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This work describes light-driven assembly of dynamic formations and functional particle swarms controlled by appropriately programmed light patterns. The system capitalizes on the use of a fluidic bed whose low thermal conductivity assures that light-generated heat remains "localized" and sets strong convective flows in the immediate vicinity of the particles being irradiated. In this way, even low-power laser light or light from a desktop slide projector can be used to organize dynamic formations of objects spanning four orders of magnitude in size (from microns to centimeters) and over nine orders of magnitude in terms of mass. These dynamic assemblies include open-lattice structures with individual particles performing intricate translational and/or rotational motions, density-gradient particle arrays, nested architectures of mechanical components (e.g., planetary gears), or swarms of light-actuated microbots controlling assembly of other objects., (© 2024 The Author(s). Advanced Science published by Wiley‐VCH GmbH.)

We report on the experimental observation of stochastic resonance (SR) in a nonGaussian active bath without any periodic modulation. A Brownian particle hopping in a nanoscale double-well potential under the influence of nonGaussian correlated noise, with mean interval τ P and correlation time τ c , shows a series of equally-spaced peaks in the residence time distribution at integral multiples of τ P . The strength of the first peak is found to be maximum when the mean residence time  d matches the double condition, 4 τ c ≈ τ P ≈  d /2, demonstrating a new type of bona fide SR. The experimental findings agree with a simple model that explains the emergence of SR without periodic modulation of the double-well potential. Additionally, we show that generic SR under periodic modulation, known to degrade in strongly correlated continuous noise, is recovered by the discrete nonGaussian kicks.

Brownian information engines can extract work from thermal fluctuations by utilizing information. To date, the studies on Brownian information engines consider the system in a thermal bath; however, many processes in nature occur in a nonequilibrium setting, such as the suspensions of self-propelled microorganisms or cellular environments called an active bath. Here, we introduce an archetypal model for a Maxwell-demon type cyclic Brownian information engine operating in a Gaussian correlated active bath capable of extracting more work than its thermal counterpart. We obtain a general integral fluctuation theorem for the active engine that includes additional mutual information gained from the active bath with a unique effective temperature. This effective description modifies the generalized second law and provides a new upper bound for the extracted work. Unlike the passive information engine operating in a thermal bath, the active information engine extracts colossal power that peaks at the finite cycle period. Our study provides fundamental insights into the design and functioning of synthetic and biological submicrometer motors in active baths under measurement and feedback control.

Living cells are known to generate non-Gaussian active fluctuations significantly larger than thermal fluctuations owing to various active processes. Understanding the effect of these active fluctuations on various physicochemical processes, such as the transport of molecular motors, is a fundamental problem in nonequilibrium physics. Therefore, we experimentally and numerically studied an active Brownian ratchet comprising a colloidal particle in an optically generated asymmetric periodic potential driven by non-Gaussian noise having finite-amplitude active bursts, each arriving at random and decaying exponentially. We find that the particle velocity is maximum for relatively sparse bursts with finite correlation time and non-Gaussian distribution. These occasional kicks, which produce Brownian yet non-Gaussian diffusion, are more efficient for transport and diffusion enhancement of the particle than the incessant kicks of active Ornstein-Uhlenbeck noise.

The surface tension of a freshly extruded pendant drop of a nanoemulsion, 4-cyano-4'-hexylbiphenyl or 6CB (a liquid crystal) in water, exhibits an unusual surface nucleation phenomenon. Initially the surface tension is that of pure water; however, after a surface nucleation time, the surface tension decreases suddenly in magnitude. This nucleation time, of hundreds to thousands of seconds, depends strongly upon (i) the 6CB concentration in water, (ii) the 6CB nanodroplet size, and (iii) the temperature. Similar behavior is observed in both the isotropic and nematic phases of 6CB; thus, this surface nucleation phenomenon is unrelated to this system's liquid crystalline properties. The observed surface nucleation behavior can be explained via considerations of the nanoemulsion's bulk entropy together with the number of 6CB nanodroplets in the vicinity of the surface.

