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Background and aims – Two new species of Vellozia (Velloziaceae) are here described and illustrated, Vellozia albohexandra and V. mellosilvae. These new species are morphologically similar to Vellozia armata, V. luteola, and V. inselbergae, probably belonging to the same informal group. Material and methods – Morphological and anatomical descriptions were based on herbarium specimens and in situ observations. Standard taxonomy and plant anatomy practices and methods were applied. Key results – Vellozia albohexandra can be easily distinguished from the other species of the group of V. luteola by its sessile flowers with white and smaller petals and sepals, six stamens, and smaller style and stigma. The species is endemic to the Cristália municipality, Minas Gerais state, and has been classified as Data Deficient according to IUCN criteria. Vellozia mellosilvae shares morphological affinities with V. armata, but it is distinguished by the leaves with serrate margin and abaxial furrows, longer and evident pedicel, and larger petals and sepals. This species is endemic to the Itacambira municipality, and should be considered Critically Endangered.

Vellozia inselbergae Mello-Silva ex Andr.Cabral, a new species of Velloziaceae endemic to the Atlantic Forest inselbergs in the Brazilian state of Bahia, is here described. The new species is morphologically similar to Vellozia armata and Vellozia luteola, putatively belonging to the same clade, but is distinguished from them mainly by the longer pedicel, cylindrical-ellipsoid hypanthium, white and larger tepals, stamen number, longer anthers and style, and larger capsules. Detailed morphological and anatomical descriptions, illustration and photographic plates, distribution map, and conservation status of Vellozia inselbergae are provided.

AIM: Invertebrate‐mediated dispersal has previously been proposed to promote angiosperm diversification and distribution. However, little is known about the specific impact of invertebrate‐mediated dispersal on the biogeography and current distribution of plants. We aim to infer the influence of vespicochorous (hornet) and myrmecochorous (ant) dispersal on the historical biogeography of herbaceous monocot species. LOCATION: Southeast Asia, East Asia, Australia, North America. TAXON: Family Stemonaceae. METHOD: We sampled ca. 75% of the species diversity in Stemonaceae (28 out of 37 species), covering the entire distribution range of the family, to reconstruct the biogeographic history of this family. Using phylogenetic logistic regression analyses, we then tested the relationship between dispersal modes and geographic distributions. RESULTS: Stemonaceae originated on the Asian mainland during the late Cretaceous and then dispersed to North America, the western Malay Archipelago and eastern Malay Archipelago and Australia between the late Cretaceous and Pliocene. Geographical ranges of ant‐ versus hornet‐dispersed Stemonaceae species are significantly different, with vespicochorous species having broader distribution ranges than myrmecochorous species. MAIN CONCLUSIONS: Invertebrate‐mediated dispersal in Stemonaceae may promote narrow endemism and play an important role in shaping the current distribution of species. Most lineages dispersed by ants failed to cross biogeographic barriers and exhibit limited range expansion overland. Vespicochorous lineages were able to cross oceanic barriers and occupy larger continental areas and/or occur on oceanic islands.

Plants producing dust seeds often meet their carbon demands by exploiting fungi at the seedling stage. This germination strategy (i.e. mycoheterotrophic germination) has been investigated among orchidaceous and ericaceous plants exploiting Ascomycota or Basidiomycota. Although several other angiosperm lineages have evolved fully mycoheterotrophic relationships with Glomeromycota, the fungal identities involved in mycoheterotrophic germination remain largely unknown. Here, we conducted in situ seed baiting and high-throughput DNA barcoding to identify mycobionts associated with seedlings of Burmannia championii (Burmanniaceae: Dioscoreales) and Sciaphila megastyla (Triuridaceae: Pandanales), which have independently evolved full mycoheterotrophy. Subsequently, we revealed that both seedlings and adults in B. championii and S. megastyla predominantly associate with Glomeraceae. However, mycorrhizal communities are somewhat distinct between seedling and adult stages, particularly in S. megastyla. Notably, the dissimilarity of mycorrhizal communities between S. megastyla adult samples and S. megastyla seedling samples is significantly higher than that between B. championi adult samples and S. megastyla adult samples, based on some indices. This pattern is possibly due to both mycorrhizal shifts during ontogenetic development and convergent recruitment of cheating-susceptible fungi. The extensive fungal overlap in two unrelated mycoheterotrophic plants indicates that both species convergently exploit specific AM fungal phylotypes.

Callmander, Martin W., Gallaher, Timothy, Buerki, Sven, Zich, Frank A., Field, Ashley R. (2021): Pandanus grayorum (Pandanaceae), a new species endemic to north-eastern Queensland (Australia). Australian Systematic Botany 34: 327-335, DOI: 10.1071/SB20033, URL: https://doi.org/10.1071/SB20033

