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Osteoporosis is a disease that affects the bones, which are a very important part of the human body. It has a tendency to lessen the volume of bones and, as a result, affect the micro architecture of bone tissues. For decades, a variety of imaging techniques have been used to evaluate and investigate the micro architecture of disturbed and damaged bones to be able to discover bone density inadequacies. Image enhancement ,filtering, c lassification, segmentation, and other preprocessing techniques are used in image processing to diagnose the afflicted bone structure and obtain crucial information about the distorted micro architecture pattern. In this research, we have gathered rudimentary knowledge of tissues like osteoblast and osteoclast as well as a comparison evaluation of few osteoporosis detection approaches based on image processing. The goal of this study is to determine the prevalence of osteoporosis and changes in bone mass as people become older, as well as to compare the bone health of seemingly healthy males, puberty of women, and menopause women. We used a 260-person ethical database, with 130 men, 80 women (before menopausal), and 50 women (after menopausal). Bone mineral density (BMD) was measured at the femoral neck using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Humidity Polymer sensors are of great interest for the scientific communities depending on their properties and applications such as alarm clocks, smart watches and flexible wearable electronic devices. In this paper, humidity sensors have been prepared using mixture of poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA), poly (4-styrenesulfonic acid) (PSSA) and silver nitrate (AgNO3) using solvent casting method. The ratio of PVA/PSSA is kept constant and different concentrations of AgNO3 is mixed with it. Variations in the properties was analyzed using the impedance analyser and humidity analyser was used to analyse the relative humidity. The relative humidity was measured in range of (68% to 21%) at temperature range of (25 °C to 65°C). This paper concludes that on addition of 0.6gm of AgNO3, best results of dielectric properties and the conductivity was seen. Relevant parameter like conductivity of the membranes and relative humidity was highly affected by AgNO3 content. Incresase in conductivity of membrane was observed at low frequency and after 104 Hz it start decreasing as frequency increases. Highest dielectric constant of the membrane increased from 104 to 107. Decrease in relative humidity was observed with increase in temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The flexible piezoresistive sensing membrane has the tremendous opportunity in wearable and foldable devices for healthcare detection, artificial skin, human body motion, and robotics applications. The aim of this paper was to develop the polymer based piezoresistive membrane using cast solution. Poly (4-styrenesulfonic) (PSSA) were mixed with Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) polymer by using Deionized water(DW) as a solvent, to make a series of flexible piezoresistive membranes out of PVA/PSSA and investigate their electrical characteristics across a frequency range of 20 Hz to 10 MHz. The results show that raising the concentration of PSSA from 0.2gm to 0.8gm increases the dielectric constant, conductivity, and gauge factor from 105 to 107, 10-3 s/cm to 0.1 s/cm and 2.794 to 5.092 respectively, in the proposed PVA/PSSA piezoresistive ionic membrane. The electrical properties of piezoresistive ionic membranes were analyzed using the impedance analyzer for the varying wt% of PSSA. When the wt% of PSSA was varied, it was discovered that the composition containing 0.8 gm of PSSA in PVA/PSSA based ionic membrane produces the greatest results in terms of high sensitivity and gauge factor for piezoresistive sensing applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]