5 m entre linhas. Ao redor de cada pomar, foi plantada uma linha de capim Cameroon e outra de Pinus elliotti, para proteção contra ventos. Em cada pomar, foram marcadas 5 parcelas, cada qual com 5 árvores, nas quais foram coletados dados experimentais relativos ao crescimento do tronco, produção e tamanho de frutos e ataque de algumas pragas e doenças. O manejo do pomar convencional compreendeu uso de calcário dolomítico, adubos químicos, inseticidas, fungicidas e herbicidas; enquanto no pomar orgânico, as ativida- des foram preconizadas pela Cooperativa de Citricultores Ecológicos do Vale do Caí (ECOCITROS), como uso de composto orgânico, biofertilizante líquido (chorume), caldas bordalesa e sul focálcica, cobertura do solo com aveia e ervilhaca no inverno e abóbora e milheto no verão. Com três anos de implantação dos pomares, pode-se afirmar que no pomar convencional as árvores crescem mais e a frutificação inicial é maior, porém as plantas são mais suscetíveis ao ataque de cancro cítrico, sendo o mesmo inexistente no pomar orgânico.

A tangerineira-'Montenegrina' (Citrus deliciosa Ten.), devido às boas características de sabor, conservação e colheita tardia dos frutos, é muito apreciada e cultivada no Rio Grande do Sul. Os pomares comerciais são praticamente formados por mudas enxertadas sobre Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf. Devido à escassez de informações relativas à combinação desta cultivar com outros porta-enxertos, bem como sua propagação por estaquia, esta pesquisa objetivou estudar o comportamento inicial de plantas enxertadas sobre citrange 'Troyer' (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osb. x P. trifoliata), citrumelo 'Swingle' (C. paradisi Macf. x P. trifoliata) e P. trifoliata e de plantas propagadas por estaquia. O experimento foi instalado na Estação Experimental Agronômica da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, em junho de 1989, delineado em blocos casualisados, com cinco plantas úteis por parcela e quatro repetições. Os resultados compreenderam as primeiras safras ocorridas de 1993 a 1998. O citrumeleiro 'Swingle' foi o porta-enxerto que melhores resultados apresentou, aumentando a eficiência produtiva da tangerineira-'Montenegrina', cultivada na Depressão Central do Rio Grande do Sul, sendo que o Poncirus trifoliata diminuiu o desenvolvimento vegetativo das copas e induziu baixa eficiência produtiva. A propagação por estaquia não ofereceu vantagens em relação à enxertia sobre citrumeleiro 'Swingle' e citrangeiro 'Troyer'.

Esta pesquisa objetivou estudar a influência da calagem e de adubações minerais e orgânicas na produção de tangerineiras (Citrus deliciosa Tenore) cv. Montenegrina, enxertadas em Poncirus trifoliata Raf. O plantio foi realizado em julho de 1988, num solo Podzólico Vermelho-Escuro, de textura franco-argilosa. O delineamento experimental constou de blocos ao acaso, com nove tratamentos e quatro repetições, usando três plantas úteis por parcela. Os tratamentos utilizados foram: testemunha (sem adubação e sem calagem); solo corrigido a pH 6,5 antes do plantio; adubações com esterco de aviário + calagem anualmente; adubações com esterco bovino + calagem anualmente; adubações com N e K + calagem anualmente; adubações com N e K + calagem anualmente + correção com P antes do plantio; adubações com N, P na dose simples e K + calagem anualmente; adubações com N, P na dose dupla e K + calagem anualmente; adubações anuais com N, P na dose simples e K, sem calagem. A adubação corretiva com P, na instalação do pomar, foi suficiente para assegurar uma produção de frutos similar à obtida pelas adubações de reposição anual deste nutriente, até oito anos após o plantio. A elevação dos teores foliares de N foi positivamente relacionada com o aumento da produção de frutos e com a diminuição do peso médio dos mesmos. O uso de sulfato de amônio acidifica o solo e requer maior quantidade de calagem de manutenção.The objectives of the present study were to investigate the influence of liming and mineral and organic fertilization on yields of cv. 'Montenegrina' tangerines (Citrus deliciosa Tenore) grafted onto Poncirus trifoliata Raf. The grove was planted in July of 1988 on a Dark-Red Podzolic (Rhodic Paleudult) soil. The experiment was set up in randomized blocks design composed of nine treatments and four replicates, with three plants per plot. The treatments were: control (without liming and fertilizers); soil acidity neutralization to pH 6,5 before planting; annually poultry manure and liming; annually cattle manure and liming; annually N and K fertilizers and liming; annually N and K fertilizers, liming and P fertilizer before planting; annually N, P and K fertilizers and liming; annually N, K and double the rate of P, and liming; annually N, P and K fertilizers without liming. The results showed that P application before planting were sufficient to maintain adequate fruit yield up to eight years after planting. The increases of leaf N contents was positively related to increases in production and to decreases of the average fruit weight. The ammonium sulphate application acidifies the soil, and requires a greater quantity of liming support.

