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A new coumarin (1) and a new flavonoid (2) were isolated from the air-dried flower buds of Ochrocarpus longifolius, together with ten known compounds (3–12). The structures of two new compounds were established by 1D and 2D NMR and MS data. In addition, the new compound 2 showed significant proliferation inhibitory activity on Eca-109 and MGC-803 cells. The results of this study may enrich the diversity of compounds from O. longifolius and provide a basis for further research on its natural products and pharmacological activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Breath analysis, despite being an overlooked biomatrix, has a rich history in disease diagnosis. However, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) have yet to establish themselves as clinically validated biomarkers for specific diseases. As focusing solely on late-stage or malignant disease biomarkers may have limited relevance in clinical practice, the objective of this review is to explore the potential of VOC breath tests for the diagnosis of non-cancer diseases: (1) Precancerous conditions like gastro-esophageal reflux disease (GERD) and Barrett's esophagus (BE), where breath tests can complement endoscopic screening; (2) endoluminal diseases associated with autoinflammation and dysbiosis, such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), and coeliac disease, which currently rely on biopsy and symptom-based diagnosis; (3) chronic liver diseases like cirrhosis, hepatic encephalopathy, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, which lack non-invasive diagnostic tools for disease progression monitoring and prognostic assessment. A literature search was conducted through EMBASE, MEDLINE, and Cochrane databases, leading to an overview of 24 studies. The characteristics of these studies, including analytical platforms, disorder type and stage, group size, and performance evaluation parameters for diagnostic tests are discussed. Furthermore, how VOCs can be utilized as non-invasive diagnostic tools to complement existing gold standards is explored. By refining study designs, sampling procedures, and comparing VOCs in urine and blood, we can gain a deeper understanding of the metabolic pathways underlying VOCs. This will establish breath analysis as an effective non-invasive method for differential diagnosis and disease monitoring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Background: Acute non‐variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGIB) is challenging in patients at high risk of re‐bleeding in whom standard endoscopic treatment (ST) has limited effectiveness. Over‐the‐scope clips (OTSC) have shown promise in these patients although their precise role remains uncertain. Aims: To confirm the role of OTSC in patients with UGIB at high risk of re‐bleeding. Methods: We systematically searched CENTRAL, MEDLINE and Embase from January 1st, 1970 to April 24, 2024 for randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing OTSC and ST in acute non‐variceal UGIB with high re‐bleeding risk. The GRADE framework assessed evidence certainty, while trial sequential analysis (TSA) controlled random errors and evaluated conclusion validity. Results: We analysed four RCTs (319 patients); pooled risk ratio (RR) for clinical success at initial endoscopy favoured OTSC (RR = 1.30, 95% CI = 1.08–1.56, p = 0.006, I2 = 58%, moderate certainty of evidence). TSA showed the desired sample size was 410 and the cumulative Z curve crossing the trial sequential monitoring boundary. The pooled RR for re‐bleeding within 30 days favoured OTSC (RR = 0.53, 95% CI = 0.30–0.94, p = 0.03, I2 = 0%, moderate certainty of evidence). There was no significant difference in 30‐day mortality, or length of hospital or ICU stay. Conclusions: Moderate certainty evidence supports OTSC as a superior initial treatment for acute non‐variceal UGIB with high re‐bleeding risk. Further large‐scale studies are needed to confirm OTSCs' role by exploring other prognostic outcomes and assessing cost‐effectiveness and potential complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Volatile organic compounds have drawn significant attention in recent years as a novel tool for non-invasive detection of a wide range of diseases, including gastrointestinal cancers, for which the need for effective, affordable, and non-invasive screening methods is substantial. Sample preparation is a fundamental step that greatly influences the quality of results and the feasibility of wide-range applications. This review summarizes sampling methods used in studies aiming at testing the diagnostic value of volatile organic compounds in gastrointestinal cancers, discussing in detail some of the recent advancements in automated sampling techniques. Finally, we propose some directions in which sample collection and processing can improve for VOC analysis to be popularized in clinical settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]