Pandanusgrayorum Callm., Buerki & Gallaher, sp. nov. (Fig. 1.) Type: AUSTRALIA. Queensland: Cook District, Jubilee Road, off Flying Fish Point Road, Innisfail, 17 ° 290460 S, 146 ° 020260 E, 8 m, 4.x.2018, fr., B. Gray 9976 (holo: G 00446800! [3 sheets + carpological specimen]; iso: BISH!, BRI, CANB, CNS 148706! [3 sheets + carpological specimen]). Pandanus sp. (Russell River) in W.E.Cooper & W.T.Cooper, Fruits Austral. Trop. Rainforest 390 (2004). Diagnosis Pandanus grayorum is distinguished from P. gemmifer in having larger crown leaves (210 – 280 × 7 – 8 cm v. 170 – 230 × 5 – 6 cm in P. gemmifer) and syncarps (35 – 40 × 18 – 22 cm v. 23 – 25 × 10 – 18 cm); apex of phalanges flat or slightly domed at apex, divided by apical sinuses ~ 0.5 cm deep into small, often truncate pyramids as many as there are carpels (v. rounded to the stigmatic cluster, 12 – 15 mm wide with narrow apical central sinuses restricted to the central cluster); stigma on apex or on the edge of the slightly truncate apical face of each pyramid (v. on proximal face of the central apex cluster). Description Tree up to 9 m tall, stem with conical nodules, prop roots at base up to 50 cm high, upper branches (and sometimes stem) producing axillary sprouts (plantlets). Leaves 210 – 280 cm long, 7 – 8 cm wide in the middle, ~ 9 cm wide near the sheath, gradually attenuate in the upper part, coriaceous; longitudinal veins visible on both surfaces; marginal prickles beginning at 7 – 9 cm above the base and extending to the apex, antrorse, 5.5(– 6) mm in the lower third, 5(– 10) mm apart, to 2 – 5 mm long in the mid-third; 3 – 5 mm apart, up to ~ 1 mm long in the distal third, 2 – 3 mm apart; midrib armed in the upper 1/4, prickles 4 – 5 mm long), irregularly disposed (3 – 10 mm) in the middle, then regularly disposed, spaced (2 – 5 mm) as long as on the marginal in the distal 1/3; sheath 5 – 9 cm long, ~ 9 cm wide at apex, ~ 10 – 11 cm wide at base. Infrutescence terminal, a solitary syncarp on a curved peduncle; syncarp 35 – 40 × 18 – 22 cm, oblong to obovate, bright red at maturity; peduncle ~ 60 – 70 cm long, 2 cm wide at apex, trigonous, veins visible, first bract borne just above the base of syncarp, 8 bract scars along peduncle and the remaining bracts crowded at the base of the syncarp. Phalanges, 60 – 80 per syncarp, 6 – 8(– 9) cm high, 4 – 5(– 6) cm wide, 2.5 – 3.5 cm thick, 4 – 6 angled; carpels (8 –) 12 – 18(– 20), incompletely united, free in the upper ~1/3 – 1/2, tapering to the base; pileus flat or slightly domed at the apex, divided by apical sinuses ~ 0.5 cm deep into small, often truncate pyramidsasmanyastherearecarpels. Stigma 1 percarpel,oblique to vertical, generally reniform, sometimes deltoid on apex or on the edge of the slightly truncate apical face of each pyramid; endocarpbony, inlower 2/3, marginsup to 5 mm wide, 1.2 – 2.5 cm long in the centre, 1 – 2 cm wide; seed locule oblong, 1.5 – 2.5 × 0.5 – 1 cm, superior and inferior mesocarp thick and fibrous. Staminate inflorescence terminal, pendent, creamy white, up to 76 cm long, a three-sided raceme of spikes; peduncle fleshy, flaccid and soon disintegrating; lowest floral bract 67 × 4.8 cm, margins finely toothed, apex long-subulate, median bract 31 × 4.2 cm, with fine marginal prickles, basal floral bracts extending longer than distal floral bracts; spikes dense, cylindric, 6 – 10 × 2.5 – 4 cm, with manystaminate flowers; each spike of a fleshy central axis with stemonophore 10 – 13 mm longeach bearing 20 – 26 stamens; stamens with filament 1 – 2 mm long, anthers 2.5 – 4.5 × 0.8 – 1.2 mm, including an apiculus 0.3 – 0.5 mm. (Fig. 1.) Distribution This species is known from the Wet Tropics of north-eastern Queensland on and near the banks of the lower reaches of the Mulgrave, Russell, Alice, Johnstone and Moresby rivers and associated subcoastal flood plains (Fig. 2). Plants identified as P. grayorum have been observed in the Ella Bay, Moresby Range and Russell River National Parks and Etty Bay Conservation Reserve but most of the distribution occurs in fragmented remnants among agricultural land, suggesting its previous distribution may have been wider. It occurs in sympatry with P. solms-laubachii, but is parapatric with P. gemmifer, which occurs in the mid-upper reaches of the adjacent Barron, Tully and Herbert River systems to the north and south, on the Atherton Tableland, and on the McIlwraith Range on Cape York Peninsula. Habitat and ecology Pandanus grayorum occurs in lowland rainforest, specifically simple to complex mesophyll vine forest, riparian gallery forest and rainforest margins with mangrove estuaries or Melaleuca- dominated woodlands. It occurs near large river banks and associated small creeks, moist gullies and tidal estuaries near sea level. Reproduction is both via seed and from vegetative propagules, which form a localised colony of trees. The vegetative propagules float and can be dispersed in fresh and tidal waters. They are covered in sharp curved hooks and are potentially zoochorous. Pandanus grayorum can occur as a subcanopy, canopy or in open areas as an emergent tree. Phenology Flowering occurs in October to January, with fruit developing over 1 year to ripen the following October through December. Field observations suggest that there are locally male- or female-biased stands, with an overall female bias across the whole population. Vegetative propagules are produced all-year round. Conservation status Pandanus grayorum is known from few collections from several populations along rivers banks and small creeks. On the basis of collection and observation records, it has an extent of occurrence (EOO) of 231 km 2 and an area of occupancy (AOO) of 28 km 2. Most records are from localities outside national parks. No threats were observed at the known localities; however, adjacent areas are road reserves and agricultural landscapes where disturbance and clearing has occurred and may continue into the future, so it is conceivable that populations may be damaged by future activities. A preliminary assessment suggests the IUCN rating of Vulnerable [VU B1ab(iii, iv)+B2ab(iii, iv)], using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria (International Union for Conservation of Nature 2012). Etymology This new species is named in honour of Joy and Bruce Gray. Bruce was formerly a technical officer with CSIRO in Atherton and has collected extensively in remote areas of northern Queensland. Over his career, Bruce has made a significant contribution to the knowledge of the northern Queensland flora through his herbarium collections, discovered many new species, and made the type collections of 114 species, in addition to the one described here. Joy and Bruce welcomed the first author with a wonderful hospitality in Atherton in 2017 and Joy’ s support of Bruce has in effect enabled so many of Bruce’ s endeavours, including an epic trip to the tip of Cape York Peninsula in 2017. The first author finally dedicates this new Pandanus species for Bruce’ s 80th birthday. Notes Vegetative propagation in the genus Pandanus has been recorded in Australia and Madagascar: ‘small branchlets develop near (the) apex of branches, then drop off; these act as vegetative propagules’ (Stone 1970, p. 127). This vivipary is known in three species in Madagascar (Guillaumet 1972), but it remains rare. The active vegetative propagation in P. grayorum and P. gemmifer is so vigorous on aerial branches that they can easily be identified in the field. Fig. 2. Distribution map of Pandanus grayorum and P. gemmifer in north-eastern Queensland. Pandanus grayorum occurs in close parapatry with P. gemmifer (Fig. 2, 3), with P. grayorum occurring on the lower reaches of the Mulgrave, Russell, Alice, Johnstone and Moresby river systems, whereas P. gemmifer occurs on the Barron River system to the north and the Tully and Herbert river systems and nearby drainages to the south (Fig. 2). The two species are distinguished by the dimensions of their leaves and syncarps and the morphology of their phalanges (Table 1). Pandanus grayorum occurs in close sympatry with P. solmslaubachii (Fig. 4) and shares a somewhat similar tree architecture. Pandanusgrayorum is readily identified by the presence of axillary buds developing into plantlets, which are absent in P. solms-laubachii. Pandanus grayorum also lacks the dense ascending rootlets present in P. solms-laubachii. The two species aredistinguished by thedimensions of their leaves, shape of syncarps and the morphology of their phalanges (Table 1, Fig. 1, 4). The leaf form of P. grayorum is more arcuate and the leaves are glossy, whereas in P. solms-laubachii the leaves are more straight and folded and are moderately glaucous. The genetic and morphological similarities among P. gemmifer, P. grayorum and P. solms-laubachii suggest that hybrid speciation may have played a role in the diversification of these species (Gallaher et al. 2015). Pandanus grayorum is the second taxon to be described that shares characteristics of both Pandanus section Austrokeura and Australibrassia (however, these sections were not retrieved as monophyletic groups in the molecular phylogeny, which might suggest that these characters evolved independently in this group; Buerki et al. 2012; Gallaher et al. 2015). Both phylogenomic and population genetic studies, coupled with field observations, are recommended to clarify species delimitations within this challenging group of Pandanaceae. Additional specimen examined Australia. Queensland: Harveys Creek, swamp forest, 17 °15035.0000 S, 145 °55014.0000 E, 23.IX.1971, S.T. Blake 23631 (BRI, CANB); Bellenden Kerlanding, Russell River NP, 17 °1602200 S, 145 °5605100 E, 5 m,fr., A.Field & F. Zich 5015 (BRI, CNS, G); Polly Creek, Garadunga, in road reserve near junction of Polly Creek road and Jubilee Road, 17 °2900200 S, 146 °0200100 E, 12 m, fr., A. Field & F. Zich 5017 (BRI, CNS, G); Nind’ s Creek, Coquette Point, in road reserve of Coquette Point road abutting Moresby Range NP, 17 ° 3200200 S, 146 °0304200 E, 1 – 2 m, fr., A. Field & F. Zich 5018 (BRI, CNS, G); Moresby River tributary, in road reserve of Bruce Highway between Danesi Road and Croatto Road, 17 °3605400 S, 146 °0105000 E, 9 m, staminate fl., A. Field & F. Zich 5019 (BRI, CNS, G); Etty Bay, 17 ° 330 S, 146 °050 E, 7.XII.2011, fr., T. Gallaher 337 (BISH, HAW); Russell River, below Russell River boat camp, 17 °1602100 S, 145 ° 5605400 E, 7 m, 13. XII.2017, fr., B. Gray 9955 (BRI, CNS, G); Russell River NP, Russell River road, 17 ° 1602800 S, 145 °5605000 E, 3 m, 29.X.2003, fr., B. Gray 8831 (BRI, CANB, CNS).

Keytonorth-eastern Queensland Pandanus species (eastern coast, north of latitude ��� 19 �� ) 1. Drupes unilocolar.............................................................. Pandanus zea Drupes plurilocular (phalanges)............................................................2 2. Axillary buds of aerial branches developing into plantlets..................3 Axillary buds of aerial branches not developing into plantlets.............4 3. Pileus apex rounded to the stigmatic cluster, with narrow apical central sinuses restricted to the central stigmatic cluster; stigma on proximal face of the central cluster................................................. P. gemmifer Pileus flat or slightly domed at apex, with deep apical sinuses forming small often truncate pyramids on the whole surface of the apex; stigma on the edge of a slightly truncate pyramid..... P. grayorum 4. Syncarp with 20 ��� 45 phalanges; pileus free in the upper half..................................................................................................... P. conicus Syncarp with>60 phalanges; pileus free in the upper third or less......5 5. Prop roots massive, emerging from the stem at up to 3 m above ground; syncarp ovoid...................................................................... P. oblatus Prop roots absent or smaller emerging from the stem at or below 1 m above ground (rarely up to 2 m); syncarp spherical to ellipsoid.......6 6. Phalanges usually longer than wide; pileus sides smooth to sulcate; ascending rootlets on main stem absent or rare, leaf bases green to white; plants growing in coastal habitats......................... P. tectorius Phalanges usually as wide as, or wider than, long; pileus sides with a rib-and-groove pattern; ascending rootlets common or dense on main stem, leaf bases orange to red; plants growing in open savanna and swamps...................................................................... 7 7. Phalanges broadly cuneate to orbicular, pileus sides with dark brown cracks; sides of each carpel smooth; plants not growing in permanent water...................................................................................... P. cookii Phalanges cuneate; pileus sides without cracks; sides of carpel sides with several ridges; plants growing in swamps................................................................................................. P. solms-laubachii, Published as part of Callmander, Martin W., Gallaher, Timothy, Buerki, Sven, Zich, Frank A. & Field, Ashley R., 2021, Pandanus grayorum (Pandanaceae), a new species endemic to north-eastern Queensland (Australia), pp. 327-335 in Australian Systematic Botany 34 on page 333, DOI: 10.1071/SB20033, http://zenodo.org/record/5643372