Esta pesquisa objetivou estudar a influência de níveis de adubação do solo sobre a colonização de fungos micorrízicos arbusculares (FMA), teores de nutrientes do solo e das folhas e produção de frutos em tangerineiras 'Montenegrina' (Citrus deliciosa Tenore), enxertadas em Poncirus trifoliata Raf. O plantio foi realizado em julho de 1988, em solo podzólico vermelho-escuro. Os tratamentos constaram das seguintes adubações de manutenção do solo: 1) nitrogênio e potássio + calagem; 2) nitrogênio e potássio + calagem e correção de fósforo antes do plantio; 3) nitrogênio e fósforo, na dosagem simples, e potássio + calagem; 4) nitrogênio e fósforo, na dosagem dupla, e potássio + calagem; 5) nitrogênio e fósforo, na dosagem simples, e potássio sem calagem de reposição. Houve um aumento da infecção das raízes com FMA à medida em que foram reduzidos os níveis de adubação fosfatada. Os teores de 13 no solo foram altos nas parcelas adubadas com este nutriente e baixos nos tratamentos sem adubação fosfatada anual. No entanto, não ocorreram diferenças significativas nos níveis foliares de P e na produção acumulada das plantas, indicando uma influência positiva dos FMA na absorção de P em plantas não adubadas com este elemento, até oito anos após o plantio.

The thymus is a primary lymphoid organ in which bone marrow-derived T-cell precursors undergo differentiation, leading to migration of positively selected thymocytes to the T-cell-dependent areas of secondary lymphoid organs. This organ can undergo atrophy, caused by several endogenous and exogenous factors such as ageing, hormone fluctuations, and infectious agents. This paper will focus on emerging data on the thymic atrophy caused by infectious agents. We present data on the dynamics of thymus lymphocytes during acute Trypanosoma cruzi infection, showing that the resulting thymus atrophy comprises the abnormal release of thymic-derived T cells and may have an impact on host immune response.

Antimicrobial resistance is a worldwide public health threat. Farm animals are important sources of bacteria containing antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs). Although the use of antimicrobials in aquaculture and livestock has been reduced in several countries, these compounds are still routinely applied in animal production, and contribute to ARGs emergence and spread among bacteria. ARGs are transmitted to humans mainly through the consumption of products of animal origin (PAO). Bacteria can present intrinsic resistance, and once antimicrobials are administered, this resistance may be selected and multiply. The exchange of genetic material is another mechanism used by bacteria to acquire resistance. Some of the main ARGs found in bacteria present in PAO are the bla, mcr-1, cfr and tet genes, which are directly associated to antibiotic resistance in the human clinic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Salmonella pathogenicity relies on virulence factors many of which are clustered within the Salmonella pathogenicity islands. Salmonella also harbours mobile genetic elements such as virulence plasmids, prophage‐like elements and antimicrobial resistance genes which can contribute to increase its pathogenicity. Here, we have genetically characterized a selected S. Typhimurium strain (CCRJ_26) from our previous study with Multiple Drugs Resistant profile and high‐frequency PFGE clonal profile which apparently persists in the pork production centre of Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. By whole‐genome sequencing, we described the strain's genome virulent content and characterized the repertoire of bacterial plasmids, antibiotic resistance genes and prophage‐like elements. Here, we have shown evidence that strain CCRJ_26 genome possible represent a virulence‐associated phenotype which may be potentially virulent in human infection. Significance and Impact of the Study: Whole‐genome sequencing technologies are still costly and remain underexplored for applied microbiology in Brazil. Hence, this genomic description of S. Typhimurium strain CCRJ_26 will provide help in future molecular epidemiological studies. The analysis described here reveals a quick and useful pipeline for bacterial virulence characterization using whole‐genome sequencing approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In sub-Saharan Africa, two genetically distinct lineages of multi-drug resistant non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) serovar Typhimurium sequence type 313 (ST313) are known to cause invasive disease among people. S. Typhimurium ST313 has evolved to become more human-adapted and is commonly isolated from systemic sites (eg., blood) from febrile patients in sub-Saharan Africa. Epidemiological studies indicate that S. Typhimurium is frequently isolated from systemic sites from human patients in Brazil, however, it is currently unknown if this pathogen has also evolved to become more invasive and human-adapted in this country. Here we determined genotypic and phenotypic divergence among clinical S. Typhimurium strains isolated from systemic and non-systemic sites from human patients in Brazil. We report that a subset (8/38, 20%) of epidemiologically diverse human clinical strains of S. Typhimurium recovered from systemic sites in Brazil show significantly higher intra-macrophage survival, indicating that this subset is likely more invasive. Using the whole genome sequencing and phylogenetic approaches, we identified S. Typhimurium ST313-lineage in Brazil that is genetically and phenotypically distinct from the known African ST313-lineages. We also report the identification of S. Typhimurium ST19-lineage in Brazil that is evolving similar to ST313 lineages from Africa but is genetically and phenotypically distinct from ST19-lineage commonly associated with the gastrointestinal disease worldwide. The identification of new S. Typhimurium ST313 and ST19 lineages responsible for human illnesses in Brazil warrants further epidemiological investigations to determine the incidence and spread of a genetically divergent population of this important human pathogen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT: The aim of the present research was to evaluate differences in chemical properties and physical structure of yoghurt produced with milk from different species (sheep, cow, and goat). For each trial, whole raw sheep (S), cow (C), and goat (G) milk were used to manufacture 4L of yoghurts (Y) from each species (SY, CY, and GY, respectively). The SY demonstrated the greatest (P

