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A field experiment was conducted for two consecutive rainy seasons of 2017 and 2018 at Banka (Bihar) to evaluate the bio-efficacy of pre and post-emergence herbicides for control of complex weed flora in transplanted rice (Oryza sativa L.). The experimental field was infested with Echinochloa colona, Echinochloa crusgalli, Dactyloctenium aegyptium, Cynodon dactylon, Panicum repens, Ammania baccifera, Eclipta alba, Caesulia axillaris, Commelina benghalensis, Euphorbia hirta, Ludwigia parviflora, Cyperus iria, Cyperus difformis and Fimbristylis miliaceae. Density of grasses, broad-leaved weeds, sedges and total weeds at 60 DAT was recorded lower with pretilachlor 750 g/ha fb 1 hand weeding at 25 DAT and which was statistically comparable with butachlor 1500 g/ha fb1 hand weeding at 25 DAT among weed management treatments excluding hands weeding twice at 20 & 40 DAT and weed free during both the years of experiment. Biomass of grasses, broad-leaved weeds, sedges and total weeds was registered less in pretilachlor 750 g/ha fb 1 hand weeding at 25 DAT and which was significantly superior to all weed management treatments excluding hands weeding twice at 20 & 40 DAT and weed free during both the years of experiment. More panicle weight, panicle length, grains/panicle, grain and straw yield was observed with application of pretilachlor 750 g/ha fb1 hand weeding at 25 DAT.

There were many types of macrophyta present in the swamp area of the Sawah Village, but there was no information about the types of macrophyta in that area. To understand the type of macrophyta presence in that area, a research has been carried out in February 2019. The method usedz is a the survey method, where the swanp area of the Sawah Village used as the location of the research and macrophytes as the object of research. Sampling was done once during the study. The plants were then identified based on Steenis (1981). There are 10 types of macrophytes found in the swanp area of the Sawah Village namely: Colocasia esculenta, Eichhornia crassipes, Eleocharis dulcis, Paspalum comersonii, Azolla pinnata, Utricularia aurea, Salvinia natans, Nepbrolepis biserrata, Monochoria vaginalis, Panicum repens.

Syftet med denna studie var att utveckla en separations- och analysmetod för identifiering av icke-volatila substanser från strån och rötter av de gräsliknande växterna Cyperus rotundus och Panicum repens. För analysen användes högpresterande vätskekromatografi (HPLC) och ultrahögpresterande vätskekromatografi (UHPLC) med en opolär stationär fas (RP-HPLC) med ultraviolett ljus (UV) och elektrosprej masspektrometri detektion (ESI-MS). Proverna extraherandes med hjälp av ultraljuds assisterad extraktion (UAE) och koncentrerades med solid fasextraktion. Två olika metoder användes vid extraktionen antingen sänktes gräset i 10 ml acetonitril två gånger eller så direkt i 20 ml acetonitril. På grund av svårigheten att uppnå reproducerbarhet vid extraktion med samma metod kunde ingen slutsats om någon metods fördelar dras. Under utvecklingen av HPLC metoden testades två olika elueringsmedel metanol och acetonitril i kombination med MilliQ-vatten. Den slutgiltiga metoden börjar med en mobilfas innehållande 70% metanol och 30% vatten under 5 min för att sedan öka till 100% metanol under 10 minuter innan mobilfasen hålls vid 100% metanol under 25 minuter. Med UV-detektorn kräver identifikation av de okända komponenterna krävde kända referenser. Vidare undersökningar genomfördes därför med masspektrometri. Dock så var det begränsad tid kvar för undersökningar med MS så få körningar kunde genomföras, därav kunde inte analyterna analyseras tillräckligt för att kunna identifiera komponenterna från Cyperus rotundus. Vidare analyser med MS samt även kopplad MSMS där spektrum kan jämföras med en databas för identifikation skulle underlätta identifikationen. The aim of this study is to develop an analysis method for the separation and identification of non-volatile substances from the Cyperus rotundus and- Panicum repens roots and shoots. For the analysis reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) methods where used. First an UV detector was used in combination with the HPLC setup and in the later stages access to an electrospray ionization ion trap mass spectrometer was enabled for coupling to UHPLC. The samples were extracted with ultrasound assisted extraction (UAE) and the concentrated with solid phase extraction (SPE). Two different extraction methods were attempted one where the graminoid plants where submerged in 10 ml acetonitrile twice and the other with 20 ml directly. Due to the difficulty of reproducing result between different extraction batches no conclusion on whether either method is superior could be made. For the development of the HPLC method methanol or acetonitrile was used in combination with ultrapure (MilliQ) water. The final eluationprogram was 70% methanol and 30% MilliQ water for five minutes, increasing linearly over 10 minutes to 100% methanol and then running for 25 minutes. With the UV detector no identification was possible, so further investigations were performed with UHPLC-MS for analysis of the mass of the analytes. Due to time limitations only a few MS analyses on the Cyperus rotundus were performed, and only a few masses could be estimated. Further runs of the samples need to be performed in combination with coupled MSMS to be able to identify the analytes in the samples.