Vellozia inselbergae Mello-Silva ex Andr.Cabral, sp. nov, (Fig 1, 2, 3 and 4). Type:— BRAZIL. Bahia: Mucuri, Fazenda das Pedras. Entrada a 13 km W de Argolo (distrito de Nova Venécia), grandes inselbergues em meio a pastos e capoeiras remanescentes da hileia baiana, 17°51’40.5”S 40°07’14.9”W, 190 m a.s.l., 18 Dec. 2016, fl. and fr., R. Mello-Silva 4040, J.C. Lopes & A. Cabral (holotype SPF!). Diagnosis: — Vellozia inselbergae resembles Vellozia armata, but differs mainly by the longer leaves (15.9–21.3 cm vs. 2.5–11 cm) and pedicels (12.3–18.5 cm vs. 1.5 cm); cylindrical-ellipsoid hypanthium vs. obconic hypanthium; predominantly white and larger tepals (6.9–10.51 cm × 19.7–33.7 mm) vs. violet tepals (1.5–2.3 cm × 5 mm); 24 stamens vs. 18 stamens and; larger capsules (20.3–28 × 15.3–17.7 mm vs. 10 × 6–9 mm). Subshrub or caespitose herb, 0.2–1 m tall. Stems 4.5–18.5 cm long. Leaves tristichous; leaf lamina 15.9–21.3 × 0.7– 1.39 cm, linear-triangular, caudate, arcuate, involute, sparsely serrate on margins and midrib on abaxial side, abscission line absent, the old laminae marcescent and reflexed. Flowers 1–2; pedicel 12.3–18.5 cm long, sparsely covered with subulate emergences, light green; hypanthium 0.98–1.45 × 0.46–0.76 cm, cylindrical-ellipsoid, trigonous in transverse section, densely covered with subulate emergences, light green. Perianth white, very slightly purplish at the apex, sometimes light green at the proximal region; sepals 7.05–10.51 × 1.97–2.6 cm, widely oblanceolate, apex, base and midrib sparsely covered with subulate emergences on abaxial side, adaxial smooth; petals 6.9–10.41 × 2.35–3.37 cm, obovate, apex sparsely covered with subulate emergences on abaxial side, adaxial smooth. Stamens 24, unequal, 3–4 grouped, appendages absent; filaments brached or not, 15.45–22.06 mm long, white; anthers 16.45–22.72 mm long, basifixed, yellow. Style 40.7–61 mm long, greenish-white, slightly yellow at the apex; stigma 7–10 mm diam., trilobate-peltate, yellow. Capsule loculicidal, ellipsoid to broadly ellipsoid, 2.03–2.8 × 1.53–1.77 cm, ochre-coloured. Seeds 1.13–2.5 mm long, trapezoidal, black. Leaf and pedicel anatomy (Cordeiro 3455, Queiroz 1083, Queiroz 3234, Queiroz 3825, Queiroz 6499, Rapini 1043, Mello-Silva 4040, Paula 1029): — Blades dorsiventral (Fig 3A). Abaxial furrows about one third to one fifth thickness of blade (Fig 3A, D–E). Cuticle slightly thickened on adaxial surface (Fig 3B). Adaxial epidermis 3-to 4- seriate (Fig 3A–B), abaxial epidermis uniseriate (Fig 3A,C). Stomata paracytic, confined to the furrows (Fig 3C, F). Clusters of rounded cells present in adaxial epidermis (Fig 3G, H).Aquiferous uniseriate hypodermis present on adaxial surface, extending adaxially to the bundle sheaths as aquiferous parenchyma (Fig 3A, D–E). Palisade mesophyll (3-)4 cell-layers thick (Fig 3A, D–E). Fibro-vascular bundles surrounded by a unique bundle sheath, 1–4 large vessels present in each fibro-vascular bundle (Fig 3A). Phloem strands 2, V-shaped (Fig 3A). Bundles of sclerified cells 2–5 cells thick present in the adaxial epidermis, spaced each 3–8 epidermal cells (Fig 3A, B), and 1 cell-layer thick in the abaxial one, between the furrows and the vascular bundle regions (Fig 3C). Blade borders with large and rounded fibro-vascular bundles, conduction tissues present (Fig 3E). Pedicel rounded-triangular in transverse section, fibrovascular bundles 18, belt of sclerified cells present (Fig 3I–J). Additional specimens examined (paratypes): — BRAZIL. Bahia: Amargosa-Santa Teresinha, Serra do Gambá, 12 Apr. 2003, fl., Rapini 1043 (HUEFS [bc] HUEFS072446, SPF!); Castro Alves, Topo da Serra da Jibóia, ca. de 3 km da Pedra Branca, 25 Apr. 1994, fl., Queiroz 3825 (CEPEC, HUEFS [bc] HUEFS016739, K, SPF!); Idem, em torno da torre de televisão, 18 Jun. 1993, fl., Queiroz 3234 (HUEFS [bc] HUEFS013598, K, SPF!); Elísio Medrado, Serra da Jibóia, Fazenda Jequitibá, na estrada para Monte Cruzeiro, 12°52’20.6”S 39°27’34.5”W *, 435 m a.s.l., 4 Mar. 2001, fl., Queiroz 6499 (HUEFS [bc] HUEFS052024, SPF!); Mucuri, distrito de Argôlo, inselberg na Fazenda das Pedras, inselberg ao lado da sede da fazenda, 17°51’59”S 40°07’31”W, 134 m a.s.l., 4 Apr. 2016, fl., de Paula 1029 (RB, SPF!); Santa Terezinha, Serra da Jibóia, 1 Aug. 1998, fr., Forzza 938 (SPF!); Idem, próximo à torre da Embratel, 750 m a.s.l., 23 Sept. 1996, fr., Pereira-Silva 3673 (CEN [bc] CEN00030346, SPF!); Idem, Serra da Pioneira, 12°51’11”S 39°28’21”W, 14 Nov. 1986, fl., Queiroz 1083 (HUEFS [bc] HUEFS006783, SPF!); Idem, Serra da Pioneira, 3 km de P. Branca, 800 m a.s.l., 06 Jun. 1984, fl. and fr., Noblick 3301 (CEPEC, HUEFS [bc] HUEFS003456, MO, SPF!); Idem, distrito de Pedra Branca, 12°51’17”S 39°28’30”W, 750 m a.s.l., 17 Sept. 2013, fr., Cordeiro 3455 (SP, SPF!). Distribution and habitat: —Distributed through the lowland inselbergs in the Bahia state, at elevations from 134 to 800 m (Fig. 4). Phenology: —Flowering from March to June, November and December. Fruiting from June to September and December. Conservation status:— Vellozia inselbergae has Area of Occupancy of 12 km ² and Extent of Occurrence of approximately 600 km ² (Fig. 4). Although the species occur as large populations, none of the records falls in a conservation unit. Therefore, according to IUCN (2012) criteria, the species must be considered Endangered, EN B2ab(i). The criterion B2a was chosen because the species only occurs in Inselbergs, and these rocky outcrops are geographically apart from one another. The criterion B2b(i) was selected due to the continuing decline of the Atlantic Forest vegetation, a hotspot of biodiversity, that harbor the Inselbergs (Myers et al. 2000). Etymology: —The specific epithet refers to the Atlantic Forest inselbergs located in the Bahia state, where the new species is endemic. Discussion: —Among the currently known species of Vellozia, V. inselbergae is morphologically similar to V. armata and V. luteola (group of Vellozia luteola), sharing with both the leaf without abscission line, with blade involute, margins sparsely serrate and apex caudate (Fig. 2B), hypanthium trigonous in transverse section and densely covered with subulate emergences (Fig. 1D, 2C), stamen without appendage (Fig. 1B, 2H–J), and capsule loculicidal. However, Vellozia inselbergae can be easily distinguished from its allies by the longer pedicel (Fig. 1C, 2B, 12.3– 18.5 cm), cylindrical-ellipsoid hypanthium (Fig. 1D, 2C), predominantly white and larger tepals (Fig. 1A–C, 2D–E, 6.9–10.51 cm × 19.7–33.7 mm), 24 stamens, longer anthers and style (Fig. 1B, 2J, 16.45–22.72 mm and 40.7–61 mm, respectively), and larger capsules (20.3–28 × 15.3–17.7 mm). Table 1 summarizes the differences among these species. Vellozia inselbergae presents five of the morphological synapomorphies reported for the group of Vellozia luteola, leaf blades persistent, involute and amphystomatic, with smooth subsidiary cells, and outer integument of empty cells vanishing in the seeds. Nevertheless, it differs from the group in two characters of the pedicel, it has rounded-triangular pedicel in transverse section (Fig 3I vs. circular pedicel in cross section) with 18 fibro-vascular bundles (Fig. 3I vs. nine fibro-vascular bundles)., Published as part of Cabral, Andressa, Magri, Renato Albuquerque & Lopes, Jenifer De Carvalho, 2021, Vellozia inselbergae (Velloziaceae), a new species from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest inselbergs, pp. 138-146 in Phytotaxa 497 (2) on pages 139-144, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.497.2.6, http://zenodo.org/record/5423912, {"references":["IUCN (2012) IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria. Version 3.1. Second edition. IUCN Species Survival Commission, Gland, 32 pp.","Myers, N., Mittermeier, R. A., Mittermeier, C. G., Fonseca, G. A. B. & Kent, J. (2000) Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities. Nature 402: 853 - 858. https: // doi. org / 10.1038 / 35002501"]}

Cabral, Andressa, Magri, Renato Albuquerque, Lopes, Jenifer De Carvalho (2021): Vellozia inselbergae (Velloziaceae), a new species from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest inselbergs. Phytotaxa 497 (2): 138-146, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.497.2.6, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.497.2.6

Three new species of the Neotropical genus Barbacenia (Velloziaceae, Pandanales) from Tocantins, Brazil, are described and illustrated, based on morphology and leaf anatomy. The known species richness of the genus is mapped within the countries of South America and the states of Brazil.