Objective: To describe the activities performed by people involved in clinical decision support (CDS) at leading sites. Materials and methods We conducted ethnographic observations at seven diverse sites with a history of excellence in CDS using the Rapid Assessment Process and analyzed the data using a series of card sorts, informed by Linstone's Multiple Perspectives Model. Results: We identified 18 activities and grouped them into four areas. Area 1: Fostering relationships across the organization, with activities (a) training and support, (b) visibility/presence on the floor, (c) liaising between people, (d) administration and leadership, (e) project management, (f) cheerleading/buy-in/sponsorship, (g) preparing for CDS implementation. Area 2: Assembling the system with activities (a) providing technical support, (b) CDS content development, (c) purchasing products from vendors (d) knowledge management, (e) system integration. Area 3: Using CDS to achieve the organization's goals with activities (a) reporting, (b) requirements-gathering/specifications, (c) monitoring CDS, (d) linking CDS to goals, (e) managing data. Area 4: Participation in external policy and standards activities (this area consists of only a single activity). We also identified a set of recommendations associated with these 18 activities. Discussion All 18 activities we identified were performed at all sites, although the way they were organized into roles differed substantially. We consider these activities critical to the success of a CDS program. Conclusions: A series of activities are performed by sites strong in CDS, and sites adopting CDS should ensure they incorporate these activities into their efforts.

Salmonella Minnesota has emerged in Brazil as the predominant serovar in poultry and poultry products, along with Salmonella Heidelberg. To understand the emergence of Salmonella Minnesota over the last few years in Brazil, we performed a comparative analysis between 69 selected S . Minnesota genomes from Pathogen Detection database and 65 clonal emergent genomes isolated from Brazil. We demonstrate the presence of multidrug resistance genes against tetracycline [ tet (A)], sulfonamide ( sul2 ), and AmpC beta-lactamase ( bla CMY-2 ) in emergent genomes, along with the carriage of a megaplasmid of resistance and virulence (~210 kb), designated pESM (plasmid for emergent Salmonella Minnesota). pESM is an IncC/A2 plasmid predicted to increase S . Minnesota environmental tolerance to mercury ( mer operon) and provide resistance to tetracycline and ampicillin due to the presence of tet (A) and bla CMY-2 , respectively. Moreover, pESM carries the yersiniabactin siderophore (high-pathogenicity island of Yersinia ) related to the iron uptake. The temporal inference demonstrated that the most recent common ancestor dated from ~1978 and that the clonal emergent genomes carrying the pESM belong to a completely different lineage of S . Minnesota. Our results indicate that the presence of pESM likely contributes to the emergence of S . Minnesota and is precisely related to the successful spread of this particular clonal lineage in Brazil.IMPORTANCE Salmonella Minnesota has emerged in Brazil as one of the leading serovars related to human and animal infection, presenting high virulence and antibiotic resistance to drugs classified as the highest priority for clinical treatment in humans. This study performed whole-genome sequencing, temporal analysis, and phylogenetics to understand the genetic insights related to the emergence of Salmonella Minnesota in Brazil. Long-read sequencing has led to the identification and characterization of a unique megaplasmid carrying virulence, antibiotic resistance, and heavy-metal tolerance genes, which may play a central role in S . Minnesota's successful emergence in Brazil and possibly worldwide. The potentially high transmissibility of this plasmid between clones and serovars represents a risk to public health since its acquisition may increase Salmonella 's fitness, virulence, resistance, and persistence. Understanding the genetic aspects related to the emergence of serovars can help devise measures to mitigate the spread of hazardous multidrug-resistant strains., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Whole-genome sequencing identified three previously unidentified multilocus sequence types of Campylobacter jejuni (ST-12332) and Campylobacter coli (ST-12333 and ST-12663), harboring resistance genes for multiple antimicrobial classes. The sources of isolation highlight the circulation of resistance strains within animals and humans, emphasizing the need for preventive measures., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