In recent work, it was shown that the graminoid plants Cynodon dactylon (Poaceae), Cyperus exaltatus (Cyperaceae), and Panicum repens (Poaceae) have an ovipositional effect on the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae in olfactometric bioassays. In order to get a view of the diversity of semiochemicals present in the environment of the vector during olfactometric trials, in the present work, the volatile profiles of these graminoid plants were analyzed using headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) together with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). In addition, one-way ANOVA comparison of compounds detected in two or more headspace samples are presented in order to provide a basis for comparison of compounds that could constitute a starting point for novel blends of volatile organic compounds to be tested as oviposition attractants.

Two species, torpedograss and Southern watergrass, are very difficult to selectively control when they invade desirable turfgrass stands. The purpose of this study was to evaluate selective control of torpedograss and Southern watergrass in ‘Tifway’ bermudagrass turf. Greater than 86% control of torpedograss was observed 4 wk after sequential treatment (WAST) with quinclorac, trifloxysulfuron-sodium, quinclorac and trifloxysulfuron-sodium, sulfentrazone + imazethapyr and quinclorac and trifloxysulfuron-sodium, and quinclorac and trifloxysulfuron-sodium followed by (fb) glyphosate. However, by 8 WAST, control was reduced to

Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) is one of the most important vegetable crop of Nepal. Its yield and growth parameters are affected by different cultural practices. This study was conducted at Olericulture Farm of Agriculture and Forestry University, Rampur, Chitwan, Nepal during April 29 to July 9 of 2018. The field experiment was carried out in split plot design using three replications. The treatments consisted of three intra row spacing (30, 45 and 60 cm) and four different mulching materials (Silver plastic, Panicum repens, Lantana camara and bare soil). The objective of this experiment was to assess the effects of various intra-row spacings and mulching materials on growth and yield of okra. The effect of mulching materials on okra yield was found significant. The okra yield was highest (8104 kg/ha) under silver plastic mulch followed by control (5161kg/ha), Panicum repens (3901kg/ha) and Lantana camera (3701kg/ha), respectively. Silver plastic mulch enhanced the growth parameters like canopy length, plant height, leaf number, leaf length, girth and yield of okra. The spacings provided non significant effect on okra yield, however the yield of okra was highest (7295 kg/ha) under 30×30 cm spacing followed by 45×30 cm (4660 kg/ha) and 60 cm × 30 cm spacing (3703 kg/ha), respectively. Combination of silver plastic mulch along with 30 cm × 30 cm spacing provided the highest okra yield. This study suggests that farmers of the Chitwan should grow okra at spacing of 30 cm × 30 cm and under silver plastic mulch to produce higher yield.

The study of plants adapted to an extreme environment with a high concentration of iron such as Río Tinto allowed the study of important elements for the development and control of plant growth including their localization, management, and storage. The absorption, transport, and accumulation of iron were studied in different species of dicotyledons (Sarcocornia pruinosa, Salicornia patula, Arthrocnemum macrostachyum, and Halogeton sativus of the Chenopodiaceae family) and monocotyledons (Imperata cylindrica, Cynodon dactylon, and Panicum repens from the Poaceae family), all obtained from the Río Tinto banks in different sample collection campaigns. The results clearly show that phytoferritin is not observed in the chloroplast of monocotyledons, an important difference from what is observed in dicotyledons. The presence of plastids with a high concentration of iron in the sieve tubes of monocotyledons strongly suggests their possible role in the transport and accumulation of iron in these plants., With funding from the Spanish government through the "María de Maeztu Unit of Excellence" accreditation (MDM-2017-0737)

A field experiment was carried out at the Agronomy Field Laboratory, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh during July to December 2003 to find out the effect of weed control on the performance of transplant Aman rice cv. BRRI Dhan 32. Weed control treatments Included in the study were no weeding, one hand weeding, two hand weeding, one hand weeding+one weeding with Japanese rice weeder, Rift@ 0.5, 0.75, 1.0, and 1.25 L ha-1 and Rostar@ 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, and 2.5 L ha-1. Important weed species found to infest the crop were Angta (Panicum repens), Acidgras (Ammania bacifera L.) Nackphulee (Cyperous difformis), Khudeshama (Echinochloa crusgalli) was the least important weed species. Higher doses of Rift 1.25L ha-1 and Ronstar 2.5 L ha-1 showed the best performance in reducing weed density and weed dry weight. The highest grain yield (5.0 4ton ha-1) was obtained from Ronstar 2.0 L ha-1 which was identical with the second highest grain yield (4.93 t ha-1) obtained from Rift 1.0 L ha-1. The highest net income of tk. 38915 ha-1 was obtained from Ronstar 2.0 L ha-1 and the next highest from Rift 1.0L ha-1.Progressive Agriculture 28 (4): 271-278, 2017

This research aims to fabrication and evaluation the properties of cement reinforcement made from Panicumrepens. The research is divided into two parts are as follows; to determined the optimal ratio selection, and to compare the properties of Panicumrepens reinforced cement, and without grasses by using the optimal ratio. The raw materials used in this research were cut in length of 2.0-2.5 cm. In this research was determined the properties of Panicumrepens reinforced cement in terms of bulk density, water absorption, and compressive strength. The influence of fibers soaked with 5% of sodium hydroxide concentration was also conducted in this research. The surface structure and chemical characteristics of fibers used to produce reinforced cement were observed by using scanning electron microscope (SEM), and energy dispersive x-ray spectrometer (EDS), respectively. Moreover, relationships of information collected from this research were concerned. Furthermore, the addition of Panicumrepens fibers could improve the flexural strength of composite materials.