The monocot family Triuridaceae is a morphological misfit with respect to several traits of floral morphology, including the uniformly apocarpous polymerous gynoecium and the famous inside-out flowers of Lacandonia. Although Triuridaceae are crucially important for understanding the floral evolution of Pandanales and angiosperms in general, significant knowledge gaps exist which hamper adequate morphological analysis of flowers in this family. The scarcity of morphological data is also reflected in numerous taxonomic inconsistencies. Here we provide a comprehensive study of reproductive organs of four species of Sciaphila occurring in Vietnam (S. arfakiana, S. densiflora, S. nana and S. stellata) including the first investigation of early floral development and gynoecium phyllotaxis. Our observations are mainly based on SEM images. We confirm the perianth (studied in male flowers) to be two-whorled and report a rare sequence of initiation of perianth parts: the outer tepals show a late congenital fusion, as their free lobes appear before the common perianth tube, whereas the inner tepals show an early congenital fusion, with their free lobes initiating on the tube rim. We interpret the stamen appendages as basal adaxial outgrowths of the stamen filaments. We discuss the number of thecae and locules in anthers of Sciaphila, and conclude that 3- and 4-, but not 2-locular anthers are characteristic of this genus. We describe the carpels as consisting of both ascidiate and plicate zones, the former being extremely short and completely obscured by anthesis. The single ovule is attached in the cross-zone. The style is non-plicate. We analyze gynoecium phyllotaxis by estimating its contact parastichies, and by investigating the number and arrangement of the outermost carpels. The carpel arrangement in a given gynoecium is a result of the balance between whorled and irregular (but not spiral) phyllotaxis. We recognize the following figures of gynoecium merism: 6, 9, 10, 10.5, 11 and 12, with the prevalence of those divisible by three. We discuss our results in the light of general diversity of floral structure of monocots. Our data allow to clarify several issues in taxonomy of Asian Sciaphila and indicate directions of further studies. We report a significant range extension for S. densiflora, which is newly recorded for the flora of Vietnam. We describe for the first time staminodes in female flowers of this species. We reveal two distinct morphs of S. nana in Vietnam. We highlight the need of a thorough revision of S. secundiflora species complex in order to verify the species boundaries and, in particular, to test the identity of the Vietnamese S. stellata.

Pandanus kalobinonensis Callm., Razakamal. & Luino, sp. nov. (Fig. 2, 3). Holotypus: MADAGASCAR. Reg. DIANA [Prov. Antsiranana]: Fkt. Anketrabe-Belinta, massif du Kalobinono, 13��38'42"S 48��40'29"E, 740 m, 16.X.2015, fr., Luino & Razakamalala 106 (G [G00341880]!; iso-: TAN!). Haec species ab omnibus congeneris syncarpio parvo globoso solitario brevipedunculato atque drupis monocarpellatis in stigma spiniforme adaxialiter sulcatum desinentibus differt. Treelet to 3���4 m tall; stem prickly, up to 5 cm dbh. Leaves 125���160 cm long, 2���3 cm wide in the middle, 3 cm wide near the sheath, gradually attenuate in the upper third, and tapering to a flagellate apex in the distal 5 cm, coriaceous; longitudinal and transverse veins visible on both surfaces; prickles white in vivo; marginal prickles beginning at (4���) 5���6 cm above the base and extending to the apex, antrorse, 2���4 mm and placed 2���8 mm apart in the lower third, to 2 mm and 5���10 mm apart in the middle third; to Infrutescence terminal, a solitary syncarp subtended by naviculate bracts, borne on a straight short peduncle; syncarp 50 �� 60���70 mm, globose to ovo��d; peduncle straight, short, 65 mm long, c. 9 mm in diam at apex, trigonous, 3��� 4 remaining bracts, c. 5��� 7.5 cm long, positioned near the base of the syncarp, boat-shaped at base and becoming flagellate in the distal part. Drupes c. 65���140 per syncarp, (15���)20(���25) mm high, 5���7 mm wide, (3���) 4���6 mm thick, 4���6 angled; carpel 1, free in the upper fourth, tapering to the base; pileus pyramidal, somewhat rounded at apex. Stigma 1, erect or curved, spiniform, on the centre of the apical face of the pileus, brown in vivo, 3���5 mm in length, stigmatic groove abaxial, covering c. 2/3 of the length of the stigma. Endocarp 10���13 mm long in the centre, Staminate plant unknown. Etymology. ��� The species epithet refers to the Kalobinono massif and its eroded landscape of Isalo Sandstone dominated by a pair of distinctly shaped domes (fig. 1). The literal translation from the Sakalava dialect means ���princess with large breasts���. Similarly, the name Galoko refers to a local king. The two summits are sacred for the local Sakalava. According to the legend, the queen embodied in the Kalobinono massif gave birth to the nearby Manongarivo massif, fathered by the king at Galoko (SOLO et al., 2008). Distribution and ecology. ��� Pandanus kalobinonensis is currently only known from the lowland moist evergreen forest in the Kalobinono massif (northwestern Madagascar) between 420 to 740 m elevation. Conservation status. ��� Pandanus kalobinonensis is known from 2 locations from the Galoko-Kalobinono Protected Area collected at a distance of c. 1 km in lowland moist evergreen forests. The holotype collection is located well within the intact forest at 740 m, but the paratype is located at 425 m and was made only a hundred meters from recently cleared forest. This latter location could be projected to disappear in a relatively near future. Lowland moist evergreen forests were highly threatened in the massifs where Tsimihety immigrants have established settlements for several decades and are practicing slash and burn agriculture (SOLO et al., 2008) (Fig. 1). The loss of moist evergreen forest area between 2006 to 2016 has reached 1408 ha, which represents 15% of the total cover of the PA (RABENANDRASANA et al., 2018). Since mid 2018, slash and burn agriculture is restricted within the strict conservation zone, but the risk of uncontrolled pasture fire is still a threat (P. Ranirison, pers. comm.). With an area of occupancy (AOO) of 4 km ��, and despite that both collections ocur within limits of the protected area, P. kalobinonensis is therefore assigned a preliminary conservation status of ���Endangered��� [EN B1ab(ii,iii,iv,v)+2ab(ii,iii,iv,v)] using IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria (IUCN, 2012). Notes. ��� Pandanus kalobinonensis is morphologically distinct among Malagasy species of Pandanus. Its small globose solitary syncarp bearing monocarpellate drupes topped by a spiniform stigma (Fig. 2, 3) resembles several Southeast Asian Pandanus species. Several species in Madagascar were hypothesized to have morphological Indo-Malaysian affinities (STONE 1974; CALLMANDER & LAIVAO, 2003). Pandanus platyphyllus Martelli was for example placed by STONE (1974) in the Malaysian Pandanus subgenus Rykia (Vrise) B.C. Stone before staminate plants were studied by HUYNH (1977) and confirmed to belong to the Afro-Malagasy subgenus Vinsonia (Warb.) B.C. Stone. Phylogenetic analyses further demonstrated that those latter morphological affinities were most likely the result of convergent evolution since all Malagasy species of Pandanus subgenus Vinsonia formed a monophyletic clade (BUERKI et al., 2012). In this context, Pandanus kalobinonensis is therefore classified in Pandanus subgenus Vinsonia. The sectional placement of this species remains to be established, like other recently discovered morphologically isolated species in Madagascar (see CALLMANDER et al., 2008, 2009b, 2013). Paratypus. ��� MADAGASCAR. Reg. DIANA [Prov. Antsiranana]: Beramanja, Anketrabe Belinta, massif du Kalobinono, 13��38'16"S 48��40'21"E, 425 m, 29.IX.2013, fr., Razakamalala et al. 7586 (TAN)., Published as part of Callmander, Martin W., Razakamalala, Richard, Luino, Iacopo, Andriamarisoa, Roger Lala & Buerki, Sven, 2020, Novelties from the Northern Mountains Complex of Madagascar V: A new threatened Pandanus (Pandanaceae) from the Kalobinono massif, pp. 99-105 in Candollea 75 (1) on pages 100-103, DOI: 10.15553/c2020v751a10, http://zenodo.org/record/5724834, {"references":["IUCN (2012). IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria: Version 3.1. Ed. 2. IUCN Species Survival Commission, IUCN, Gland & Cambridge.","HUYNH, K. - L. (1977). L'appareil male de quelques Pandanus du sousgenre Vinsonia (Pandanaceae) et sa signification taxonomique, phylogenique et evolutive. Beitr. Biol. Pflanzen. 53: 447 - 471.","BUERKI, S., M. W. CALLMANDER, D. S. DEVEY, L. CHAPPELL, T. GALLAHER, J. MUNZINGER, T. HAEVERMANS & F. FOREST (2012). Straightening out the screw-pines: a first step in understanding phylogenetic relationships within Pandanaceae. Taxon 61: 1010 - 1020.","CALLMANDER, M. W., S. BUERKI & S. WOHLHAUSER (2008). A new threatened species of Pandanaceae from northwestern Madagascar, Pandanus sermolliana. Novon 18: 421 - 424. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.3417 / 2007101","CALLMANDER, M. W., L. GAUTIER & S. M. TRIGUI (2009 b). Pandanus nusbaumeri Callm. and L. Gaut. (Pandanaceae), a new endemic species from the Montagne d'Ambre (northern Madagascar). Candollea 64: 213 - 218.","CALLMANDER, M. W., R. BOLLIGER, R. M. HANITRARIVO & L. NUSBAUMER (2013). Pandanus tsingycola Callm. and Nusb. (Pandanaceae), a new species endemic to western Madagascar. Candollea 68: 229 - 235. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.15553 / c 2012 v 682 a 6"]}

We used a bi-organellar phylogenomic approach to address higher-order relationships in Pandanales, including the first molecular phylogenetic study of the panama-hat family, Cyclanthaceae. Our genus-level study of plastid and mitochondrial gene sets includes a comprehensive sampling of photosynthetic lineages across the order, and provides a framework for investigating clade ages, biogeographic hypotheses and organellar molecular evolution. Using multiple inference methods and both organellar genomes, we recovered mostly congruent and strongly supported relationships within and between families, including the placement of fully mycoheterotrophic Triuridaceae. Cyclanthaceae and Pandanaceae plastomes have slow substitution rates, contributing to weakly supported plastid-based relationships in Cyclanthaceae. While generally slowly evolving, mitochondrial genomes exhibit sporadic rate elevation across the order. However, we infer well-supported relationships even for slower evolving mitochondrial lineages in Cyclanthaceae. Clade age estimates across photosynthetic lineages are largely consistent with previous studies, are well correlated between the two organellar genomes (with slightly younger inferences from mitochondrial data), and support several biogeographic hypotheses. We show that rapidly evolving non-photosynthetic lineages may bias age estimates upwards at neighbouring photosynthetic nodes, even using a relaxed clock model. Finally, we uncovered new genome structural variants in photosynthetic taxa at plastid inverted repeat boundaries that show promise as interfamilial phylogenetic markers.