In this pioneering in silico study in Peru, we aimed to analyze Escherichia coli ( E. coli ) genomes for antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) diversity and virulence and for its mobilome. For this purpose, 469 assemblies from human, domestic, and wild animal hosts were investigated. Of these genomes, three were E. coli strains (pv05, pv06, and sf25) isolated from chickens in our previous study, characterized for antimicrobial susceptibility profile, and sequenced in this study. Three other genomes were included in our repertoire for having rare cgMLSTs. The phenotypic analysis for antimicrobial resistance revealed that pv05, pv06, and sf25 strains presented multidrug resistance to antibiotics belonging to at least three classes. Our in silico analysis indicated that many Peruvian genomes included resistance genes, mainly to the aminoglycoside class, ESBL-producing E. coli , sulfonamides, and tetracyclines. In addition, through Multi-locus Sequence Typing, we found more than 180 different STs, with ST10 being the most prevalent among the genomes. Pan-genome mapping revealed that, with new lineages, the repertoire of accessory genes in E. coli increased, especially genes related to resistance and persistence, which may be carried by plasmids. The results also demonstrated several genes related to adhesion, virulence, and pathogenesis, especially genes belonging to the high pathogenicity island (HPI) from Yersinia pestis , with a prevalence of 42.2% among the genomes. The complexity of the genetic profiles of resistance and virulence in our study highlights the adaptability of the pathogen to different environments and hosts. Therefore, our in silico analysis through genome sequencing enables tracking the epidemiology of E. coli from Peru and the future development of strategies to mitigate its survival.

Objectives: The draft genome sequence of Campylobacter jejuni (Cj26) was analysed to investigate genetic mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance, virulence-associated genes, and phylogenetic context., Methods: Antimicrobial resistance was assessed by agar dilution and disk diffusion. Cj26 was sequenced using NovaSeq 6000 technology. The genome was assembled and annotated. Resistance genes and chromosomal mutations were analysed using the Center for Genomic Epidemiology services, and the multilocus sequence type, SVR-flaA, and porA were determined. The virulome was determined using the Virulence Factor Database. Plasmid detection and assembly were performed using Unicycler v0.5.0 software. To infer the core genome phylogeny, prokka v1.14.5 was employed in conjunction with IQtree v2.0.3., Results: The Cj26 strain showed a high level of resistance to ciprofloxacin (32 µg/mL) and erythromycin (>128 µg/mL) and resistance to tetracycline and ampicillin. Multilocus sequence typing revealed that the strain belonged to sequence type 353. The substitutions Tre-86-Ile in gyrA and A2075G in 23s RNA were detected, along with the genes tetO, aph(3')-III, ant(6)-Ia, and blaOXA 460. A consistent relationship among accessory and core genes was identified. When compared to other sequence type 353 genomes from Brazil, Cj26 clustered with strains that had more antimicrobial resistance genes than the other clusters., Conclusion: This report provides insight into the antimicrobial resistance determinants found in a C. jejuni strain and offers a valuable resource for further studies on Campylobacter genomics and antimicrobial resistance., (Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