Particles kicked by external forces to produce mobility distinct from thermal diffusion are an iconic feature of the active matter problem. Here, we map this onto a minimal model for experiment and theory covering the wide time and length scales of usual active matter systems. A particle diffusing in a harmonic potential generated by an optical trap is kicked by programmed forces with time correlation at random intervals following the Poisson process. The model's generic simplicity allows us to find conditions for which displacements are Gaussian (or not), how diffusion is perturbed (or not) by kicks, and quantifying heat dissipation to maintain the non-equilibrium steady state in an active bath. The model reproduces experimental results of tracer mobility in an active bath of swimming algal cells. It can be used as a stochastic dynamic simulator for Brownian objects in various active baths without mechanistic understanding, owing to the generic framework of the protocol.

Thermodynamic uncertainty relations (TURs) set fundamental bounds on the fluctuation and dissipation of stochastic systems. Here, we examine these bounds, in experiment and theory, by exploring the entire phase space of a cyclic information engine operating in a nonequilibrium steady state. Close to its maximal efficiency, we find that the engine violates the original TUR. This experimental demonstration of TUR violation agrees with recently proposed softer bounds: The engine satisfies two generalized TUR bounds derived from the detailed fluctuation theorem with feedback control and another bound linking fluctuation and dissipation to mutual information and Renyi divergence. We examine how the interplay of work fluctuation and dissipation shapes the information conversion efficiency of the engine, and find that dissipation is minimal at a finite noise level, where the original TUR is violated.

Understanding noisy information engines is a fundamental problem of non-equilibrium physics, particularly in biomolecular systems agitated by thermal and active fluctuations in the cell. By the generalized second law of thermodynamics, the efficiency of these engines is bounded by the mutual information passing through their noisy feedback loop. Yet, direct measurement of the interplay between mutual information and energy has so far been elusive. To allow such examination, we explore here the entire phase-space of a noisy colloidal information engine, and study efficiency fluctuations due to the stochasticity of the mutual information and extracted work. We find that the average efficiency is maximal for non-zero noise level, at which the distribution of efficiency switches from bimodal to unimodal, and the stochastic efficiency often exceeds unity. We identify a line of anomalous, noise-driven equilibrium states that defines a refrigerator-to-heater transition, and test the generalized integral fluctuation theorem for continuous engines.

The ability to create and manipulate spatio-temporal potentials is essential in the diverse fields of science and technology. Here, we introduce an optical feedback trap system based on high precision position detection and ultrafast feedback control of a Brownian particle in the optical tweezers to generate spatio-temporal virtual potentials of the desired shape in a controlled manner. As an application, we study the nonequilibrium fluctuation dynamics of the particle in a time-varying virtual harmonic potential and validate the Crooks fluctuation theorem in the highly nonequilibrium condition.

We present an experimental realization of an information-driven Brownian motor by periodically cooling a Brownian particle trapped in a harmonic potential connected to a single heat bath, where cooling is carried out by the information process consisting of measurement and feedback control. We show that the random motion of the particle is rectified by symmetry-broken feedback cooling where the particle is cooled only when it resides on the specific side of the potential center at the instant of measurement. Studying how the motor thermodynamics depends on cycle period τ relative to the relaxation time τ B of the Brownian particle, we find that the ratcheting of thermal noise produces the maximum work extraction when τ ≥ 5τ B , while the extracted power is maximum near τ = τ B , implying the optimal operating time for the ratcheting process. In addition, we find that the average transport velocity is monotonically decreased as τ increases and present the upper bound for the velocity.

We report on a lossless information engine that converts nearly all available information from an error-free feedback protocol into mechanical work. Combining high-precision detection at a resolution of 1 nm with ultrafast feedback control, the engine is tuned to extract the maximum work from information on the position of a Brownian particle. We show that the work produced by the engine achieves a bound set by a generalized second law of thermodynamics, demonstrating for the first time the sharpness of this bound. We validate a generalized Jarzynski equality for error-free feedback-controlled information engines.