With a reduced need for photosynthesis, the plastome of parasitic and mycoheterotrophic plants degrades. In the tiny, fully mycoheterotrophic plant Sciaphila thaidanica, we find one of the smallest plastomes yet encountered. Its size is just 12,780 bp and it contains only 20 potentially functional housekeeping genes. Thus S. thaidanica fits the proposed model of gene loss in achlorophyllous plants. The most astonishing feature of the plastome is its extremely compact nature, with more than half of the genes having overlapping reading frames. Additionally, intergenic sequences have been reduced to a bare minimum, and the retained genes have been reduced in length both compared with the orthologous genes in another mycoheterotrophic species of Sciaphila and in the autotrophic relative Carludovica.

Pandanus papateaensis Butaud, F. Jacq & Callm., spec. nova (Fig. 3). Holotypus: POLYN��SIE-FRAN��AISE. Archipel des Tuamotu [Makatea]: Teniania (sur le plateau cot�� Est), 15��50'46"S 148��14'01"W, 70 m, 24.IV.2007, fr., Jacq, Lagouy & Huguet 1570 (PAP [PAP015953]!; iso-: G!, P!). Pandanus papateaensis Butaud, F. Jacq & Callm. can be distinguished from other species of French Polynesia by its completely fused drupes with usually 2 seminal chambers (vs 3 to more than 15), by its pileus totalling more than one third of the length (vs less than one third), and by the characteristic reddish-brown to dark-purple color of the pileus. Arbre dio��que robuste atteignant plus de 5,5 m de hauteur, stipe 12��� 16 cm de diam., droit ou rampant �� la base, aux ramifications alternes perpendiculaires au stipe et comptant jusqu����� 4 niveaux de ramification en comprenant le stipe initial, int��rieur de l�����corce verd��tre, �� racines-��chasses pr��sentes depuis la base jusqu����� c. 110 cm de hauteur sur le stipe, de 110���150 cm de long et de 4,5���5 cm de diam., couvertes d���une coiffe compos��e de grandes ��cailles sur 5 �� 7 cm, ��pines du stipe de 3���4 mm de diam��tre sur 4���6 mm de haut, ��pines des racines-��chasses de 2���2,5 mm de diam��tre sur 1,5 ���2 mm de haut. Feuilles coriaces, �� faces ventrales et dorsales vert franc, base de la face dorsale portant une tache brun-orange sur les pieds femelles; feuilles du stipe non ramifi��, de 230���250 cm de longueur, 7 cm de largeur au milieu, 8���8,5 cm pr��s de la gaine, progressivement r��tr��cies dans le tiers apical, ��pines jaun��tres �� brunes, antrorses, ��pines marginales pr��sentes �� partir de 20���27 cm au-dessus de la base jusqu����� l���apex, dans le tiers inf��rieur jusqu����� 3 mm de longueur puis devenant plus petites en allant vers l���apex (0,3���0,5 mm), espac��es de 3���7 mm tout au long de la marge, ��pines costales pr��sentes de 32���38 cm au-dessus de la base jusqu����� l���apex, gaine verd��tre de 5���6 cm de long, 13 cm de largeur apicale, 18,5���20,5 cm �� la base; feuilles des ramifications ultimes de 150���160 cm de longueur, 6��� 7 cm de largeur au milieu, 6,5��� 7,5 cm pr��s de la gaine, progressivement r��tr��cies dans le tiers apical, ��pines marginales pr��sentes �� partir de 17���23,5 cm au-dessus de la base jusqu����� l���apex, ��pines costales pr��sentes de 34���40 cm audessus de la base jusqu����� l���apex, gaine blanch��tre de 5���7 cm de long, 10 ��� 11 cm de largeur apicale, 13 ��� 14 cm �� la base; feuilles de la base de l���inflorescence m��le de 100���110 cm de longueur, 6 cm de largeur au milieu, 7 cm pr��s de la gaine, progressivement r��tr��cies dans le tiers apical, ��pines marginales pr��sentes �� partir de 20���22 cm au-dessus de la base jusqu����� l���apex, ��pines costales pr��sentes �� 32 cm au-dessus de la base jusqu����� l���apex, gaine blanche indistincte. Inflorescences m��les odorantes, d��velopp��es sur la ramification du quatri��me ordre, sous la forme d���un rac��me d�����pis long de 59���78 cm hors bract��es; p��doncules charnus de 13���16 mm de diam��tre vers la base; bract��es foliac��es jaun��tres et naviculaires au nombre de 15, dot��es d�����pines marginales et caudales courtes et souples, bract��es proximales 70 ��� 125 �� 5,5��� 7 cm au tiers inf��rieur, bract��es distales (11���)18���34 �� (1,5���) 2���4,5 cm au tiers inf��rieur; ��pis au nombre de 15, subcylindriques �� subconiques distalement, (3,5���)6���10 �� (2���) 3���4 cm, d��croissant distalement, compos��s de fascicules d�����tamines, les deux ��pis basaux dot��s d���un p��doncule de 2,5���7 cm, les autres subsessiles; fascicules blanch��tres comprenant une colonne de 5 ��� 9 mm de longueur libre d�����tamines pour 11���15 mm de longueur totale, sur 1���1,5 mm de diam��tre et portant 32���38 ��tamines; filets libres longs de 3���4 mm; anth��res jaunes p��les longues de 2���2,5 mm sur 0,3 ��� 0,4 mm de large. Inflorescences femelles non vues. Infrutescence monosyncarpique, terminale; syncarpe globo��de, 14���17 �� 14���16 cm, compos�� de c. 39���49 drupes; trognon ellipso��dal, 5,5���6 �� 4,5���5 cm; p��doncule triqu��tre, 48 �� 1,1���1,4 cm; jusqu����� 6 cicatrices de bract��es sur le p��doncule dont bract��e apicale engainante sur 2 des 3 c��t��s du p��doncule, de 25 mm de large; drupes oblongues, anguleuses, totalement fusionn��es, d��pourvues de sillon, (4,7���)5,8���6,3 �� (3,2���)4,2���5,1 �� (2,2���) 2,9 ���3,7 cm, libres sur 1/3 �� 1/2 �� l���apex, partie conn��e jaune �� orange in vivo; pileus en forme de d��me, craquel�� �� rainures longitudinales, �� c��tes saillantes, 2���2,9 cm de hauteur, brun rouge��tre �� pourpre fonc�� in vivo; plateforme stigmatique de 1,2���1,9 �� 0,7���1,3 cm; (1���)2(��� 4) stigmates r��niformes �� l���apex du pileus, c. 3,5���5 �� 2,5���4 mm; drupe biloculaire comprenant g��n��ralement 2 loges s��minales non soud��es (rarement 1, 3 ou 4 sur des drupes de petites dimensions ou composites); endocarpe obovale, turbin��, de 1,7���1,9 cm de longueur axiale sur 1���1,2 cm de largeur, �� apex distant de 1,1���1,4 cm de la base des stigmates, �� base distante de 2,2���2,7 cm de la base de la drupe; loge s��minale obovo��de, 1,2���1,5 �� 0,8���0,9 cm, �� centre supra-m��dian, m��socarpe fibreux. Etymologie. ��� L�����pith��te sp��cifique est bas�� sur ��Papatea��, une des anciennes d��nominations de l���atoll de Makatea et signifiant en tahitien ��rocher blanc��. Nom vernaculaire. ��� Ce pandanus est connu sous le nom tahitien de ��fara vare���au�� �� Makatea, ce qui signifie pandanus au fruit violet. Il s���agit d���un nom r��cent dans la mesure o�� le mot ��vare���au�� d��rive du mot anglais ��violet��. Ph��nologie. ��� Les syncarpes matures ont ��t�� observ��s d���avril �� juillet �� Makatea. Les inflorescences m��les ont ��t�� observ��es de janvier �� f��vrier et en juin en culture �� Tahiti. Distribution et ��cologie. ��� Pandanus papateaensis n���est connu que de l���atoll de Makatea o�� trois stations ont ��t�� localis��es sur le plateau entre 70 et 90 m d���altitude, �� la base du Mont Aetia, au lieu-dit Teniania et en haut de falaise �� l���amont de la plage de Moumu (Fig. 4). Il pousse sur des substrats coralliens rocheux (��feo��) tr��s diss��qu��s et difficiles �� parcourir, recouverts de formations foresti��res basses. Il se d��veloppe au sein de la for��t ou du fourr�� �� Pandanus-Ficus ou en limite de for��t �� Homalium mouo H. St. John, en m��lange avec les arbres Pandanus tectorius, Guettarda speciosa L., Ficus prolixa G. Forst. var. prolixa , Celtis pacifica Planch., les arbustes Alyxia sp., Capparis cordifolia subsp. spinosa (Lam.) Fici et les foug��res Microsorum grossum (Langsd. & Fisch.) S.B. Andrews et Davallia solida (G. Forst.) Sw. var. solida. Il n���a pas ��t�� trouv�� dans la d��pression centrale de l���atoll, ce qui peut ��tre expliqu�� par sa possible extirpation du site en raison de l���extraction du phosphate coupl��e �� une potentielle faible capacit�� de recolonisation naturelle (dispersion des fruits et d��veloppement en milieu tr��s ouvert). Sa diss��mination est tr��s probablement assur��e par le Carpophage de la Soci��t��, Ducula aurorae Peale (1848), grand pigeon frugivore end��mique des ��les de la Soci��t�� et des Tuamotu et