Salmonella Isangi is an infrequent serovar that has recently been reported in several countries due to nosocomial infections. A considerable number of reports indicate Salmonella Isangi multidrug resistance, especially to cephalosporins, which could potentially pose a risk to public health worldwide. Genomic analysis is an excellent tool for monitoring the emergence of microorganisms and related factors. In this context, the aim of this study was to carry out a genomic analysis of Salmonella Isangi isolated from poultry in Brazil, and to compare it with the available genomes from the Pathogen Detection database and Sequence Read Archive. A total of 142 genomes isolated from 11 different countries were investigated. A broad distribution of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) genes was identified in the Salmonella Isangi genomes examined ( bla CTX-M-15 , bla CTX-M-2 , bla DHA-1 , bla NDM- 1 , bla OXA-10 , bla OXA-1 , bla OXA-48 , bla SCO-1 , bla SHV- 5 , bla TEM-131 , bla TEM-1B ), primarily in South Africa. Resistome analysis revealed predicted resistance to aminoglycoside, sulfonamide, macrolide, tetracycline, trimethoprim, phenicol, chloramphenicol, and quaternary ammonium. Additionally, PMQR (plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance) genes qnr19 , qnrB1 , and qnrS1 were identified, along with point mutations in the genes gyrA D87N , gyrA S83F , and gyrB S464F , which confer resistance to ciprofloxacin and nalidixic acid. With regard to plasmids, we identified 17 different incompatibility groups, including IncC, Col(pHAD28), IncHI2, IncHI2A, IncM2, ColpVC, Col(Ye4449), Col156, IncR, IncI1(Alpha), IncFIB (pTU3), Col(B5512), IncQ1, IncL, IncN, IncFIB(pHCM2), and IncFIB (pN55391). Phylogenetic analysis revealed five clusters grouped by sequence type and antimicrobial gene distribution. The study highlights the need for monitoring rare serovars that may become emergent due to multidrug resistance.

In recent years, Campylobacter has become increasingly resistant to antibiotics, especially those first-choice drugs used to treat campylobacteriosis. Studies in South America have reported cases of antibiotic-resistant Campylobacter in several countries, mainly in Brazil. To understand the current frequency of antibiotic-resistant Campylobacter in humans, farm animals, and food of animal origin in South America, we systematically searched for different studies that have reported Campylobacter resistance. The most commonly reported species were C. jejuni and C. coli . Resistance to ciprofloxacin was found to be ubiquitous in the isolates. Nalidixic acid and tetracycline showed a significantly expressed resistance. Erythromycin, the antibiotic of first choice for the treatment of campylobacteriosis, showed a low rate of resistance in isolates but was detected in almost all countries. The main sources of antibiotic-resistant Campylobacter isolates were food of animal origin and farm animals. The results demonstrate that resistant Campylobacter isolates are disseminated from multiple sources linked to animal production in South America. The level of resistance that was identified may compromise the treatment of campylobacteriosis in human and animal populations. In this way, we are here showing all South American communities the need for the constant surveillance of Campylobacter resistance and the need for the strategic use of antibiotics in animal production. These actions are likely to decrease future difficulties in the treatment of human campylobacteriosis.

Aims: The aim of this study was to analyze and compare the prevalence and distribution of resistance genes in Escherichia coli genomes isolated from human clinical samples and animal-based foods worldwide., Methods and Results: We download from NCBI Pathogen Detection Database the corresponding metadata of the 7,123 E. coli genome to access the information about the antimicrobial resistance gene content. The geographic location and the source of isolation were also obtained and compiled with the antimicrobial resistance gene for statistical analysis, results and discussion. Our criteria considered four groups for analyzing the antimicrobial resistance gene distribution. The first group of genomes from invasive clinical human (ICH) samples from countries with Human Development Index (HDI) ≥ 0.850; the second group of ICH from countries with an HDI ≤ 0.849; the third group of animal-based foods (ABF) from countries with HDI ≥ 0.850 and the fourth group of ABFs from countries with HDI ≤ 0.849. The most prevalent genes in the first group were blaCTX-M-134 (96.53%) and blaCTX-M-27 (86.35%). In the second group, ere(A) (95.96%), soxS (94.49%), qepA8 (90.81%), blaCTX-M-15 (85.66%), and fosA3 (80.88%). In the third group, the most frequently detected were aadA12 (98.5%), ant(3") (89.92%), and blaCARB-2 (87.2%). In the fourth group, aadA12 and aac(3)-IV were identified in 100% of the analyzed genomes., Conclusions: It was clear that the use of aminoglycosides in animal production is increasing the selective pressure on micro-organisms in both groups of countries since genes linked to aminoglycoside resistance are related to E. coli from ABF samples. The genomic profile of E. coli from HDI ≥ 0.850 countries indicates a selective pressure aimed at cephalosporins given the high prevalence in both sources., (© The Author(s) 2022. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Applied Microbiology International.)

