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Yokenella regensburgei is a Gram-negative rod part of the Enterobacteriaceae family (order Enterobacterales ) and a rare cause of human infections. Although improved diagnostic methods have led to an increase in reports of this elusive pathogen, information remains limited. In order to provide a better understanding of this bacterium, we developed the first comprehensive review of its biology, biochemical profile, antimicrobial resistance pattern, virulence factors, natural reservoir and involvement in various veterinary and human infections. Human infections with this bacterium are scarcely reported, most probably due to constraints regarding its identification and biochemical similarities to Hafnia alvei . Multiple systematic searches revealed 23 cases of human infection, with a seemingly worldwide distribution, mostly in middle-aged or elderly male patients, often associated with immunosuppression. To date, Y. regensburgei has been reported in skin and soft tissue infections, bacteremia and sepsis, osteoarticular infections and in others such as urinary tract and digestive infections. The unique ability of Y. regensburgei to degrade polystyrene presents a novel and promising avenue for addressing plastic pollution in the near future. However, large-scale applications of this bacterium will undoubtedly increase human exposure, highlighting the necessity for comprehensive research into its role in human and veterinary infections, pathogenicity and antibiotic resistance.

Background: A circadian pattern for the onset of acute ischemic stroke (AIS) has been described, with a higher risk in the early morning and a lower risk during nighttime. However, data assessing the circadian distribution of hemorrhagic transformation after intravenous thrombolysis (ivT) are still incongruent., Objectives: This review aimed to evaluate whether the time interval based on AIS onset or ivT time could influence the occurrence of intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) related to ivT and if the circadian rhythm of endogenous production of tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) favors ICH occurrence., Methods: We conducted a systematic review following the PRISMA guidelines, searching PubMed and Embase for articles in English using the keywords: 'stroke', 'thrombolysis', and 'circadian'. Articles investigating the AIS onset or ivT time effects on circadian variations of ICH in AIS adult patients treated with ivT were included. Based on ICH's incidence and odds ratio, time intervals associated with higher risk and time intervals associated with lower risk were defined. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale was used to assess the risk of bias. The resulting data were reported in a qualitative narrative synthesis., Results: From the 70 abstracts returned by electronic literature search, six studies with 33,365 patients fulfilled the inclusion criteria, out of which three were retrospective analysis studies, one case-control study, one prospective study, and one post hoc analysis of a multicentre trial. Some studies assessed the relationship between ICH occurrence and circadian rhythm depending on AIS onset time (n = 2), treatment time (n = 2), or both (n = 4). All studies investigated the patients' comorbidities as confounding variables for the circadian pattern of symptomatic ICH (sICH). Two studies found no association between AIS onset or ivT time and patient risk factors, but the other four found several differences and used multivariate logistic regression models to balance these covariates. The overall score of the Newcastle- Ottawa scale was 83.3%, which might be interpreted as overall high quality., Conclusion: ICH occurred after ivT seems to follow a circadian pattern; the 18:00-00:00 time frame was the safest one, and patients with AIS onset or ivT time between these hours had the lowest incidence of any ICH, including sICH. The 06:00-12:00 block was associated with the highest incidence of ICH and sICH. However, the analysis is limited by the small number of included studies and the heterogeneous findings reported. Further homogenized studies using comparable time frames and sICH definitions are needed to demonstrate this circadian pattern. The review protocol was registered in the OSF database under reference UHNF, doi:10.17605/OSF.IO/UHNF6., (Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.)

Health policies in transitioning health systems are rarely informed by the social burden and the incidence shifts in disease epidemiology. Cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT) is a type of stroke more often affecting younger adults and women, with higher incidences being reported in recent studies. A retrospective, hospital-based population study was conducted at Cluj-Napoca Emergency County Hospital across a 5-year period between 2017 and 2021. The overall incidence and the rates in distinctive gender and age groups were assessed. Length of hospital stay (LHS), modified Rankin score (mRS) and mortality at discharge and at 3 months were calculated. Fifty-three patients were included. The median age was 45 years, and 64.2% were women. In our population of 3,043,998 person-years, 53 CVT cases resulted in an incidence of 1.74 per 100,000 (95% CI 1.30-2.27). CVT incidence was higher in women (2.13 per 100,000, 95% CI 1.47-2.07). There was a statistically significant difference in LHS between patients with different intracranial complications (Kruskal-Wallis, p = 0.008). The discharge mRS correlated with increasing age (r s = 0.334, p = 0.015), transient risk factors (Fisher's exact test, p = 0.023) and intracranial complications (Fisher's exact test, p = 0.022). In addition, the mRS at 3 months was statistically associated with increasing age (r s = 0.372, p = 0.006) and transient risk factors (Fisher's exact test, p = 0.012). In-hospital mortality was 5.7%, and mortality at follow up was 7.5%, with higher rates in women (5.9% and 8.8%, respectively). Our findings may provide insight regarding the epidemiological features of certain patient groups more prone to developing CVT and its complications, informing local and central stakeholders' efforts to improve standards of care.