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This study examined the longitudinal associations of various executive function components with subsequent psychiatric problems in Chinese school-age children. Data from 1,639 children (44.36% girls) ages 6-13 years were drawn from the Children School Functions and Brain Development project. Executive function components were assessed by the cancellation test, the Corsi test, and the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test. Psychiatric problems were determined by parent report. All assessments were administered twice, separated by a 1-year interval. Cross-lagged panel models showed that cognitive flexibility and general psychiatric problems (general p) mutually predicted each other. Worse inhibitory control at baseline significantly predicted more externalizing problems 1 year later, regardless of age, while externalizing problems did not significantly predict inhibitory control 1 year later. Working memory at baseline did not significantly predict internalizing problems and vice versa. These findings demonstrate that better inhibitory control may help to prevent or reduce externalizing problems in Chinese school-age children and that higher cognitive flexibility may help to mitigate general psychiatric problems.

Axitinib (AXTN) is an oral tyrosine kinase inhibitor for the treatment of early to advanced renal cell carcinoma. In this work, solvates of AXTN were prepared in five solvents and subjected to desolvation treatment. The crystal form A of AXTN can form solvates in acetonitrile, DMF, acetic acid, acetic acid + water, and methanol. Different ratios of AXTN and acetic acid will form different products (solvate or directly crystallized into another crystal form (form IV)). The characterization results of thermal analyses confirmed the types of the five solvates. The obtained solvates were desolvated using methods of solid-phase desolvation (heating, exposure to solvent steam, microwave) and solvent-mediated phase transformation (SMPT). The desolvated solids were characterized by PXRD, TGA, DSC, FT-IR, and SEM, and it was ultimately inferred that a new crystal form (form Z) of AXTN could be formed after desolvation. In addition, the solvates obtained in this work experienced mutual transformation via SMPT, which depends on the type of solvents or mixed solvents. The phase transformations of different solid forms were summarized. This study is instructive for exploring solvates and polymorphs of AXTN and understanding phase transitions under different environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a severe complication that can lead to fatalities in multiple trauma patients. Nevertheless, the incidence rate and early prediction of ARDS among multiple trauma patients residing in high-altitude areas remain unknown. Methods: This study included a total of 168 multiple trauma patients who received treatment at Shigatse People's Hospital Intensive Care Unit (ICU) between January 1, 2019 and December 31, 2021. The clinical characteristics of the patients and the incidence rate of ARDS were assessed. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression models were employed to identify potential risk factors for ARDS, and the predictive effects of these risk factors were analyzed. Results: In the high-altitude area, the incidence of ARDS among multiple trauma patients was 37.5% (63/168), with a hospital mortality rate of 16.1% (27/168). Injury Severity Score (ISS) and thoracic injuries were identified as significant predictors for ARDS using the logistic regression model, with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.75 and 0.75, respectively. Furthermore, a novel predictive risk score combining ISS and thoracic injuries demonstrated improved predictive ability, achieving an AUC of 0.82. Conclusions: This study presents the incidence of ARDS in multiple trauma patients residing in the Tibetan region, and identifies two critical predictive factors along with a risk score for early prediction of ARDS. These findings have the potential to enhance clinicians' ability to accurately assess the risk of ARDS and proactively prevent its onset. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: As of 30 April 2023, the COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in over 6.9 million deaths worldwide. The virus continues to spread and mutate, leading to continuously evolving pathological and physiological processes. It is imperative to reevaluate predictive factors for identifying the risk of early disease progression. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted on a cohort of 1379 COVID-19 patients who were discharged from Xin Hua Hospital affiliated with Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine between 15 December 2022 and 15 February 2023. Patient symptoms, comorbidities, demographics, vital signs, and laboratory test results were systematically documented. The dataset was split into testing and training sets, and 15 different machine learning algorithms were employed to construct prediction models. These models were assessed for accuracy and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC), and the best-performing model was selected for further analysis. Results: AUROC for models generated by 15 machine learning algorithms all exceeded 90%, and the accuracy of 10 of them also surpassed 90%. Light Gradient Boosting model emerged as the optimal choice, with accuracy of 0.928 ± 0.0006 and an AUROC of 0.976 ± 0.0028. Notably, the factors with the greatest impact on in-hospital mortality were growth stimulation expressed gene 2 (ST2,19.3%), interleukin-8 (IL-8,17.2%), interleukin-6 (IL-6,6.4%), age (6.1%), NT-proBNP (5.1%), interleukin-2 receptor (IL-2R, 5%), troponin I (TNI,4.6%), congestive heart failure (3.3%) in Light Gradient Boosting model. Conclusion: ST-2, IL-8, IL-6, NT-proBNP, IL-2R, TNI, age and congestive heart failure were significant predictors of in-hospital mortality among COVID-19 patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copper (Cu) is an essential metal required for many physiological processes and biological reactions. Liver is the main organ of metabolism of Cu and is also the site where synthesis of some metalloproteins. The purpose of this study is to explore the effects of Cu deficiency on the liver and to evaluate the changes in liver oxidative stress levels to reveal its possible impact mechanisms. Mice were feed to a nutritional Cu-deficiency diet from weaning and injected with copper sulfate (CuSO4) intraperitoneally to correct Cu deficiency. Cu deficiency resulted in reduced liver index, liver histological alteration, and oxidative stress; decreased the contents of Cu and ALB; elevated ALT and AST concentrations in serum together with decreased mRNA and protein expressions of Nrf2 pathway related molecules (Nrf2, HO-1, NQO1); and increased mRNA and protein expressions of Keap1. However, the supplement of copper sulfate (CuSO4) significantly ameliorated the changes mentioned above. Our results indicate that Cu deficiency can cause hepatic damage in mice is associated with the activation of oxidative stress and inhibition of Nrf2 pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pharmaceutical industry and regulatory agencies are increasingly interested in conducting bridging studies in order to bring an approved drug product from the original region (eg, United States or European Union) to a new region (eg, Asian‐Pacific countries). In this article, we provide a new methodology for the design and analysis of bridging studies by assuming prior knowledge on how the null and alternative hypotheses in the original, foreign study are related to the null and alternative hypotheses in the bridging study and setting the type I error for the bridging study according to the strength of the foreign‐study evidence. The new methodology accounts for randomness in the foreign‐study evidence and controls the average type I error of the bridging study over all possibilities of the foreign‐study evidence. In addition, the new methodology increases statistical power, when compared to approaches that do not use foreign‐study evidence, and it allows for the possibility of not conducting the bridging study when the foreign‐study evidence is unfavorable. Finally, we conducted extensive simulation studies to demonstrate the usefulness of the proposed methodology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]