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Large-scale solar eruptions often include ejection of a filament, a solar flare, and expulsion of a coronal mass ejection (CME). Unravelling the magnetic processes that build up the free energy for these eruptions and trigger that energy's release in the eruption is a continuing challenge in solar physics. Such large-scale eruptions are comparatively infrequent, with the moderate level ones (say, GOES M-class events) occurring perhaps once every few days on average during active-activity times, and much less frequently during quieter times. In contrast, solar coronal jets, which are long (~50,000 km), narrow (less than about 10,000 km), transient (~10--20 min) plasma spires with bright bases and that are seen in soft X-rays and EUV, occur much more frequently, likely several hundred times per day independent of large-scale solar activity level. Recent studies indicate that coronal jets are small-scale versions of large-scale eruptions, often produced by eruption of a small-scale "miniflament," that results in a "miniflare" analogous to a larger typical solar flare, and that sometimes produces a CME analogue (a "narrow CME" or "white-light jet"). Under the assumption that jets are small-scale eruptions, their higher occurrence frequency and faster build-up evolution reveals perhaps fundamental aspects of all eruptions that are not as easy to discern in the more-complex magnetic environment and the slower build up to the larger eruptions. Therefore, the study of coronal jets can provide insights into the onset mechanism of CME-producing large-scale eruptions.

We report seven examples of a long-ignored type of confined solar flare eruption that does not fit the standard model for confined flare eruptions. Because they are confined eruptions, do not fit the standard model, and unexpectedly erupt in ostensibly inert magnetic arches, we have named them stealth non-standard-model confined flare eruptions. Each of our flaring magnetic arches stems from a big sunspot. We tracked each eruption in full-cadence UV and EUV images from the Atmospheric Imaging Assembly (AIA) of Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO) in combination with magnetograms from SDO's Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager (HMI). We present the onset and evolution of two eruptions in detail: one of six that each make two side-by-side main flare loops, and one that makes two crossed main flare loops. For these two cases, we present cartoons of the proposed pre-eruption field configuration and how sudden reconnection makes the flare ribbons and flare loops. Each of the seven eruptions is consistent with being made by sudden reconnection at an interface between two internal field strands of the magnetic arch, where they cross at a small (10 - 20 degrees) angle. These stealth non-standard-model confined flare eruptions therefore plausibly support the idea of E. N. Parker for coronal heating in solar coronal magnetic loops by nanoflare bursts of reconnection at interfaces of internal field strands that cross at angles of 10 - 20 degrees., Comment: 26 pages, 7 figures, 2 movies (contact authors for the movies), accepted for publication in ApJ

Solar quiet- and coronal-hole region coronal jets frequently clearly originate from erupting minifilaments, but active-region jets often lack an obvious erupting-minifilament source. We observe a coronal-jet-productive active region (AR), AR 12824, over 2021 May 22 0 -- 8 UT, primarily using Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO) Atmospheric Imaging Array (AIA) EUV images and SDO/Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager (HMI) magnetograms. Jets were concentrated in two locations in the AR: on the south side and on the northwest side of the AR's lone large sunspot. The south-location jets are oriented so that we have a clear view of the jets' origin low in the atmosphere: their source is clearly minifilaments erupting from locations showing magnetic flux changes/cancelations. After erupting a projected distance ~<5" away from their origin site, the minifilaments erupt outward onto far-reaching field as part of the jet's spire, quickly losing their minifilament character. In contrast, the northwest-location jets show no clear erupting minifilament, but the source site of those jets are obscured along our line-of-sight by absorbing chromospheric material. EUV and magnetic data indicate that the likely source sites were ~>15" from where the we first see the jet spire; thus an erupting minifilament would likely lose its minifilament character before we first see the spire. We conclude that such AR jets could work like non-AR jets, but the erupting-minifilament jet source is often hidden by obscuring material. Another factor is that magnetic eruptions making some AR jets carry only a harder-to-detect comparatively thin (~1--2") minifilament "strand."