An experiment was conducted during Kharif 2014 and 2015 at Agricultural Research Station, Dhadesu-gur, University of Agricultural Sciences, Raichur, Karnataka, India, to know the herbicide sequence for weed man-agement in direct seeded rice. The dominant weeds in direct seeded rice were Echinochloa sp, Panicum repens, Cynodon doctylon, Leptochloa chinensis, Bracharia sp. Ludwigia parviflora, Commelena sp. and Cyperus sp. Pooled data revealed that, application of pyrazosulfuron ethyl 10 % WP at 20 g a.i./ha as pre-emergent herbicide followed by the application of Bispyribac sodium 10 % SC @ 250 ml/ha at 20 to 25 days after sowing as post-emergent herbi-cide in direct seeded rice was most effective in controlling of grasses, broad leaf weeds and sedges and increased the rice grain yield (5583 kg/ha) without any phytotoxic effect and which was onpar with the application of Pendime-thalin 30 EC @ 1 kg a.i. /ha as pre-emergent herbicide followed by one hand weeding at 30 days after sowing and weed free check .Therefore, the application of pre emergent herbicides followed by the post emergent herbicide application can reduce the weed problem in direct seeded rice.

An experiment was conducted during Kharif 2012 and 2013 at Agricultural Research Station, Dhadesu-gur, University of Agricultural Sciences, Raichur, Karnataka, India, to evaluate the phytotoxicity and bio efficacy of pyrazosulfuron ethyl 10 % WP (wettable Powder) @ 5, 10, 15 and 20 g a.i./ha against the weeds in transplanted rice. Sprays of Saathi (Market Sample) @ 15 g a.i./ha (gram active ingredient/hectare), Pretilachlor 50% EC @ 500 ml a. i/ha, hand weeding at 15 and 40 days after planting (weed free check) and a weedy check (untreated check) were also maintained. The dominant weeds were Echinochloacolona, Panicum repens, Cynodondoctylon, Lud-wigiaparviflora, Leptochloachinensis and Cyperus sp. Application of pyrazosulfuron ethyl 10 % WP @ 20 g a.i./ha was recorded significantly higher grain yield (6266 kg/ha) by controlling the associated weeds in transplanted rice without any phytotoxic effect.

Panicum repens is a species of grass known by many common names, including torpedo grass, creeping panic, panic rampant, couch panicum, wainaku grass, quack grass, dog-tooth grass, and bullet grass. The paper has been made from non-wood materials for long times. This research was used Panicum repens for made grass pulp as non-wood fiber. The influence of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) concentrations on properties of pulp from Panicum repens was investigated under room temperature. NaOH concentration levels were varied at 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%, respectively. Moreover, Paper pulp from Panicum repens was observed by scanning electron microscope (SEM). This research has controlled the length of fiber approximately 0.5-2.5 cm before soaked with NaOH concentration at 1 hour and soak with water for controlled pH value at 7-8. Paper pulp was formed on a sieve. The result showed that color of paper pulp made from Panicum repens was light brown and green. SEM showed that NaOH concentration affects the physical properties of paper pulp. Moreover, true density of paper pulp was also investigated in this research.

Using eco-physiological parameters, a quick assessment of the invasiveness of non-native plant species was conducted in Tram Chim National Park, a Ramsar site that is located in the Mekong River Delta region of Vietnam. An investigation of non-native species and a vegetation analysis were carried out along 25 line transects and in 50 quadrats by using the Braun–Blanquet method. The researchers identified 84 non-native plant species but only 31 species were naturalized in the wetland ecosystems. Twenty of those 31 species with a high importance value index were screened by using a parameter that was obtained from chlorophyll a fluorescence measurement, the performance index. Five species were identified as invasive and five others were predicted to be potentially invasive. The first group of five species were: Mimosa pigra, Panicum repens, Eichhornia crassipes, Salvinia cucullata and Leersia hexandra, which already had been confirmed as important weeds in the national park by previous studies. From the second group, two species (Ludwigia hyssopifolia and Saccharum spontaneum) already are becoming prominent species in some locations. The three remaining species (Monochoria hastata, Isachne globosa and Marsilea quadrifolia) are likely to become invasive in the future.

The characterization of the adventitious flora of vegetable gardens consisted of taking inventory of the weedy flora of the plots of prison establishments of the Abidjan Detention and Correction House (ADCH) and the Gagnoa Detention and Correction House(GDCG). The study was carried out using the surface survey method, which consisted of inventory plant species in plots of 100 m2 . 40 weeds species were determined from 144 surveys across the two 2,500 m2 plots. 32 species were identified at ADCH against 39 at GDCH. The inventoried species belong to 14 families divided into 24 genera. The Compositae are in the majority with six species representing 15% of the total adventitious flora. Dicotyledons represent 67.5% of species and 32.5% for Monocotyledons. Therophyte species and herbs are the most dominant with 47.5% and 82.50% respectively.The similarity coefficient (84.3%), being greater than 50%, shows a similarity between the two sites. The study also showed that the most common and aggressive species are Cyperus rotundus L., Euphorbia heterophylla L., and Phyllanthus amarus Schumach. & Thonn. Cyperus rotundus and Panicum repens L. appeared to be the most harmful species.

