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Synthesis of nano‐particles using various greener approaches such as the use of plant extract, microbes, etc. is gaining a lot of popularity in the scientific community due to their advantages of being a cheaper protocol, reduction in the use of less hazardous chemicals, more environmentally benign method and good yield. It has been previously reported by many research groups that plant material provides reducing, capping as well as stabilizing agents and brings down biological and environmental risks in the green synthesis of nano‐particles. So it was thought worthwhile to synthesize copper oxide nano‐particles (CuO NPs) using some locally available medicinal plants. Rivina humilis L. plants which are available in our region of Vidarbha in Maharashtra State, India are considered to be the herbal plant for the treatment of respiratory‐related disorders mainly for asthma and cold by local tribal peoples. It has been found that it contains a variety of phytochemicals which can be employed for the synthesis of nanomaterials. With this aim it was thought worthwhile to present an efficient and greener approach for the synthesis of copper oxide nano‐particles using Rivina humilis L. (RH) whole plant extract. For characterization of bio‐synthesized CuO NPs, various spectral and analytical techniques such as UV‐Vis spectroscopy, FT‐IR, XRD, SEM, TEM, and EDS were employed. The newly synthesized CuO NPs were also tested for their potential biological activities against six different bacterial stains namely E. coli, P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, P. vulgaris, B. subtilis, and S. typhi using the well diffusion method. The antioxidant efficacy of the synthesized CuO NPs was undertaken through 1,1‐Diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity. Their results have been presented and discussed in the present work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Among different heterocyclic compounds, isoxazole and their analogues are very important classes of heterocyclic compounds as they display an extensive range of biological actions. This makes such scaffolds very important structures in the field of medicinal chemistry. From an extensive literature assessment, isoxazole is clinically proven to be very effective as an anti‐bacterial, anti‐fungal, anti‐inflammatory, anti‐cancer, anti‐tubercular, and anti‐neoplastic agent. The different derivatives of isoxazole which exhibits adjustment in their structure have shown a high degree of variety in their medicinal properties which makes evident them as very beneficial in the progress of novel bioactive drugs which show enhanced effectiveness along with minor harmfulness. Structural aspects of isoxazole having aromaticity with weaker nitrogen‐oxygen bonding provide a potential site for the ring cleavage. Thus, this isoxazole ring system allows easier modifications of substituents in their ring structure which consequently make isoxazole very useful intermediates in various synthetic routes of bioactive compounds. Hence, the synthesis and evaluation of isoxazole‐containing molecules with wider therapeutic consequences are always the topic of interest for chemists. Hence, in light of this comprehensive research on isoxazole, it is thought worthwhile to review various pathways for the synthesis of isoxazole analogues and having a broad spectrum of bioactive actions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Isoxazole and its derivatives are one of the very important classes of heterocyclic compounds which displaying a broad spectrum of biological activities which have made them very important structures in the field of medicinal chemistry. Isoxazoles are clinically proven to be very active as antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antitubercular and antineoplastic agents. The different derivatives of isoxazole which exhibits differences in the structure have shown a vast diversity in their medicinal properties which have proven them as very beneficial in the progress of novel therapeutic agents which shows enhanced effectiveness and minor harmfulness. Hence, because of this widespread research on isoxazole from so many years, due to this reason, it has become necessary to analyse new progress in the synthetic routes and widespread range of biotic activity of isoxazole. With this conclusion, the present evaluation will be useful for the novel drug discovery of isoxazole molecules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heterocyclic chemistry is considered as the versatile field which studies the synthesis, properties and applications of the same. These hetero molecules are in many of the natural products and have a great potential to show various biological properties and activities. Thiazolidinone, a saturated analogue of thiazole, is a five-membered ring with sulphur, carbonyl group on the fourth carbon and the most important one i.e. nitrogen which is responsible for most of the biological properties. The molecule has active 2, 3 and 5-positions, where a large number of substitutions are possible that lead to enhance the properties of the derivatives. So this molecule has been always a big target to researchers and is known to own numerous biological activities viz. anti-HIV activity, anticonvulsant, antimicrobial, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory etc. On the same note, the cyclic azetidinone moiety has been used as a template to build many of the heterocyclic structures fused to the four-membered rings. Azetidin-2-ones have received special attention mainly due to antibacterial properties of cephalosporins and penicillin. Azetidinones is also an exceptional class of compounds which is known to possess a number of activities such as anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, tryptase inhibitory, antihyperlipidemic, human leukocyte elastase inhibitory, CNS activity, antitubercular, antihyperglycemic, pesticidal, antitumor, anticancer activity, antimicrobial, enzyme inhibitors, cholesterol absorption, cytotoxic and elastase inhibitors etc. Through this present review article, we are making a sincere effort to compile all the goodness of these two wonder moieties concerning their synthesis along with some green synthetic steps and biological activities to ease and enhance further research on them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the class of heterocyclic compounds, pyrazole is one of the important classes which structure consists shows a ring (5-membered ring) which have the presence of carbon and nitrogen (mainly three carbon (C) atoms and also shows two neighboring nitrogen (N) atoms which has great importance. Pyrazole is very versatile which brings this compound for designing several potent bioactive agents. There are several applications of organic compounds which has pyrazole as a nucleus molecule in different areas which includes the pharmacy and agro-chemical industries. Due to its versatility, there is an increase in the synthesis, analysis of different properties, and also study of various applications of pyrazole and its derivatives. Pyrazole derivatives have exhibited a broad spectrum of biological activities which has created a huge interest in designing new pharmacological agents having pyrazole as a nucleus molecule. This review paper of pyrazole includes the discussion of various methods of its synthesis and applications of pyrazole and its analogues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In every branches of science along with medical fields nanoparticles are being utilized and still there are chances to investigate the subject with extensive research for new dimensions for their corresponding small sizes. Synthesis of plant extract based nanoparticles has proved their application in the antimicrobial activity against human pathogenic bacteria. Among several newly synthesized nanoparticles, Silver nanoparticles have attracted much attention. Usually syntheses of silver nanoparticles are by using chemicals as reducing agents, which is at high risk due its toxicity. Therefore, there is a need to develop biological processes which is plant based and so that it will be environment friendly also. Plant based biological molecules go through greatly in controlled manner for converting them which are proper for the synthesis of nanoparticles. In the present paper describes the review of silver nanoparticles for antimicrobial activity applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]