aujourd���hui restreint uniquement �� l���atoll de Makatea. Le crabe de cocotier Birgus latro L. (1767), les bernard-l���hermite Coenobita brevimanus Dana (1852) et C. perlatus H. Milne Edwards (1837) et les rats introduits Rattus rattus L. (1758) et R. exulans Peale (1848), tous abondants �� Makatea (POUPIN, 1996; GHESTEMME, 2013), assurent potentiellement une diss��mination des fruits de Pandanus papateaensis �� plus courte distance lorsqu���ils en consomment la pulpe, �� l���image de Cardisoma carnifex Herbst (1796) pour ceux de P. tectorius (LEE, 1985). N��anmoins, les rats pourraient ��galement en consommer les graines, ce qui limiterait la r��g��n��ration de l���esp��ce. Des pieds sont aujourd���hui en culture sur le littoral de Moumu depuis 2018 (J. Ioane, pers. comm.) mais ��galement �� Tahiti o�� un pied m��le produit �� partir de drupes est int��gr�� depuis 2010 �� la plantation conservatoire d���esp��ces menac��es du domaine de Atimaono g��r��e par la Direction de l���Environnement. Ce pied provient d���une des trois drupes germ��es sur les 16 r��colt��es �� Makatea le 1er juillet 2009 (station Teniania) et mises en germination en pot �� Tahiti 15 jours apr��s (premi��re germination au bout de 4,5 mois), les deux autres pieds ��tant morts en p��pini��re. Statut de conservation. ��� Pandanus papateaensis n���est connu que de l���atoll de Makatea dont la superficie atteint 28,6 km ��. Il n���est connu que sous la forme de trois sous-populations distantes les unes des autres de moins de 5 km et au sein desquelles pr��s de 80 pieds ont ��t�� d��nombr��s. Les nombres de pieds et de sous-populations sont probablement sous-estim��s en raison de la ressemblance de l���esp��ce �� l�����tat st��rile avec le tr��s commun P. tectorius et des difficult��s extr��mes de prospection sur le substrat karstique irr��gulier caract��ristique de l�����le. Ainsi, il serait ��galement pr��sent dans les formations naturelles de Tahiva au Sud de l�����le (G. Ah-Scha, pers. comm.). Si des plantes envahissantes (Adenanthera pavonina L., Lantana camara L., Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit, Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels, Tecoma stans (L.) Juss. ex Kunth) sont pr��sentes �� Makatea et peuvent entrer en comp��tition avec les pieds adultes ou les plantules de Pandanus papateaensis, et si les rats introduits peuvent limiter dans une certaine mesure la r��g��n��ration de l���esp��ce en consommant ses graines, la menace principale pour ce taxon consiste en un projet de reprise d���exploitation du phosphate r��siduel pour lequel des autorisations d���exploration ont d��j�� ��t�� accord��es par le Gouvernement de la Polyn��sie fran��aise (AVENIR MAKATEA, 2019). En effet, deux des trois stations connues sont situ��es dans l���enveloppe concern��e par le projet d���exploitation (Fig. 4), ce dernier impliquant l���extirpation de toute v��g��tation ainsi que du sol humique (banque de graines). L���h��t��rog��n��it�� des menaces pesant sur les diff��rentes sous-populations conduit �� d��finir deux localit��s, la premi��re de Aetia non menac��e par l���exploitation du phosphate r��siduel tandis que la seconde, regroupant les deux autres souspopulations, menac��e par cette exploitation. L���aire d���occupation de l���esp��ce est Pandanus papateaensis est donc provisoirement ��valu�� comme ��En danger�� [EN B1ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)+B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)+D] selon les Crit��res et les Cat��gories de la Liste Rouge de l���UICN (2012). Notes. ��� Pandanus papateaensis se distingue facilement de P. tectorius par ses drupes compl��tement fusionn��es �� pileus libre sur plus de deux tiers de sa longueur, �� rainures longitudinales et d���une couleur brun rouge��tre �� pourpre fonc�� (Fig. 3). La nouvelle esp��ce est isol��e morphologiquement en Polyn��sie orientale car il s���agit du seul taxon indig��ne poss��dant g��n��ralement deux loges s��minales par drupes, P. tectorius en comprenant 3 �� 12, P. papenooensis, P. temehaniensis et P. tamaruensis en ayant g��n��ralement plus d���une dizaine (STONE, 1988), et P. arapepe H. St. John des ��les Cook n���en poss��dant qu���une seule avec un seul stigmate central (SYKES, 2016). Pour favoriser la pr��servation de P. papateaensis, nous recommandons son placement sur la liste A des esp��ces prot��g��es du code de l���environnement de Polyn��sie fran��aise, ainsi que sa multiplication au sein de plantations conservatoires ex situ sur l�����le de Makatea et sur celle de Tahiti. Par ailleurs, afin de conserver son habitat qui consiste notamment des for��ts naturelles n���ayant pas ��t�� d��grad��es par l���extraction du phosphate, nous ne pouvons qu���inciter �� classer l���ensemble de ces formations en aire prot��g��e au sens du Code de l���Environnement (aire de gestion des habitats et des esp��ces) ou �� celui du Code de l���Am��nagement (zone prot��g��e du plan g��n��ral d���am��nagement �� r��activer de la Commune de Rangiroa dont fait partie Makatea). Un tel classement serait ��galement favorable �� la conservation d���autres taxons menac��s ou quasi menac��s vivant �� Makatea comme par exemple les oiseaux indig��nes ou end��miques de l�����le (le Carpophage de la Soci��t�� [VU], le Ptilope de Makatea (Ptilinopus coralensis chalcurus Gray (1859), [NT]) et la Rousserolle de Makatea (Acrocephalus atyphus eremus Wetmore (1919), [NT])), les plantes end��miques et/ou prot��g��es (Gossypium hirsutum var. taitense (Parl.) Roberty (indig��ne et prot��g��e), Homalium mouo (end��mique de Makatea, [NT]), Myrsine ovalis var. wilderi Fosberg & Sachet (end��mique de Makatea, [VU]), Planchonella tahitensis (Nadeaud) Pierre ex Dubard (indig��ne et prot��g��e), Pritchardia mitiaroana J. Dransf. & Y. Ehrhart (end��mique de Polyn��sie orientale et prot��g��e) et Tabernaemontana pandacaqui Poir. (indig��ne et prot��g��e)) ainsi que la malacofaune terrestre malheureusement d��j�� bien appauvrie (SARTORI et al., 2014). Paratypi. ��� POLYN��SIE-FRAN��AISE. Archipel des Tuamotu [Makatea]: Te Niania Sud Moumu, en arri��re de la falaise entre Teniania et Moumu, 15��50'29.5"S 148��14'24"W, 76 m, 14.IV.2009, fr., Butaud & Jacq 2231 (PAP [015952]); Aetia, flanc NE du sommet, 15��50'34"S 148��16'30"W, 77 m, 21.IV.2009, fr., Butaud & Jacq 2262 (PAP [PAP015951]). [Archipel de la Soci��t��, Tahiti]: Atimaono, Parcelle conservatoire de la DIREN, pied cultiv�� �� partir de graines pr��lev��es �� Makatea, 27.VI.2018, fl. ♂, Butaud & Lenoble 3701 (PAP [PAP015954]); ibid loco, 4.II.2019, fl. ♂, Butaud 3753 (G, P, PAP [PAP015955, PAP015956, PAP015957]); Arue, plantule produite �� partir d���un fruit collect�� �� Teniania en juin 2009, 18.XII.2010, fr., Jacq 890 (PAP [PAP015753]); ibid loco, 13.XI.2011, fr., Jacq 1540 (PAP)., Published as part of Butaud, Jean-Fran��ois, Jacq, Fr��d��ric & Callmander, Martin W., 2019, Pandanus papateaensis (Pandanaceae): une nouvelle esp��ce menac��e de l'atoll soulev�� de Makatea (Tuamotu, Polyn��sie fran��aise), pp. 137-144 in Candollea 74 (2) on pages 138-143, DOI: 10.15553/c2019v742a3, http://zenodo.org/record/5684550, {"references":["POUPIN, J. (1996). Crustacea Decapoda of French Polynesia (Astacidea, Palinuridea, Anomura, Brachyura). Atoll Res. Bull. 442: 1 - 114.","GHESTEMME, T. (2013). Makatea, a site of major importance for endemic birds. Biodiversity Conservation Lessons Learned Technical Series 16. CEPF & CI-Pacific, Apia.","LEE, M. A. B. (1985). The Dispersal of Pandanus tectorius by the Land Crab Cardisoma carnifex. Oikos 45: 169 - 173.","AVENIR MAKATEA (2019). Notre Projet. SAS Avenir Makatea, Paofai [https: // www. avenirmakatea. com / notre-projet /].","STONE, B. C. (1988). Notes on the genus Pandanus (Pandanaceae) in Tahiti. Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 97: 33 - 48.","SYKES, W. R. (2016). Flora of the Cook Islands. National Tropical Botanical Garden, Hawaii.","SARTORI, A. F., O. GARGOMINY & B. FONTAINE (2014). Radiation and decline of endodontid land snails in Makatea, French Polynesia. Zootaxa 3772: 1 - 68."]}