The geomorphological and climatic aspects influence the environments mosaic existing in the northern region of Rio Grande do Sul, of which the coastal dunes stand out. The aim of this study was to carry out the floristic survey, by means of walks, and characterize the vegetation structure through the evaluation ofphytosociological parameters in 45 plots, in a portion of coastal dunes, Torres, RS. A number of 141 species were identified, 104 native and 37exotics, distributed in 54 families. The families Asteraceae and Poaceae presented the highest floristic richness. The species with the highest value of importance were Panicum racemosum (P. Beauv.) Spreng. and Panicum repens L. The high number of species found as well as the presence of endangered species indicates the importance of the area and the need to expand efforts for conservation, mainly because it is a buffer zone of the conservation unit Ilha dos Lobos Wild Life Refuge.

Auricularia polytricha was cultivated on a sawdust basal substrate supplemented with different proportions (30%, 45%, and 60%, respectively) of stalks of three grass plants, i.e., Panicum repens (PRS), Pennisetum purpureum (PPS), and Zea mays (ZMS), to determine the most effective substrate. The mycelial growth rate, total colonization time, days to primordial formation, biological efficiency and chemical composition of fruiting bodies were evaluated. The results indicated that 30PPS was the best substrate for mycelial growth of A. polytricha, with a corresponding total colonization period of 32.0 days. With the exception of 30PPS, the total biological efficiency of all of the substrates containing P. repens stalk, P. purpureum stalk and Z. mays stalk was higher (P

Roads have the potential to serve as dispersal corridors for invasion into pristine habitats for invasive exotic species. However, undisturbed habitats may also resist such invasion. Torpedograss (Panicum repens L.) is an aggressive invasive grass in many parts of the world and, although most problematic in lakes and ponds, frequently occurs in roadsides and in other disturbed habitats. We studied torpedograss dynamics along roadsides adjacent to upland habitats in south-central Florida to determine whether observed tiller population growth rates differed among roadside populations adjacent to different habitats. We also examined seasonal growth and persistence patterns of this invasive species in sand roads, quantifying torpedograss density, growth, and panicle production at 10 roadside sites every other month for 14 mo. Four populations were adjacent to disturbed habitats (pastures or disturbed Florida scrub) containing established populations of torpedograss, while six populations were adjace...

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are ubiquitous in wetland habitats, but their diversity and distribution pattern in these habitats is poorly understood. Under varying hydrological conditions, AMF communities in roots of different wetland species may respond differently due to hydrological and to physiological differences among plants. Here we test this hypothesis. AMF colonization intensity and community structure in the roots of two wetland plants with different flood tolerance (one aquatic and one semiaquatic) were characterized along a hydrologic gradient. A fragment covering partial SSU, the whole ITS and partial LSU rDNA region of AMF was amplified, cloned and sequenced from the roots of each host species. A total of 528 AMF sequences were obtained and sorted into 15 taxa based on phylogenetic analyses. A total of nine and 13 taxa, respectively, were found from the aquatic and semiaquatic host species; the AMF compositions of both sets of taxa were very similar. Intensive flooding inhibited the AMF colonization and diversity level in both cases, while moderate flooding caused distinctly different effects between the two wetland species. AMF diversity level in wetland habitat is not necessarily low, even if few morphological structures of AMF are detected in the roots. The effects of hydrologic conditions on AMF communities in wetlands depend on both the flooding intensity and the adaptations of the wetland hosts.

The number of aquatic plants along the river flow outside the village of Lambur becomes a barrier to water traffic so that these plants are classified to be weeds or a nuisance for local people. This study aims to determine and document the types of weeds found in the village of Lambur and explore locals’ knowledge about the types of existing water weeds and their use. This research was conducted in the Village of Lambur Luar Tanjung Jabung Timur District by using the roaming method to collect existing Weed samples. Data collection is done by observation, interviews, documentation and literature studies, the data are analysed descriptive qualitative design. The results showed that there were 19 species and 13 families of water weeds, namely: Fimbristylis sp1, fimbristylis sp2, Cyperus sphacelatus Rottb, Blyxa aubertii Rich, Lindernia sp, Glinus oppositifolius (L.) Aug.DC, Melastoma malabathticum L, Nymphaea nouchali Burn, Ludwigia hyssopifolia (G.Don) Exell, Ludwigia repens JR Forst, Scoparia dulcis, Hippochaete debilis (Roxb.ex Vaucher) Ching, Panicum repens L, Oryza sativa, Persicaria hydropiper L, Monochoria vaginalis (Burm.f.) C.Presl, Borreria alata (Aubl.) DC, Borreria repens DC, and Xyris sp. Of the 19 species found, only 12 species, the locals know the name of the water weed, 7 species are only referred to as grass only by the locals, this water weed is not used by the them but mostly weeds are used for animal feed, the researchers provide education to the community that actually weed water can be used for treatment and to find out the quality of a waters or be used as an indicator of the biological condition of a river in wheteher good condition or not. Keywords: Knowledge Studies, Lambur Luar, Water Weeds