Context. Solar coronal jets seen in EUV are ubiquitous on the Sun, have been found in and at the edges of active regions, at the boundaries of coronal holes, and in the quiet Sun. Jets have various shapes, sizes, brightness, velocities and duration in time, which complicates their detection by automated algorithms. So far, solar jets reported in the Heliophysics Event Knowledgebase (HEK) have been mostly reported by humans looking for them in the data, with different levels of precision regarding their timing and positions. Aims. We create a catalogue of solar jets observed in EUV at 304 {\AA} containing precise and consistent information on the jet timing, position and extent. Methods. We designed a citizen science project, "Solar Jet Hunter", on the Zooniverse platform, to analyze EUV observations at 304 {\AA} from the Solar Dynamic Observatory/Atmospheric Imaging Assembly (SDO/AIA). We created movie strips for regions of the Sun in which jets have been reported in HEK and ask the volunteers to 1) confirm the presence of at least one jet in the data and 2) report the timing, position and extent of the jet. Results. We report here the design of the project and the results obtained after the analysis of data from 2011 to 2016. 365 "coronal jet" events from HEK served as input for the citizen science project, equivalent to more than 120,000 images distributed into 9,689 "movie strips". Classification by the citizen scientists resulted with only 21% of the data containing a jet, and 883 individual jets being identified. Conclusions. We demonstrate how citizen science can enhance the analysis of solar data with the example of Solar Jet Hunter. The catalogue of jets thus created is publicly available and will enable statistical studies of jets and related phenomena. This catalogue will also be used as a training set for machines to learn to recognize jets in further data sets.

We propose that coronal heating in EUV coronal plumes is weaker, not stronger, than in adjacent non-plume coronal magnetic funnels. This expectation stems from (i) the observation that an EUV plume is born as the magnetic flux at the foot of the plume's magnetic funnel becomes tightly packed together, and (ii) the observation that coronal heating in quiet regions increases in proportion to the coast-line length of the underlying magnetic network. We do not rule out the possibility that coronal heating in EUV plumes might be stronger, not weaker, but we point out how the opposite is plausible. We reason that increasing coronal heating during plume birth would cause co-temporal increasing net upward mass flux in the plume, whereas decreasing coronal heating during plume birth would cause co-temporal net downward mass flux in quiet-region plumes and co-temporal decrease in net upward mass flux or even net downward mass flux in coronal-hole plumes. We further reason that conclusive evidence of weaker coronal heating in EUV plumes would strengthen the possibility that magnetic twist waves from fine-scale magnetic explosions at the edges of the magnetic network (1) power much of the coronal heating in quiet regions, and (2) power most of the coronal heating and solar wind acceleration in coronal holes, with many twist waves surviving to become magnetic-field switchbacks in the solar wind from coronal holes., Comment: 22 pages, 2 figures, to appear in ApJ Letters

Solar coronal jets are frequently occurring collimated ejections of solar plasma, originating from magnetically mixed polarity locations on the Sun of size scale comparable to that of a supergranule. Many, if not most, coronal jets are produced by eruptions of small-scale filaments, or minifilaments, whose magnetic field reconnects both with itself and also with surrounding coronal field. There is evidence that minifilament eruptions are a scaled-down version of typical filament eruptions that produce solar flares and coronal mass ejections (CMEs). Moreover, the magnetic processes building up to and triggering minifilament eruptions, which is often flux cancelation, might similarly build up and trigger the larger filaments to erupt. Thus, detailed study of coronal jets will inform us of the physics leading to, triggering, and driving the larger eruptions. Additionally, such studies potentially can inform us of smaller-scale coronal-jet-like features, such as jetlets and perhaps some spicules, that might work the same way as coronal jets. We propose a high-resolution (~0.1 pixels), high-cadence (~5 seconds) EUV-solar-imaging mission for the upcoming decades, that would be dedicated to observations of features of the coronal-jet size scale, and smaller-scale solar features produced by similar physics. Such a mission could provide invaluable insight into the operation of larger features such as CMEs that produce significant Space Weather disturbances, and also smaller-scale features that could be important for coronal heating, solar wind acceleration, and heliospheric features such as the magnetic switchbacks that are frequently observed in the solar wind.