Cotithene gorayebi Valente, da Silva & de Medeiros, sp. nov. (Figs 2–7, 9–12) Diagnosis. This species differs from other described species of the genus by its smaller size (male: 1.9–2.2 mm, female: 1.6–2.1 mm); integument color pattern dissimilar between sexes (Fig. 2, see details below); procoxal cavities separated by only a narrow septum in both male and female (Figs 2, 3D, 6B); elytral stria I sulcate and; remaining striae very shallow and very similar to elytral intervals (Figs 2, 4D). Males are also distinguished by the aedeagus (Figs 5 D–H) bearing two inner separately arched rami dorsally projected on each side (in the remaining species each side with only one separated arched ramus) and by the endophallus of the aedeagus with a basal sclerite. Females are also distinguished by the sternum VIII (Fig. 7C) with a pentagonal-shaped lamina and furcal arms connected only by membranes, not closed and bearing only subequal setae on apices. Similar species: Females of Cotithene dicranopygia Franz and Cotithene stratiotricha have procoxal cavities separated by a narrow septum as in the new species, but females of Cotithene gorayebi can be distinguished from both by the shape of sternum VIII, and also from C. stratiotricha by a C-shaped spermatheca. Males of Cotithene anaphalanta Franz and Cotithene melanoptera can superficially resemble males of the new species due the elytra evidently dark reddish brown to black but males of Cotithene gorayebi have the rostrum and head darker reddish brown to black in addition to dark elytra. Also, Cotithene gorayebi and C. melanoptera are associated with inflorescences of Evodianthus funifer (for details, see Natural History) but the new species has been recorded in Brazil (Pará) while C. melanoptera has been recorded only in Venezuela (Merida and Aragua). Males of Cotithene can be characterized by the rostrum variously expanded near the apex to basal 2/5 (see Franz 2008). In Cotithene gorayebi (Figs 2A, 3 A–B), as in Cotithene dicranopygia and Cotithene stratiotricha, the males have the rostrum angulate-tumescent near basal 2/5; however, the rostrum of the new species also bears a tubercle on the inner margin of the eye (Figs 2A, 3A) and a irregular dorsolateral carina (Figs 3 A–B). These sexually dimorphic features (tumescence, tubercles and carinae) on the male rostrum of Cotithene gorayebi are very conspicuous in the largest males but nearly indistinct in the smallest males, with intermediate states present as well. Furthermore, large males have a larger and more inflated pronotum. Franz (2008) observed similar variations in males of C. stratiotricha, Cotithene globulicollis Voss and C. melanoptera. He considered these scaled modifications as apparent positive allometry, possibly related to alternative reproductive strategies of the males for access to reproductively active females. Here we also observed males of Cotithene gorayebi making use of the rostrum and head in male-male conflicts during the approach of females. Thus the scaled modifications on the rostrum and pronotum observed in males of Cotithene gorayebi apparently represent a case of positive allometry as well. Description. Male (Figs 2A, 3–5). Length 1.9–2.2 mm, width 0.8–1.0 mm, elongated l/w = 2.3–2.5. Integument (Fig. 2A) from light reddish brown to orange with head, rostrum, elytra (except margins) and anterior margin of pronotum from dark reddish brown to black; sculpture with dark reddish brown punctures on elytra and throughout anterior 1/6 of pronotum, in the latter the punctures are arranged in a triangular maculation. Teneral specimens can be completely or more homogeneously lightly pigmented, pale to light reddish brown. Rostrum (Figs 2A, 3 A–B) very short, 0.4–0.5 mm, r/p = 0.5–0.6, dorsally arcuate; strongly angulate-tumescent near basal 2/ 5 (apparently positively allometric); tumescence distinctively polished dorsally; with one evident tubercle (apparently positively allometric) near inner margin of each eye; dorsolateral carina irregularly rugulose (apparently positively allometric); broad, apically slightly enlarged; dorsal impression (near base) or rugulosity indistinct; antennal insertion near apical 2/5. Eye (Fig 3 A–B) subcircular, interommatidial microsetae only on central region of eye; interocular distance slightly narrower than apex of rostrum. Head (Figs 2A, 3 A–B) evenly slightly convex, without dorsal elevation or projections; setation sparse, short and recurvate; setae longer along dorsal margin of each eye. Pronotum (Figs 2A, 3C) expanded (apparently positively allometric), but not globular (see Franz 2008, Fig. 1), anterolaterally not impressed. Prosternum (Figs 2A, 3D) with procoxal cavities separated by a narrow septum; with dark brown transversal stripe in front of each procoxa. Elytra (Figs 2A, 4D) posteriorly not attenuate; anterior elevation indistinct; striae narrower than intervals; only stria I evidently sulcate, remaining striae very shallow and similar to elytral intervals; striae and intervals with one row of dark reddish brown subequal circular punctures, evidently separated. Abdominal ventrites (Figs 2A, 4E): II shorter than III+IV; V with posterior margin sinuous, medially projected. Abdominal tergites (Figs 4 A–C) convex, with eight visible tergites; lateral sclerites absent; spiracular sclerites I–VI distinguished from the median one, very weakly sclerotized, almost membranous, covered by spiculate patch (posteriorly-directed); spiracular sclerite VII fused with the median one; median sclerites complete (no median fissure), weakly sclerotized (especially I–II) being VII–VIII more sclerotized; setation on median sclerites (dorsal surface): I–II covered by minute posteriorly-directed microtrichia (lacking spiculate patches), III with only lateral spiculate patches (laterally-directed), IV–VI with lateral and median spiculate patches (posteriorly-directed), IV–VII with a fringe of setae on posterior margin; tergite VII (Fig. 4C) trapezoidal in dorsal view, concave on posterior margin, covered by trifid fan-like setae, no plectra; tergite VIII (Fig. 4C) subtrapezoidal, posterior margin rounded, covered by trifid fan-like setae become longer unifid setae on apical half. Sternum VIII (Fig. 5A) (each sclerite) triangular, deflexed downwards on outer 1/3, with eight large unifid setae on inner margin. Sternum IX (spiculum gastrale) (Fig. 5B) distinctly shorter than aedeagus (0.6–0.7); basal plate V-shaped; apodeme similar throughout, apically light sclerotized. Tegmen (Figs 5 C–D) 0.3–0.4 as long as aedeagus; basal piece Y-shaped (basal plate reduced); tegminal apodeme deflexed apically. Aedeagus (Figs 5 D–H) l/w = 4.2–5.1, widest near middle; each side with two (instead of only one, see Franz 2008: 6) inner separately arched rami projecting beyond dorsal margin along subapical region; lateral margins evidently sinuous; apex acutely projected and deflexed; basidorsal margin evidently triangular; basiventral margin rounded; endophallus with one basal plicate barrel-shaped sclerite; endophallus ventrally covered by large setae on apical ½ and dorsally (in the region of the ostium) with a pair of subapical plicate sclerotizations, each sclerotization large, triangular, deflexed apically and undulate on inner margin; ostium large. Aedeagal apodemes 0.8 as long as aedeagus. Female (Figs 2B, 6–7). Length 1.6–2.1 mm, width 0.7–0.9 mm, l/w = 2.2–2.6. Integument (Fig. 2B) homogeneously light brown, slightly darker on head, rostrum and anterior margin of pronotum; darker punctures on elytra and on triangular maculation of pronotum lighter than male; teneral specimens can be completely or more homogeneously lightly pigmented. Rostrum (Figs 2B, 6A) 0.4–0.5 mm, shorter than pronotum r/p = 0.7–0.8, slightly arcuate, evenly convex, apically slightly expanded; lacking carina, tumescence, expansion or tubercles; outline contiguous with head; antennal insertion near middle. Pronotum (Fig. 2B) slightly expanded, without apparent allometry (see also Franz 2008: 4; 6). Prosternum (Figs 2B, 6B): procoxal cavities as male; transversal impression in front of each procoxa much lighter than in male. Abdominal ventrites (Figs 2B, 6D): II longer than III+IV; V with posterior margin truncate. Abdominal tergites convex, with seven visible tergites; tergite VII (Fig. 6C) triangular in dorsal view, without fringe of longer microtrichia on posterior margin. Tergum VIII (Fig. 7A) concealed in the abdomen (not visible without dissection); 0.3x as long as sternum VIII, covered only by simple (unifid) setae, lateral margins acutely projected antero-ventrally; posterior margin rounded. Sternum VIII (Fig. 7C) lamina pentagonal-shaped, furcal arms weakly sclerotized, connected only by membranous, not closed, covered by 19–23 subequal short setae on distal 1/4, apices no longer setae; apodeme arcuate ventrally. Spermatheca (Fig. 7D) C-shaped, deflexed; corpus swollen; apex of cornu acuminate and deflected, without projection on outer margin at point of deflection; collum and ramus narrowly separated