For hexadecane oil droplets at an aqueous-air surface, the surface film in coexistence with the droplets exhibits two-dimensional gaseous (G), liquid (L), or solid (S) behavior depending upon the temperature and concentration of the cationic surfactant dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide. In the G (L) phase, oil droplets are observed to coalesce (fragment) as a function of time. In the coalescence region, droplets coalesce on all length scales, and the final state is a single oil droplet at the aqueous-air surface. The fragmentation regime is complex. Large oil droplets spread as oil films; hole nucleation breaks up this film into much smaller fluctuating and fragmenting or metastable droplets. Metastable droplets are small contact angle spherical caps and do not fluctuate in time; however, they are unstable over long time periods and eventually sink into the bulk water phase. Buoyancy forces provide a counterbalancing force where the net result is that small oil droplets (radius r < 80 μm) are mostly submerged in the bulk aqueous medium with only a small fraction protruding above the liquid surface. In the G phase, a mechanical stability theory for droplets at liquid surfaces indicates that droplet coalesce is primarily driven by surface tension effects. This theory, which only considers spherical cap shaped surface droplets, qualitatively suggests that in the L phase the sinking of metastable surface droplets into the bulk aqueous medium is driven by a negative line tension and a very small spreading coefficient.

Ultrashort, intense light pulses permit the study of nanomaterials in the optical non-linear regime. Non-linear regimes are often present just below the damage threshold thus requiring careful tuning of the laser parameters to avoid melting the materials. Detailed studies of the damage threshold of nanoscale materials are therefore needed. We present results on the damage threshold of gold (Au) nanowires when illuminated by intense femtosecond pulses. These nanowires were synthesized via the directed electrochemical nanowire assembly (DENA) process in two configurations: (1) free-standing Au nanowires on tungsten (W) electrodes and (2) Au nanowires attached to fused silica slides. In both cases the wires have a single-crystalline structure. For 790 nm laser pulses with durations of 108 fs and 32 fs at a repetition rate of 2 kHz, we find that the free-standing nanowires melt at intensities close to 3 TW/cm2 (194 mJ/cm2) and 7.5 TW/cm2 (144 mJ/cm2), respectively. The Au nanowires attached to silica slides melt at slightly higher intensities, just above 10 TW/cm2 (192 mJ/cm2) for 32 fs pulses. Our results can be explained with an electron-phonon interaction model that describes the absorbed laser energy and subsequent heat conduction across the wire.

The present work extends the directed electrochemical nanowire assembly (DENA) methodology, which is a technique for growing single crystalline metallic nanowires and nano-dendrites from simple salt solutions, to enable the complete dissolution of the metallic dendrites following their growth. The experimental parameters that control this process are the frequency and the duty cycle of the alternating voltage signal that initiates electrochemical dendritic growth. Cyclic voltammetric and Raman measurements imply that the reconfiguration of dendritic gold occurs by way of the same interfacial reduction and oxidation mechanisms as bulk gold. We present a model that illustrates how the experimental parameters (frequency and duty cycle) induce reconfiguration by controlling the rates at which reduction, oxidation, and Au(III)Cl4(-) diffusion take place. This capability is significant because in making dendritic solidification a reconfigurable process, we have established an innovative means of applying fully reconfigurable metallic nano-structures to substrates; in turn, this capability could potentially enable the smart modulation of the adhesive, anti-corrosive, or optical properties of the substrate.

Maneuverable, high aspect ratio poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene) (PEDOT) fibers are fabricated for use as cellular force probes that can interface with individual pseudopod adhesive contact sites without forming unintentional secondary contacts to the cell. The straight fibers have lengths between 5 and 40 μm and spring constants in the 0.07-23.2 nN μm(-1) range. The spring constants of these fibers were measured directly using an atomic force microscope (AFM). These AFM measurements corroborate determinations based on the transverse vibrational resonance frequencies of the fibers, which is a more convenient method. These fibers are employed to characterize the time dependent forces exerted at adhesive contacts between apical pseudopods of highly migratory D. discoideum cells and the PEDOT fibers, finding an average terminal force of 3.1 ± 2.7 nN and lifetime of 23.4 ± 18.5 s to be associated with these contacts.