A challenge in characterizing active region (AR) coronal heating is in separating transient (bursty) loop heating from the diffuse background (steady) heating. We present a method of quantifying coronal heating's bursty and steady components in ARs, applying it to FeXVIII (hot94) emission of an AR observed by SDO/AIA. The maximum, minimum, and average brightness values for each pixel, over a 24 hour period, yield a maximum-brightness map, a minimum-brightness map, and an average-brightness map of the AR. Running sets of such three maps come from repeating this process for each time step of running windows of 20, 16, 12, 8, 5, 3, 1 and 0.5 hours. From each running window's set of three maps, we obtain the AR's three corresponding luminosity light curves. We find: (1) The time-averaged ratio of minimum-brightness-map luminosity to average-brightness-map luminosity increases as the time window decreases, and the time-averaged ratio of maximum-brightness-map luminosity to average-brightness-map luminosity decreases as the window decreases. (2) For the 24-hour window, the minimum-brightness map's luminosity is 5% of the average-brightness map's luminosity, indicating that at most 5% of the AR's hot94 luminosity is from heating that is steady for 24 hours. (3) This upper limit on the fraction of the hot94 luminosity from steady heating increases to 33% for the 30-minute running window. This requires that the heating of the 4--8 MK plasma in this AR is mostly in bursts lasting less than 30 minutes: at most a third of the heating is steady for 30 minutes., Comment: ApJ, in press

We report high-resolution, high-cadence observations of five small-scale coronal jets in an on-disk quiet Sun region observed with Solar Orbiter's EUI/\hri\ in 174 \AA. We combine the \hri\ images with the EUV images of SDO/AIA and investigate magnetic setting of the jets using co-aligned line-of-sight magnetograms from SDO/HMI. The \hri\ jets are miniature versions of typical coronal jets as they show narrow collimated spires with a base brightening. Three out of five jets result from a detectable minifilament eruption following flux cancelation at the neutral line under the minifilament, analogous to coronal jets. To better understand the physics of jets, we also analyze five small-scale jets from a high-resolution Bifrost MHD simulation in synthetic \FeIX/\FeX\ emissions. The jets in the simulation reside above neutral lines and four out of five jets are triggered by magnetic flux cancelation. The temperature maps show the evidence of cool gas in the same four jets. Our simulation also shows the signatures of opposite Doppler shifts (of the order of $\pm$10s of \kms) in the jet spire, which is evidence of untwisting motion of the magnetic field in the jet spire. The average jet duration, spire length, base width, and speed in our observations (and in synthetic \FeIX/\FeX\ images) are 6.5$\pm$4.0 min (9.0$\pm$4.0 min), 6050$\pm$2900 km (6500$\pm$6500 km), 2200$\pm$850 km, (3900$\pm$2100 km), and 60$\pm$8 \kms\ (42$\pm$20 \kms), respectively. Our observation and simulation results provide a unified picture of small-scale solar coronal jets driven by magnetic reconnection accompanying flux cancelation. This picture also aligns well with the most recent reports of the formation and eruption mechanisms of larger coronal jets., Comment: 15 pages, 9 Figures, 1 Table, Accepted for publication in ApJ

We examine in greater detail five events previously identified as being sources of strong transient coronal outflows in a solar polar region in Hinode/EUV Imaging Spectrometer (EIS) Doppler data. Although relatively compact or faint and inconspicuous in Hinode/Soft X-ray Telescope (XRT) soft-X-ray (SXR) images and in Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO)/Atmospheric Imaging Assembly (AIA) EUV images, we find that all of these events are consistent with being faint coronal X-ray jets. The evidence for this is that the events result from eruption of minifilaments of projected sizes spanning 5000 -- 14,000 km and with erupting velocities spanning 19 -- 46 km/s, which are in the range of values observed in cases of confirmed X-ray polar coronal hole jets. In SXR images, and in some EUV images, all five events show base brightenings, and faint indications of a jet spire that (in four of five cases where determinable) moves away from the brightest base brightening; these properties are common to more obvious X-ray jets. For a comparatively low-latitude event, the minifilament erupts from near (<~few arcsec) a location of near-eruption-time opposite-polarity magnetic-flux-patch convergence, which again is consistent with many observed coronal jets. Thus, although too faint to be identified as jets a priori, otherwise all five events are identical to typical coronal jets. This suggests that jets may be more numerous than recognized in previous studies, and might contribute substantially to solar wind outflow, and to the population of magnetic switchbacks observed in Parker Solar Probe (PSP) data.