and not protruded; gland large, covered by spinules. Coxite (Fig. 7B) shorter than sternum VIII, bearing small simple setae, slightly narrowed and curved posteriorly, inner margin sinuous; styli (Fig. 7B) apically with three long simple setae. Type material. Holotype male deposited in MPEG: “Brasil-PA-Belém\ Parque Estadual do Utinga \ 12-VIII- 2013 \ R.M. Valente Col. [label 1], Em inflorescência de\ Evodianthus funifer \7:40 horas\Amostra 03”[label 2]. Allotype female deposited in MPEG: same as holotype. Paratypes: same as holotype (22♂ (5 dissected), 22♀ (6 dissected), UFPA); “ 12-VIII-2013, 7:00 horas, Amostra 01” (1♂, 1♀, UFPA); “ 12-VIII-2013, 7:30 horas, Amostra 02” (2♂, 2♀, MZUSP); “ 14-VIII-2013, 6:30 horas, Amostra 06” (2♂, 8♀, MPEG); “ 14-VIII-2 0 13, 6:40 horas, Amostra 07” (2♂, 2♀ (1 dissected), UFPA); “ 14-VIII-2013, 7:40 horas, Amostra 09” (2♂, 2♀, AMNH); “ 16-VIII- 2013, 6:20 horas, Amostra 10” (2♂, 2♀, CMNC); “ 16-VIII-2013, 6:45 horas, Amostra 11” (3♂, 7♀ (1 dissected), UFPA); “ 20-VIII-2013, 6:55 horas, Amostra 14” (2♂, 4♀, MPEG); “ 20-VIII-2013, 9:12 horas, Amostra 18” (2♂, 2♀, MCZ); “ 20-VIII-2 0 13, 9:20 horas, Amostra 19” (3♂ (1 dissected), 2♀, MPEG); “ 22-VIII-2013, 6:30 horas, Amostra 21” (1♂, 1♀, MPEG); “ 22-VIII-2013, 6:50 horas, Amostra 22” (8♂, 9♀, UFPA); “ 22-VIII-2013, 7:06 horas, Amostra 23” (2♂ (1 dissected), 2♀, UFPA); “ 22-VIII-2013, 7:36 horas, Amostra 24” (4♂, 2♀, MPEG); “ 22- VIII-2013, 7:56 horas, Amostra 25” (2♂, 1♀ (1 dissected), UFPA); “ 22-VIII-2 0 13, 8:50 horas, Amostra 26” (2♂, 2♀); “ 23-VIII-2013, 6:30 horas, Amostra 27” (3♂, 4♀, UFPA); “ 23-VIII-2013, 6:49 horas, Amostra 28” (2♂ (1 dissected), UFPA); “ 23-VIII-2013, 7:05 horas, Amostra 29” (2♂, 2♀); “ 27-VIII-2013, 7:00 horas, Amostra 30” (2♂, 2♀ (1 dissected), UFPA); “ 27-VIII-2 0 13, 7:15 horas, Amostra 31” (2♂ (1 dissected), 2♀); “ 27-VIII-2013, 7:45 horas, Amostra 33” (1♂, 2♀, MPEG); “ 27-VIII-2013, 7:50 horas, Amostra 34” (1♂, UFPA); “ 27-VIII-2013, 7:55 horas, Amostra 35” (1♂, UFPA); “ 28-VIII-2013, 7:29 horas, Amostra 42” (4♂, 5♀, UFPA); “ 28-VIII-2013, 7:54 horas, Amostra 44” (3♂, 5♀, UFPA); “ 28-VIII-2013, 8:18 horas, Amostra 46” (2♂, 2♀, MPEG); “ 28-VIII-2013, 8:50 horas, Amostra 49” (2♂, 2♀, UFPA); “Brasil-PA-Benevides \ 10-VIII-2013 \ R. M. Valente Col. [label 1], Em inflorescência de\ Evodianthus funifer \6:00–9:00 horas\”[label 2] (5♂, 11♀, UFPA). Etymology. This species is named after Dr. Inocêncio de Sousa Gorayeb, who mentored the senior author, and for his friendship and dedication to the study of Neotropical insects and to training students in entomology in the Amazon. The name is a noun in genitive case. Natural History. Cotithene gorayebi has been collected on inflorescences of Evodianthus funifer (Cyclanthaceae, Carludovicoideae) at two disjunct localities in the state of Pará, Brazil; i.e., Benevides (1°21’53.28”S 48°14’28.17”W) and Belém (Parque Estadual do Utinga, 1°25’S 48°25’W), both in Amazon lowland rainforest. All specimens were collected in August 2013, from 6:00 AM to 10:00 AM, at elevations from 23 to 37 m above sea level. In both localities, the annual precipitation average is about 3,000 mm also the annual mean relative humidity (87%, monthly mean from 85% to 95%) and annual mean air temperature (26°C, minimum temperatures above 18 °C) vary little throughout the year (INMET 2015). The climate is tropical rainforest (Af type, Köppen-Geiger’s Climate classification) which is characterized by average precipitation of at least 60 mm in every month so without a true dry season but with a wetter season from December to May. Evodianthus funifer is a root-climbing liana widely distributed in the Neotropical region, and it is the only known species of Evodianthus (Harling 1958, Leal & Forzza 2012). Among species of Cotithene, only Cotithene gorayebi and C. melanoptera (the only previously known South American species of Cotithene) are known in association with inflorescences of E. funifer, but collected from distant and ecologically different regions. Cotithene gorayebi has been recorded from Amazon lowland rainforest whereas C. melanoptera has been recorded in Merida and Aragua, both in a region of Venezuela far from Amazonian forest. Merida and Aragua are located at elevations from 1200 to 1600 m above sea level (Franz 2008) and covered by a mosaic of savannas, deciduous forests and cloud forests (see Huber & Oliveira-Miranda 2010). The climate is humid subtropical to equatorial arid (Köppen-Geiger’s Climate classification). Moreover, the localities belong to different biogeographic domains: Pará (Brazil) belong to the Boreal Brazilian Domain while Merida and Aragua (Venezuela) belong to the Pacific Domain, both comprised in the Brazilian sub-region, Neotropical Region (see Morrone 2014). Cotithene gorayebi is the first Amazonian representative of the genus. In the observations conducted at Parque Estadual do Utinga (Belém), E. funifer behaved as a monoecious species with protogynous inflorescences (pistillate phase precedes staminate phase, see also Harling 1958, Gottsberger 1991). The pistillate phase (Figs 8 B–C) was short (about one day) and was recognized by droplets of exudate on pistillate flowers, stretched staminodes emitting a strong scent, and by staminate flower buds much more prominent and covering the pistillate flowers leaving just a small space above the stigmas. The staminate phase (Fig. 8D) was very short (few hours) and recognized by dried stigmas, deteriorated staminodes and the opening of the perianth and anthers. One day before the pistillate phase, inflorescences began the phase prior to anthesis with open spathes but staminodes folded and odorless (Fig. 8A). Derelomini pollinators of cyclanths are attracted to the inflorescences by the scent emitted by the staminodes during the anthesis, especially during the pistillate phase (Harling 1958; Gottsberger 1990, 1991; Eriksson 1994a; Franz 2004, 2007; Franz & O’Brien 2001a, 2001b). Here, the vast majority (92%) of adults of the new species were collected during the pistillate phase (more attractive to pollinators), a mean of 37 adults (range 16–126) per inflorescence (N=25). In the staminate phase, the sampling effort was conducted at 6:00 AM so after to the departure of pollinators (see Gottsberger 1991, Franz 2007). In this phase we recorded only 8% of all adults collected with mean of 9 adults (range 1–36) per inflorescence (N=15). However, inflorescences with at least scarce staminodes/pollen recorded 20– 36 adults of Cotithene gorayebi per inflorescence while those with fallen staminodes/released pollen (less attractive to pollinators) recorded only one to three adults. In the pistillate phase of E. funifer, adults of Cotithene gorayebi were observed arriving in flight at the inflorescence with the first day-light (about 6:00 AM in August 2013). They immediately began to move towards the inner spaces of the inflorescences where the pistillate flowers are located and between the closed staminate flowers (Fig. 9). At these spaces, they fed on the base of staminodes (Fig. 10A) and on the exudate present on pistillate flowers. Adults are small enough to reach the space where the stigma of female flowers are located and frequently touch the stigmas during the pistillate phase. Some adults chewed the perianth of closed staminate flowers to access the anthers (Fig. 10B), and males were observed using the head and rostrum in male-male conflicts in the vicinity of the females. In the staminate phase, adults were already occupying spaces between staminate flowers (Fig. 11) before the observation effort (6:00–10:00 AM). These behaviors, together with their abundance (see above), suggests that adults of Cotithene gorayebi probably remain in the spaces between the closed staminate flowers until the staminate phase. They leave the inflorescences shortly after pollen has been released from anthers, often before the first day-light, as observed in other Derelomini pollinators of cyclanths (Gottsberger 1990, 1991, Ericksson 1994a, Franz 2004, 2007). Finally, we observed pollen grains on the body of adults of Cotithene gorayebi, especially on the prosternum. Previously known species of Cotithene are considered as non-pollinators of Cyclanthaceae because adults are scarcely abundant on inflorescences (typically 1–2 individuals per inflorescence) and present behavior not well synchronized with anthesis phases. Moreover, larvae develop into the rachis of inflorescence and can lead infructescence abortion (Franz 2007, 2008). Here, we did not observe larvae of Cotithene gorayebi but adults were abundant on inflorescences of E. funifer (mean of 24 adults, N=40) and behaved synchronously with the phases of anthesis, as do other Derelomini pollinators of cyclanths. Behavioral patterns, in addition to the small size and high abundance of adults, strongly suggests that Cotithene gorayebi may be the first species of Cotithene described as playing a role as a pollinator of Cyclanthaceae. If larvae in this species also cause the ab