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Postprandial hypertriglyceridaemia, defined as an increase in plasma triglyceride-containing lipoproteins following a fat meal, is a potential risk predictor of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and other chronic diseases. Several non-modifiable factors (genetics, age, sex and menopausal status) and lifestyle factors (diet, physical activity, smoking status, obesity, alcohol and medication use) may influence postprandial hypertriglyceridaemia. This narrative review considers the studies published over the last decade that evaluated postprandial hypertriglyceridaemia. Additionally, the genetic determinants of postprandial plasma triglyceride levels, the types of meals for studying postprandial triglyceride response, and underlying conditions (e.g. familial dyslipidaemias, diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome, non-alcoholic fatty liver and chronic kidney disease) that are associated with postprandial hypertriglyceridaemia are reviewed; therapeutic aspects are also considered.

Residual vascular risk exists despite the aggressive lowering of Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (LDL-C). A contributor to this residual risk may be elevated fasting, or non-fasting, levels of Triglyceride (TG)-rich lipoproteins. Therefore, there is a need to establish whethe a standardised Oral Fat Tolerance Test (OFTT) can improve atherosclerotic Cardiovascular (CV) Disease (ASCVD) risk prediction in addition to a fasting or non-fasting lipid profile. An expert panel considered the role of postprandial hypertriglyceridaemia (as represented by an OFTT) in predicting ASCVD. The panel updated its 2011 statement by considering new studies and various patient categories. The recommendations are based on expert opinion since no strict endpoint trials have been performed. Individuals with fasting TG concentration <1 mmol/L (89 mg/dL) commonly do not have an abnormal response to an OFTT. In contrast, those with fasting TG concentration ≥2 mmol/L (175 mg/dL) or nonfasting ≥2.3 mmol/L (200 mg/dL) will usually have an abnormal response. We recommend considering postprandial hypertriglyceridaemia testing when fasting TG concentrations and non-fasting TG concentrations are 1-2 mmol/L (89-175 mg/dL) and 1.3-2.3 mmol/L (115-200 mg/dL), respectively as an additional investigation for metabolic risk prediction along with other risk factors (obesity, current tobacco abuse, metabolic syndrome, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus). The panel proposes that an abnormal TG response to an OFTT (consisting of 75 g fat, 25 g carbohydrate and 10 g proteins) is >2.5 mmol/L (220 mg/dL). Postprandial hypertriglyceridaemia is an emerging factor that may contribute to residual CV risk. This possibility requires further research. A standardised OFTT will allow comparisons between investigational studies. We acknowledge that the OFTT will be mainly used for research to further clarify the role of TG in relation to CV risk. For routine practice, there is a considerable support for the

At the present time, there is no widely agreed definition of postprandial lipaemia (PPL). This lack of a shared definition limits the identification and treatment of patients with exaggerated PPL as well as the evaluation of potential therapeutic agents. PPL is a complex syndrome characterized by non-fasting hypertriglyceridaemia that is associated with an increased risk of vascular events. This review considers the definition of PPL and the methodology for assessing this process.

An Expert Panel group of scientists and clinicians met to consider several aspects related to non-fasting and postprandial triglycerides (TGs) and their role as risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD). In this context, we review recent epidemiological studies relevant to elevated non-fasting TGs as a risk factor for CVD and provide a suggested classification of non-fasting TG concentration. Secondly, we sought to describe methodologies to evaluate postprandial TG using a fat tolerance test (FTT) in the clinic. Thirdly, we discuss the role of non-fasting lipids in the treatment of postprandial hyperlipemia. Finally, we provide a series of clinical recommendations relating to non-fasting TGs based on the consensus of the Expert Panel: 1). Elevated non-fasting TGs are a risk factor for CVD. 2). The desirable non-fasting TG concentration is

Triglycerides (TGs) are measured in studies evaluating changes in non-fasting lipid profiles after a fat tolerance test (FTT); however, the optimal timing for TG measurements after the oral fat load is unclear. The aim of this study was to evaluate how non-fasting TG levels vary after an oral FTT in healthy subjects.

This report presents the results of research in the use of holographic modules in optoelectronic systems, their applications, and the characterization of polymer materials on which to record volume holograms for these modules. The first chapter makes the case that a direct interface between an optical memory and a chip integrating detectors and logic circuitry can better utilize the high parallelism inherent in holographic modules. Introduced also is the idea of reconfigurable computing and Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) as the framework in which to design a hybrid system, the Optically Programmable Gate Array (OPGA), that outperforms its electronic counterpart by reducing its reconfiguration time by three orders of magnitude. The OPGA is the combination of three elements: an addressing device to selectively recall holographic data pages, an optical memory, and an optoelectronic chip. We also present a system that uses holograms to extract spatial and color information (4-D imaging) of a specimen and project it on to a 2-D space on the detector. By multiplexing several holograms many depth slices and color bands can be sent in parallel, making unnecessary the use of sophisticated and time-consuming scanning schemes., The original document contains color images.

We report on holographic recording of nanosecond events on a conventional CCD camera. Three frames of an air-discharge event, with resolution of 5.9 ns and frame interval of 12 ns, are recorded in a single CCD frame. Each individual frame is reconstructed by digital filtering of the CCD frame, since successively recorded holograms are centered at different carrier frequencies in the spatial frequency domain.

In this paper we report on a holographic method used to record fast events in the nanosecond time scale. Several frames of the expansion of shock waves in air and in a polymer sample are recorded holographically in a single shot experiment, using a pulse train generated with a single pulse from a Q-switched Nd:YAG laser. The time resolution is limited by the laser pulse width, which is 5.9 ns. The different frames are recorded on the holographic material using angle multiplexing. Two cavities are used to generate the signal and reference pulses at different angles. We also present a method in which the recording material is replaced by a CCD camera. In this method the holograms are recorded directly on the CCD and digitally reconstructed. The holograms are recorded on a single frame of the CCD camera and then digitally separated and reconstructed.

The Optically Programmable Gate Array (OPGA), an optical version of a conventional FPGA, benefits from a direct parallel interface between an optical memory and a logic circuit. The OPGA utilizes a holographic memory accessed by an array of VCSELs to program its logic. An active pixel sensor array incorporated into the OPGA chip makes it possible to optically address the logic in a very short time allowing for rapid dynamic reconfiguration. Combining spatial and shift multiplexing to store the configuration pages in the memory, the OPGA module can be made compact. The reconfiguration capability of the OPGA can be applied to solve more efficiently problems in pattern recognition and database search.