We present the first IRIS Mg II slit-raster spectra that fully capture the genesis and coronal-jet-generating eruption of a central-disk solar minifilament. The minifilament arose in a negative-magnetic-polarity coronal hole. The Mg II spectroheliograms verify that the minifilament plasma temperature is chromospheric. The Mg II spectra show that the erupting minifilament's plasma has blueshifted upflow in the jet spire's onset and simultaneous redshifted downflow at the location of the compact jet bright point (JBP). From the Mg II spectra together with AIA EUV images and HMI magnetograms, we find: (i) the minifilament forms above a flux cancelation neutral line at an edge of a negative-polarity network flux clump; (ii) during the minifilament's fast-eruption onset and jet-spire onset, the JBP begins brightening over the flux-cancelation neutral line. From IRIS2 inversion of the Mg II spectra, the JBP's Mg II bright plasma has electron density, temperature, and downward (red-shift) Doppler speed of 1012 cm^-3, 6000 K, and 10 kms, respectively, and the growing spire shows clockwise spin. We speculate: (i) during the slow rise of the erupting minifilament-carrying twisted flux rope, the top of the erupting flux-rope loop, by writhing, makes its field direction opposite that of encountered ambient far-reaching field; (ii) the erupting kink then can reconnect with the far-reaching field to make the spire and reconnect internally to make the JBP. We conclude that this coronal jet is normal in that magnetic flux cancelation builds a minifilament-carrying twisted flux rope and triggers the JBP-generating and jet-spire-generating eruption of the flux rope., Comment: 16 pages, 9 figures, 1 table, accepted for publication in ApJ

We present a multi-wavelength analysis of two flare-related jets on November 13, 2014, using data from SDO/AIA, RHESSI, Hinode/XRT, and IRIS. Unlike most coronal jets where hard X-ray (HXR) emissions are usually observed near the jet base, in these events HXR emissions are found at several locations, including in the corona. We carry out the first differential emission measure (DEM) analysis that combines both AIA (and XRT when available) bandpass filter data and RHESSI HXR measurements for coronal jets, and obtain self-consistent results across a wide temperature range and into non-thermal energies. In both events, hot plasma first appeared at the jet base, but as the base plasma gradually cooled, hot plasma also appeared near the jet top. Moreover, non-thermal electrons, while only mildly energetic, are found in multiple HXR locations and contain a large amount of total energy. Particularly, the energetic electrons that produced the HXR sources at the jet top were accelerated near the top location, rather than traveling from a reconnection site at the jet base. This means that there was more than one particle acceleration site in each event. Jet velocities are consistent with previous studies, including upward and downward velocities around ~200 km/s and ~100 km/s respectively, and fast outflows of 400-700 km/s. We also examine the energy partition in the later event, and find that the non-thermal energy in accelerated electrons is most significant compared to other energy forms considered. We discuss the interpretations and provide constraints on mechanisms for coronal jet formation., Comment: 18 pages, 12 figures

We examine the cradle-to-grave magnetic evolution of 10 bipolar ephemeral active regions (BEARs) in solar coronal holes, especially aspects of the magnetic evolution leading to each of 43 obvious microflare events. The data are from Solar Dynamics Observatory: 211 A coronal EUV images and line-of-sight photospheric magnetograms. We find evidence that (1) each microflare event is a magnetic explosion that results in a miniature flare arcade astride the polarity inversion line (PIL) of the explosive lobe of the BEARs anemone magnetic field; (2) relative to the BEAR's emerged flux-rope omega loop, the anemone's explosive lobe can be an inside lobe, an outside lobe, or an inside & outside lobe; (3) 5 events are confined explosions, 20 events are mostly-confined explosions, and 18 events are blowout explosions, which are miniatures of the magnetic explosions that make coronal mass ejections (CMEs); (4) contrary to the expectation of Moore et al (2010), none of the 18 blowout events explode from inside the BEARs omega loop during the omega loops emergence; (5) before and during each of the 43 microflare events there is magnetic flux cancellation at the PIL of the anemone's explosive lobe. From finding evident flux cancellation at the underlying PIL before and during all 43 microflare events - together with BEARs evidently being miniatures of all larger solar bipolar active regions - we expect that in essentially the same way, flux cancellation in sunspot active regions prepares and triggers the magnetic explosions for many major flares and CMEs., Comment: 64 pages, 23 figures, 2 tables; Accepted for publication in ApJ