The current pandemic of the acute severe respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) killed about 6.4 million and infected more than 600 million individuals by august of 2022, and researchers worldwide are searching for fast and selective approaches for this virus detection. Colorimetric biosensors are an excellent alternative because they are sensitive, simple, fast, and low-cost for rapid detection of SARS-CoV-2 compared to standard Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) techniques. This study systematically searched and reviewed literature data related to colorimetric biosensors in detecting SARS-CoV-2 viruses, recovered from the Scopus (n = 16), Web of Science (n = 19), PubMed (n = 19), and Science Direct (n = 17) databases totalizing n = 71 articles. Data were analyzed for the type of nanomaterial, biorecognition material at the detection limit (LOD), and devices designed for diagnostics. The most applied nanomaterial were gold nanoparticles, in their original form and hybrid in quantum dots and core-shell. In addition, we show high specificity in point-of-care (POC) diagnostic devices as a faster and cheaper alternative for clinical diagnosis. Finally, the highlights of the colorimetric biosensor developed for diagnostic devices applied in swabs, surgical masks, and lateral flow immunoassays were presented., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

A new transmission route of SARS-CoV-2 through food was recently considered by the World Health Organization (WHO), and, given the pandemic scenario, the search for fast, sensitive, and low-cost methods is necessary. Biosensors have become a viable alternative for large-scale testing because they overcome the limitations of standard techniques. Herein, we investigated the ability of gold spherical nanoparticles (AuNPs) functionalized with oligonucleotides to detect SARS-CoV-2 and demonstrated their potential to be used as plasmonic nanobiosensors. The loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) technique was used to amplify the viral genetic material from the raw virus-containing solution without any preparation. The detection of virus presence or absence was performed by ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) absorption spectroscopy, by monitoring the absorption band of the surface plasmonic resonance (SPR) of the AuNPs. The displacement of the peak by 525 nm from the functionalized AuNPs indicated the absence of the virus (particular region of gold). On the other hand, the region ~300 nm indicated the presence of the virus when RNA bound to the functionalized AuNPs. The nanobiosensor system was designed to detect a region of the N gene in a dynamic concentration range from 0.1 to 50 × 10 3 ng·mL -1 with a limit of detection (LOD) of 1 ng·mL -1 (2.7 × 10 3 copy per µL), indicating excellent sensitivity. The nanobiosensor was applied to detect the SARS-CoV-2 virus on the surfaces of vegetables and showed 100% accuracy compared to the standard quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) technique. Therefore, the nanobiosensor is sensitive, selective, and simple, providing a viable alternative for the rapid detection of SARS-CoV-2 in ready-to-eat vegetables.

Salmonella spp. remains one of the main pathogens causing diarrhea in humans worldwide. Lately, Salmonella Infantis has become endemic in several European, American, and Asian countries, presenting a multi-drug resistance profile and increased virulence. Various studies have attributed the high endemicity of Salmonella Infantis to pESI (plasmid to Emergent Salmonella Infantis). The ease of Salmonella to acquire pESI is of concern to health authorities and the food production chain. We searched for the presence of pESI in Salmonella genomes from the NCBI to understand the distribution of pESI worldwide and predict the main serovars and sequence types associated with the plasmid. We identified the pESI backbone, virulence, and resistance genes among Salmonella spp. isolated from 45 countries on five continents. We found the pESI-like structure in four different serovars: S. Muenchen, S. Schwarzengrund, S. Agona and S. Senftenberg. The pESI markers were also identified in 24 different sequence types. Most of the analyzed genomes were isolated from poultry, especially broiler and chicken. These results confirm the high dissemination of pESI-like megaplasmid among Salmonella Infantis worldwide and its ability to infect different serovars, as well as placing poultry production as the most favorable environment for pESI dissemination. Therefore, further studies are needed to prevent the spread of pESI to humans and the food chain., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest We declare this research was conducted without any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. In the same way, all of the authors have approved the submission of this manuscript. The manuscript content has not been published or submitted anywhere. Please, do not hesitate to contact me with any questions and thank you for your consideration., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)