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In the current condition, hydrogen energy has the potential to be a sustainable fuel for the future as energy becomes more important every day. As the population grows and the economy expands, energy consumption is increasing. However, greenhouse gas emissions are also a concern. One solution to these problems is the use of clean energy sources, like renewable energy. Hydrogen is a clean alternative fuel that produces no carbon dioxide emissions. It is made from organic waste through biochemical and thermochemical techniques, with dual waste management and energy generation benefits. This article explores different methods for producing hydrogen from different feedstocks. The focus is on bio-hydrogen technology as an eco-friendly and sustainable energy source, and the article evaluates the technology commercialization and research initiatives that have measured its helpfulness for researchers and industrialists. The article reviews previous research on biohydrogen generation methods and assesses their stage of development using technology readiness levels (TRLs). This assessment provides insight into areas for technical improvement in biohydrogen generation and future research initiatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present investigation deals with the thermogravimetric analysis of bamboo and bamboo biochar in an inert environment at 10, 20, and 30 °C/min. In addition, vacuum pyrolysis was used for the bamboo biochar. The FWO (Flynn–Wall–Ozawa) and KAS (Kissinger–Akahira–Sunose) methods were used to determine thermodynamic and kinetic parameters within the active pyrolysis zone. Thermal degradation of bamboo biomass undergoes several steps of loss of mass, including moisture loss, and passive and active pyrolysis. Between 180 and 395 °C, the active pyrolysis zone accounted for 50 to 55% of the mass loss. Furthermore, in both FWO and KAS models, bamboo biochar had lower activation energy values (99.23 and 96.07 kJ/mol) than bamboo biomass (262.5303 and 266.62 kJ/mol). The study's study on bamboo and its biochar revealed a significant opportunity in the agro-industry for designing and building pyrolysis reactors for long-term biofuel generation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The utilization of waste biomass such as crop residues in the production of biofuel is gaining attention from all around the world. The wheat is one of the most grown crops in the world and its main by-product straw produced 529 million tons per annum. The present study aims to investigate the feasibility of wheat straw as biomass material to produce bio-oil in a fluidized bed fast reactor. The developed system has a throughput capacity of 5 kg/h and the effect of varying temperature, biomass particle size, and sweep gas flow rate on the yield of pyrolysis products mainly on bio-oil is also studied. The result showed that the highest bio-oil yield 42 wt% was obtained at a temperature of 500°C, the feed particle size of 1 mm, and the gas flow rate of 4 m3/h. The properties of produced bio-oil were determined such as heating value, viscosity, and pH of 19.59 MJ/kg, 18.01 cP, and 3.1, respectively. The GCMS and FTIR analysis were used to identify the chemical compounds available on bio-oil and the phenol, alcohols, alkanes, alkenes, esters, furnol, hydrocarbon, and aromatic compounds were reported in the bio-oil. The economic assessment showed that the production cost of bio-oil was 0.50 US$/liter and the calculated payback period of the system was 1.57 years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work focuses on the structure, working, and testing of a new mixed solar cooker using a linear Fresnel collector, evacuated tube and box‐type cooker. The low‐cost components used in the construction of this cooker can help it satisfy the needs of both urban and rural inhabitants who need steady cooking temperatures above 140°C. A family of five can prepare four meals using this modified solar cooker, which costs about $250. The designed solar cooker was tested by conducting no‐load and full‐load tests. For the no‐load test, the maximum temperature of the absorber plate and oil for the new mixed cooker was recorded as 160.26°C and 172.72°C, respectively. The absorber plate of the new mixed cooker and its oil both reached their highest temperatures during the full‐load test at 141.14°C and 157°C, respectively. The energy efficiency of the new cooker is 58.776%, while its exergy efficiency is 13%. The heat transfer coefficient increased to 100.16 W/m² °C. This cooker provides an additional time savings of 60 min. An improvement of 27.5% in the highest temperature reached was seen when the developed cooker's performance was compared with those reported in the literature. Additionally, the new cooker's heat‐storing capability enables up to 3 h of autonomy. The Levelized Cost of Cooking a Meal for the innovative mixed solar cooker is $0.034 per meal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]