We report on the presence of numerous tiny bright dots in and around an emerging flux region (an X-ray/coronal bright point) observed with SolO's EUI/\hri\ in 174 \AA. These dots are roundish, have a diameter of 675$\pm$300 km, a lifetime of 50$\pm$35 seconds, and an intensity enhancement of 30\% $\pm$10\% above their immediate surroundings. About half of the dots remain isolated during their evolution and move randomly and slowly ($<$10 \kms). The other half show extensions, appearing as a small loop or surge/jet, with intensity propagations below 30\,\kms. Many of the bigger and brighter \hri\ dots are discernible in SDO/AIA 171 \AA\ channel, have significant emissivity in the temperature range of 1--2 MK, and are often located at polarity inversion lines observed in HMI LOS magnetograms. Although not as pervasive as in observations, Bifrost MHD simulation of an emerging flux region do show dots in synthetic \fe\ images. These dots in simulation show distinct Doppler signatures -- blueshifts and redshifts coexist, or a redshift of the order of 10 \kms\ is followed by a blueshift of similar or higher magnitude. The synthetic images of \oxy\ and \siiv\ lines, which represent transition region radiation, also show the dots that are observed in \fe\ images, often expanded in size, or extended as a loop, and always with stronger Doppler velocities (up to 100 \kms) than that in \fe\ lines. Our observation and simulation results, together with the field geometry of dots in the simulation, suggest that most dots in emerging flux regions form in the lower solar atmosphere (at $\approx$1 Mm) by magnetic reconnection between emerging and pre-existing/emerged magnetic field. Some dots might be manifestations of magneto-acoustic shocks through the line formation region of \fe\ emission., Comment: 28 pages, 17 figues; accepted for publication in ApJ

We examine 21 solar polar coronal jets that we identify in soft X-ray images obtained from the Hinode/X-ray telescope (XRT). We identify 11 of these jets as blowout jets and four as standard jets (with six uncertain), based on their X-ray-spire widths being respectively wide or narrow (compared to the jet's base) in the XRT images. From corresponding Extreme Ultraviolet (EUV) images from the Solar Dynamics Observatory's (SDO) Atmospheric Imaging Assembly (AIA), essentially all (at least 20 of 21) of the jets are made by minifilament eruptions, consistent with other recent studies. Here, we examine the detailed nature of the erupting minifilaments (EMFs) in the jet bases. Wide-spire ("blowout") jets often have ejective EMFs, but sometimes they instead have an EMF that is mostly confined to the jet's base rather than ejected. We also demonstrate that narrow-spire ("standard") jets can have either a confined EMF, or a partially confined EMF where some of the cool minifilament leaks into the jet's spire. Regarding EMF visibility: we find that in some cases the minifilament is apparent in as few as one of the four EUV channels we examined, being essentially invisible in the other channels; thus it is necessary to examine images from multiple EUV channels before concluding that a jet does not have an EMF at its base. The size of the EMFs, measured projected against the sky and early in their eruption, is 14'' +- 7'', which is within a factor of two of other measured sizes of coronal-jet EMFs.