Grass can be said to be one of the most successful land plants and is found in all types of growing sites and a variety of circumstances. The Poaceae family is the fourth largest family of flowering plants in the world and there are around 11,000 species with 800 genera. A large diversity of species characterizes a stable community. The term swamp is generally closely related to the conditions of standing water, tidal overflows, floods, and mud. This study aims to identify and find out the diversity index (H') of the Poaceae family in the swamp area of Sungai Lumbah village, Barito Kuala district. The steps of this research are determining the location of the study, observing and identifying species, counting the number of clumps per species at each sample point, tabulating data to obtain the diversity index (H '), measuring environmental parameters. Based on observations, 14 species of the Poaceae family were found, namely Bambusa sp., Brachiaria mutica , Digitaria longiflora , Eleusine indica , Eragrostis unioloides , Imperata cylindrica , Ischaemum muticum , Oryza sativa , Panicum paludosum , Panicum repens , Paspalum commersonii , Paspalum conjugatum , Phragmites vallatoria , and Saccharum officinarum . The Poaceae family diversity index in the swampy area of Sungai Lumbah village is moderate (H' = 2.49).

The diuretic activity of ethanolic extract of Panicum repens was investigated in rats. A single oral dose of 500 mg/kg of P. repens extract were given to rats, after 24 h, urine volume, its sodium and potassium concentrations were estimated. Treatment with P. repens extract caused a significant increase in tested parameters as compared to their corresponding controls, p

In order to explore the technology and models for ecological restoration of bank slopes of water-level-fluctuation (WLF) zones in rivers, lakes, and water reservoirs, investigation was carried out on the morphological and physiological responses of 29 different ecotypes of torpedograss (Panicum repens L.) collected in southern China to Cd and Pb stress. The maximum differences in shoot Cd–Pb accumulation among ecotypes were as large as 8.4 times under Cd–Pb stresses. There were four ecotypes (E4, E8, E9 and E22) that had high accumulation abilities to both Cd and Pb. Under low and high Cd–Pb stresses, the average heavy metal accumulations in shoots of the four ecotypes were 203.7 and 635.8 μg pot−1 for Cd, and 182.7 and 390.7 μg pot−1 for Pb, respectively. To clean up the heavy metals from soil using the ecotypes, 22 and 14 years for Cd, and 2362 and 2156 years for Pb would be required. Therefore, torpedograss should be viable for prevention or remediation of Cd contaminated water, soil or sediment in WLF zones, but not applicable for Pb contamination. The great differences among the tested genotypes in morphological features in responses to Cd–Pb stresses indicated the occurrence of geographic differentiation in heavy metal tolerance of torpedograss, which was also supported by the results of cluster analysis.

On-farm two experiments were carried out at the Fulbaria upazila under Mymensingh district and Agronomy Field Laboratory, Department of Agronomy, Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU), Mymensingh during the period from November 2011 to March 2012. The experiment comprised ten fields for each of the locations which composed of three weeding regime treatments, namely, unweeded, farmers’ weeded and weed free. The design was randomized complete block with ten replications. Data on weed density, yield contributing characters and yield of wheat were recorded. Except straw yield in Fulbaria all others yield contributing characters were affected significantly due to weeding regime treatment. The highest grain yield was recorded in weed-free treatment compared to farmers weeded and unweeded treatment in Fulbaria. Whereas, in Agronomy Field Laboratory at BAU, the highest grain yield was observed in weed-free treatment which was statistically identical to farmers’ weeded treatment. Five dominant weed species were identified in Fulbaria naimly Cynodon dactylon L. , Cyperus rotundus L. , Alternanthera sessilis L., Polygonum orientale L. and Chenopodium album L. and in Agronomy Field Laboratory at BAU namely Gnaphalium affine L. , Cyperus rotundus L. , Digitaria sanguinalis L., Cynodon dactylon L. and Panicum repens L. Infestation of Cynodon dactylon L. was more in Fulbaria due to control difficulties and Gnaphalium affine L. was more in BAU due to weed seed bank year after year and poor cultural management. So there is scope to increase yield potential of wheat by improving existing weed control practices. Progress. Agric. 2014. 25: 23-30

The diet of the Common Moorhen Gallinula chloropus was studied at Lake Reghaia (Algeria). A total of 600 faecal samples were collected from February 2010 to January 2012. The results showed that green plant materials (especially Poaceae) were the dominant faecal components (86.7 ± 23.8%), followed by invertebrates (13.2 ± 23.8%) and grit (0.03 ± 0.05%). Seventeen plant species belonging to eight different families were identified in 2010/2012. The major item identified in faecal contents was Poaceae. Paspalum distichum was the most important diet category. Others grasses mostly eaten were Poa annua, Avena sp., Phragmites sp. and Panicum repens. Other plant species recorded in faeces were Carex hispida, Polygonum lapathifolium, Thypha angustifolia, Plantago major, Mentha pulegium, Plantago crassifolia, Panicum repens and Carex hispida. The Common Moorhen diet contained invertebrates, and ephippium of Daphnia sp. were the most dominant. Insects were recorded, but with a negligible proportion.

The hypolipidemic effect of an ethanolic extract from the roots and rhizomes of Panicum repens L. was investigated in rats suffering from high-cholesterol, diet-induced hyperlipidemia, and the phytochemicals in the extract were analyzed. The extract was administered p.o. in doses of 250 mg/kg/day together with cholesterol at a dose of 100 mg/kg/day for 7 weeks. The high-cholesterol diet caused a significant increase in total lipids, total cholesterol (TC), total triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and the atherogenic index, whereas the level of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) was significantly decreased. Administration of the P. repens extract (pP. repens extract was found to possess hypolipidemic activity in high-fat, diet-induced hyperlipidemic rats.