Solar campfires are fine-scale heating events, recently observed by Extreme Ultraviolet Imager (EUI), onboard Solar Orbiter. Here we use EUI 174\AA\ images, together with EUV images from SDO/AIA, and line-of-sight magnetograms from SDO/HMI to investigate the magnetic origin of 52 randomly selected campfires in the quiet solar corona. We find that (i) the campfires are rooted at the edges of photospheric magnetic network lanes; (ii) most of the campfires reside above the neutral line between majority-polarity magnetic flux patch and a merging minority-polarity flux patch, with a flux cancelation rate of $\sim$10$^{18}$Mx hr$^{-1}$; (iii) some of the campfires occur repeatedly from the same neutral line; (iv) in the large majority of instances, campfires are preceded by a cool-plasma structure, analogous to minifilaments in coronal jets; and (v) although many campfires have `complex' structure, most campfires resemble small-scale jets, dots, or loops. Thus, `campfire' is a general term that includes different types of small-scale solar dynamic features. They contain sufficient magnetic energy ($\sim$10$^{26}$-10$^{27}$ erg) to heat the solar atmosphere locally to 0.5--2.5MK. Their lifetimes range from about a minute to over an hour, with most of the campfires having a lifetime of $<$10 minutes. The average lengths and widths of the campfires are 5400$\pm$2500km and 1600$\pm$640km, respectively. Our observations suggest that (a) the presence of magnetic flux ropes may be ubiquitous in the solar atmosphere and not limited to coronal jets and larger-scale eruptions that make CMEs, and (b) magnetic flux cancelation is the fundamental process for the formation and triggering of most campfires., Comment: Accepted for publication in ApJ Letters, 20 Pages, 1 Table, 12 Figures

Using EUV images and line-of-sight magnetograms from Solar Dynamics Observatory, we examine eight emerging bipolar magnetic regions (BMRs) in central-disk coronal holes for whether the emerging magnetic arch made any noticeable coronal jets directly, via reconnection with ambient open field as modeled by Yokoyama and Shibata (1995). During emergence, each BMR produced no obvious EUV coronal jet of normal brightness, but each produced one or more faint EUV coronal jets that are discernible in AIA 193 {\AA} images. The spires of these jets are much fainter and usually narrower than for typical EUV jets that have been observed to be produced by minifilament eruptions in quiet regions and coronal holes. For each of 26 faint jets from the eight emerging BMRs, we examine whether the faint spire was evidently made a la Yokoyama and Shibata (1995). We find: (1) 16 of these faint spires evidently originate from sites of converging opposite-polarity magnetic flux and show base brightenings like those in minifilament-eruption-driven coronal jets, (2) the 10 other faint spires maybe were made by a burst of the external-magnetic-arcade-building reconnection of the emerging magnetic arch with the ambient open field, reconnection directly driven by the arch's emergence, but (3) none were unambiguously made by such emergence-driven reconnection. Thus, for these eight emerging BMRs the observations indicate that emergence-driven external reconnection of the emerging magnetic arch with ambient open field at most produces a jet spire that is much fainter than in previously-reported, much more obvious coronal jets driven by minifilament eruptions.

A recent study demonstrated that freedom of convection and strength of magnetic field in the photospheric feet of active-region (AR) coronal loops, together, can engender or quench heating in them. Other studies stress that magnetic flux cancellation at the loop-feet potentially drives heating in loops. We follow 24-hour movies of a bipolar AR, using EUV images from SDO/AIA and line-of-sight (LOS) magnetograms from SDO/HMI, to examine magnetic polarities at the feet of 23 of the brightest coronal loops. We derived FeXVIII emission (hot-94) images (using the Warren et al. method) to select the hottest/brightest loops, and confirm their footpoint locations via non-force-free field extrapolations. From 6"$\times$6" boxes centered at each loop foot in LOS magnetograms we find that $\sim$40\% of the loops have both feet in unipolar flux, and $\sim$60\% of the loops have at least one foot in mixed-polarity flux. The loops with both feet unipolar are $\sim$15\% shorter lived on average than the loops having mixed-polarity foot-point flux, but their peak-intensity averages are equal. The presence of mixed-polarity magnetic flux in at least one foot of majority of the loops suggests that flux cancellation at the footpoints may drive most of the heating. But, the absence of mixed-polarity magnetic flux (to the detection limit of HMI) in $\sim$40\% of the loops suggests that flux cancellation may not be necessary to drive heating in coronal loops -- magnetoconvection and field strength at both loop feet possibly drive much of the heating, even in the cases where a loop foot presents mixed-polarity magnetic flux., Comment: 11 pages, 5 figures