Chemical investigation of the ethanolic extract from roots and rhizomes of Panicum repens L. has led to the isolation of four new steroidal glycosides, (25S)-spirost-5-en-3β-ol-3- O -α- l -rhamnopyranosyl-(1 → 4)- O -α- l -rhamnopyranosyl-(1 → 4)- O -α- l -rhamnopyranosyl-(1 → 2)- O -β- d -glucopyranoside ( 1 ); 16- O -α- l -rhamnopyranosyl-cholest-5-en-2α,3β,16β-triol-22-one-3- O -α- l -rhamnopyranoside ( 2 ); 16- O -α- l -rhamnopyranosyl-cholest-5-en-3β,16βdiol-2α-methoxy-22-one-3- O -α- l -rhamnopyranoside ( 3 ) and 16- O -α- l -rhamnopyranosyl-cholest-5-en-3β,16β-diol-2α-methoxy-3- O -α- l -rhamnopyranoside ( 4 ). Their structures were elucidated by means of extensive NMR spectral studies. Five known spirostane glycosides were also isolated and characterized by comparison with the literature data.

Experiments in the field environment have been conducted to study the growth of Panicum repens L., an aquatic plant, in the sewage sludge matrix. The experiments were also carried out to investigate the ability of this plant to dewater sewage sludge to increase the capacity of conventional drying beds. In addition, the ability of Panicum repens L. to reduce the sludge contents of certain elements (copper (Cu), Iron (Fe), Sodium (Na), lead (Pb), and Zinc (Zn)) was also investigated. All experiments were carried out in batch reactors. Different plant coverage densities were tested (0.00 to 27.3 kg/m2). The liquid sewage sludge was collected from a wastewater treatment plant in Helwan city, Cairo Governorate, Egypt. The collected sludge represents a mixture of the primary sludge and waste activated sludge before discharging into drying beds.

Torpedograss (Panicum repens) has been recognized as an useful plant species for phytoremediation of water-level-fluctuation zones, which is a worldwide challenge. In this study, 10 ecotypes collected from tropical zone and flooded habitats (Group A) and subtropical zone and drought habitats (Group B) were used to clarify their responses to Cd-Pb stresses and effects of long-term adaptation on their morphological features and Cd-Pb accumulation capacities. Branch capacity, shoot and root biomasses of Group A under control were smaller than those of Group B, while the opposite results were observed under Cd-Pb stresses. The average plant shoot Cd concentrations of Group A under L-Cd-Pb and H-Cd-Pb were 24.84 and 52.38 mg kg-1, respectively, significantly lower than those of Group B (36.81 and 67.60 mg kg-1), while the variation among each group was insignificant, suggesting that habitat isolation and long-term adaptation may have led to differentiation in morphological features and metal uptake capacity. Torpedograss possesses high tolerance to Cd-Pb toxicities, and those ecotypes with larger biomass had higher Cd-Pb accumulation capacities. Torpedograss is a potential plant species for Cd phytoremediation and approximately 16 years would be required to clean soil contained by Cd as high as 10 mg kg-1 using the selected torpedograss ecotypes.

Altered flow regimes in lakes can change macrophyte habitats from dynamic, species-rich communities to dense, monotypic communities that can change the physicochemical environment available to fish. We tested whether fish community composition, fish density, fish species richness, and fish species diversity changed across a range of dissolved oxygen concentrations (DO; mg/L) in dense stands of several macrophyte species that are commonly the target of macrophyte control efforts in Florida lakes. We sampled fish communities within growths of 5 emergent macrophyte species including cattail (Typha spp.), pickerelweed (Pontedaria cordata), smartweed (Polygonum spp.), torpedograss (Panicum repens), and water primrose (Ludwigia spp.) at lakes Kissimmee and Istokpoga, Florida. Fish communities were sampled using 3 different enclosure gears treated with rotenone, and DO was measured in mid-water column at each site. Macrophyte biomass and DO concentrations were inversely related. Poeciliids accounted for ...

The study aimed at assessing the effects of season on chemical composition of forages selected by sheep grazing in a citrus plantation. Forage species growing in a sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) plantation were identified and sampled monthly for 2 years. Samples were bulked on monthly basis for chemical analysis. The average dry matter content of the forages increased from the rainy to the dry season but effects of season on the chemical components were inconsistent. Some species, such as Asystasia gangetica, had a higher crude protein concentration in the dry season, whereas for others, such as Panicum repens, the reverse occurred. However, average concentrations of crude protein, detergent fiber and components of fiber for all species for the rainy season were not significantly different from the dry season values. It was concluded that there were differences among forage species in their responses to changing seasons, such that grazing ruminants may select a diet to enable them to meet their nutritional requirements, provided forage biomass is adequate.Keywords: Crop-livestock integration, tree plantations, chemical composition, seasonal effects, forage quality.DOI: 10.17138/TGFT(2)271-277

Torpedo grass (Panicum repens L.) is a C4 plant species, present on different soil types. The rhizome system and tubers of grass well developed, although flowering but not yet recorded the presence of seeds and seedlings (Yêu cầu tác giả viết lại toàn bộ câu này, không thể sửa được. Lưu ý câu phải có động từ chính). Tuber has high drought tolerance. Regenerative ability of the grass decreases with water content of the tuber. Tuber inability to regenerate shoots when it has water less than 30% of water at first. Repeatedly cut grass will take the tuber reserve depletion, not sufficient to provide for the regeneration bud sprouts. Coordinate disposal of mowing and using systemic herbicides will lead to better results. 6-8 weeks after cutting, the grass grow well with multiple shoots, spraying glyphosate 480 SL or glyphosate trimethyl sulphonium (GTS) at doses of 6-8 l / ha, mixed with urea at concentrations from 1% to 1.5%. This way helps prevent the emergence of shoots from rhizomes and tubers.

Ecological attributes of native Eleocharis cellulosa and exotic-invasive Panicum repens communities were compared in the western littoral marsh of Lake Okeechobee, USA. Water quality, periphyton and macroinvertebrates were monitored for 2 years. Fish and zooplankton were monitored during the second year. Mean dissolved oxygen, pH and Secchi transparency were significantly higher in Eleocharis while total phosphorus was marginally higher in Panicum. Periphyton biomass was higher in Panicum but biovolumes were higher in Eleocharis. There were clear differences in the within-habitat periphyton assemblages, less difference in the among-habitat assemblages and moderate to clear differences in periphyton over time in both habitats. Both habitats were dominated by small omnivorous fish. Habitat and date were the most influential factors in differences among both macroinvertebrates and zooplankton, although these differences were marginal to moderate in both cases. Macroinvertebrate densities were higher in Eleocharis while zooplankton densities were higher in Panicum. These data suggest that contrary to the paradigm that Panicum is undesirable as habitat, sparse (

Variation in species composition, distribution and abundance of macrophytes in the Malilangwe reservoir, a tropical African reservoir, was investigated at four sites in three seasons; March (hot-wet season), June (cool-dry season) and September (hot-dry season) over a nine-month period. Thirteen macrophyte species, representing nine families, were recorded during the study period. Submerged macrophytes had a patchy distribution and the mean transect cover per species was below 3% with the exception of Ceratophyllum demersum and Potamogeton pusillus. Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) identified four distinct macrophyte groups closely associated with the three seasons; hot-wet, cool-dry and hot-dry and environmental factors; pH, dissolved oxygen, phosphorus and water level. Change of seasons and subsequent fluctuations in water levels resulted in changes in macrophyte community structure from the dominant emergent macrophytes (Cyperus involucratus, Panicum repens, Ludwigia stolonifera, Phragm...

Panicum maximum, Panicum repens, Imperata cylindrica, Pennisetum polystachion and Cyperus rotundus are five rhizomatous grass weeds that exist and are problematic in the coconut lands of Sri Lanka. Rhizomatous weeds are the most difficult to control because of their vegetative reproduction by underground propagules. Therefore chemical and biological techniques have failed to control these weeds to acceptable levels. Experiments were conducted to investigate the impact of depth of burial, duration of sun drying or duration of air drying rhizomes of the selected weed species on germination. Depth of burial reduced germination of all species. Burying rhizomes at depths less than 10 cm inhibited germination of P. maximum and P. polystachion. Burying depths below 30~40 cm inhibited germination of all species. Sun drying or air drying rhizomes for durations less than 5 days inhibited germination of P. maximum and P. polystachion. Germinations of all species were inhibited by sun drying rhizomes for 15 days or air drying rhizomes for 20 days. Sun drying of rhizomes of all species for five days reduced the moisture content to a greater extent than air drying. The results indicated that burying rhizomes at the depthsbelow 30~40 cm, sun drying rhizomes for durations beyond 15 days or air drying rhizomes for durations beyond 20 days would be effective in controlling germination of these species. The investigations of the experiments also suggest that keeping rhizomes on the soil surface without burying, sun drying rhizomes or air drying rhizomes for durations of 5~15 days would produce weak plants.

Biological degradation of torpedo grass, Panicum repens L. residues by Pleurotus ostreatus and suitability of using the highly digestible, protein-enriched, as a non conventional feedstuff in diets of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus , fingerlings were investigated. The optimal pH and temperature for growth Pleurotus ostreatus and its cellulase production were 6 and 25°C, respectively. The cellulase was induced in submerged culture with presence of the carboxymethyl cellulose and Torpedo grass residues in MSL, while the presence of additional carbon sources such as glucose, dextrose or a complex media (Potato Dextrose) suppressed enzyme production. The amount of reducing sugar present in the biodegraded biomass by cellulase after 30 min incubation time was 2.5 (U/ml/min) but was 2.1 (U/ml/min) by Pleurotus ostreatus after 14 days incubation time under optimum growth conditions. The solid substrate fermentation (SSF) was carried out at pH 6 and 25°C for 32 days. Protein contents of the biodegraded biomass increased from 7.52 to 8.91% and crude fiber contents decreased from 23.27 to 11.28. This biodegraded biomass was used as non conventional feedstuff in diets of Oreochromis niloticus fingerlings. The results showed that Nile tilapia fingerlings received diets containing 25% treated torpedo grass showed the best results in growth parameters, feed efficiency and economic efficiency. Key words

Two strains of acid-neutralizing bacteria, E25T and E21, were isolated from torpedo grass (Panicum repens) growing in highly acidic swamps (pH 2–4) in actual acid sulfate soil areas of Thailand. Cells of the strains were Gram-negative, aerobic, non-spore-forming rods, 0.6–0.8 µm wide and 1.6–2.1 µm long. The strains showed good growth at pH 4.0–8.0 and 17–37 °C. The organisms contained ubiquinone Q-8 as the predominant isoprenoid quinone and C16 : 0, C17 : 0 cyclo and C18 : 1ω7c as the major fatty acids. Their fatty acid profiles were similar to those reported for other Burkholderia species. The DNA G+C content of the strains was 65 mol%. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity, the strains were shown to belong to the genus Burkholderia. Although the calculated 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity of E25T to strain E21 and the type strains of Burkholderia unamae, B. tropica, B. sacchari, B. nodosa and B. mimosarum was 100, 98.7, 98.6, 97.6, 97.4 and 97.3 %, respectively, strains E25T and E21 formed a group that was distinct in the phylogenetic tree; the DNA–DNA relatedness of E25T to E21 and B. unamae CIP 107921T, B. tropica LMG 22274T, B. sacchari LMG 19450T, B. nodosa LMG 23741T and B. mimosarum LMG 23256T was 90, 42, 42, 42, 45 and 35 %, respectively. The results of physiological and biochemical tests including whole-cell protein pattern analysis allowed phenotypic differentiation of these strains from previously described Burkholderia species. Therefore, strains E25T and E21 represent a novel species, for which the name Burkholderia bannensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is E25T ( = NBRC 103871T = BCC 36998T).

Indonesia has about 17,506 islands consisting of large and small islands. Outermost small islands are direct boundary of Indonesia with neighboring countries. These outermost islands have the potency to be used as quarantine area and for livestock development, especially beef cattle in order to support the development of food security of meat. Some of outermost islands are Jemaja island in Riau Province, Singkil island in Aceh Province and Naduk island in Bangka Belitung Province. Criteria to determine quarantine area and livestock development are availability of natural resources (fresh water and forage), free of contagious diseases, human resources, market access, and transportation. This paper describes about the condition and forage availability in those three islands and their surrounding area. Those islands have potential variety of forage with different carrying capacities. Type of grass that has been adapted in the outermost islands are Paspalum conjugatum, Axonopus compressus, Cynodon dactylon, Cynodon plectostachyus, and Panicum repens.

The stalks of several grass plants, such as Panicum repens (PRS), Pennisetum purpureum (PPS) and Zea mays (ZMS), were used for producing Pleurotus citrinopileatus . Mycelial growth rate, biological efficiency and mushroom weight obtained from the cultivation of P. citrinopileatus under different combination substrates were investigated. The most suitable substrate for mycelial growth was 30 ZMS + 60 S, followed by 60 ZMS + 30 S and 30 PPS + 60 S. There were at least six flushes for all the substrates containing P. repens stalk, P. purpureum stalk and Z. mays stalk, respectively, and their biological efficiencies were all higher than that of the control (40.75%) during the 3 months of cultivation period. The most suitable substrate for high biological efficiency was 45 ZMS + 45 S (65.40%), followed by 45 PRS + 45 S (57.58%), 60 ZMS + 30 S (57.23%), 60 PRS + 30 S (56.85%) and 30 PPS + 60 S (53.58%). The highest mushroom weight in different flushes for all the substrates was almost on the second flush, except 30 PRS + 60 S and 60 PPS + 30 S. Based on the biological efficiency of the substrates tested, Z. mays stalk appeared to be the best alternative material for growing P. citrinopileatus .

A field experiment was conducted during the kharif (June–September) and rabi (October–January) seasons of 2005–2006 to study the effect of a maize — sunflower cropping system on the weed flora shift. The results revealed a change in weed species, i.e. the appearance of new species and the elimination of certain weed species due to the cropping system. The density of Dinebra retroflexa was high during the 1 st year maize cropping period, but Panicum repens became dominant when sunflower was grown after maize. Cyperus rotundus , originally the dominant sedge, was smothered by Cynodon dactylon due to zero tillage. Dactyloctenium aegyptium was the dominant weed species in maize, while Parthenium hysterophorus was the dominant weed species in sunflower. The proportions of Datura fastuosa, Parthenium hysterophorus, Trianthema portulacastrum, Amaranthus viridis, Amaranthus polygamus, Flaveria austerlagica, Gynandropsis pentaphylla and Portulaca quadrifida were higher during the 1 st year maize cropping season, while later their density was gradually reduced due to the inclusion of sunflower in the system.

There are several alternative herbicides with different modes of action for control of invasive plants in natural areas. Of the four classes of herbicides commonly used on invasive plants in natural areas of Florida, the acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibitors, imazapyr, imazapic, and metsulfuron methyl, are the most likely to select for resistance. Invasive plants that have attributes such as numerous seed or spore production and log distance dispersal capabilities are most likely to develop resistance to herbicides following repeated application. In Florida, these species include Old World climbing fern (Lygodium microphyllum), cogongrass (Imperata cylindrica), torpedo grass (Panicum repens), and tropical soda apple (Solanum viarum). The best scenario for treatment of invasive plants in Florida's natural areas, to minimize potential for development of resistance, is to rotate herbicides with different modes of action or use tank mixtures of two or more herbicides with different modes of action.