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The current study aimed to investigate the anthocyanins, non-anthocyanins (flavonoids and phenolic acids), and free radicals scavenging potential in the flowers of Rhododendron arboreum using ultra high performance liquid chromatography with ion mobility quadrupole time of flight tandem mass spectrometry. A total of 25 constituents including nine anthocyanins, six phenolic acids, and ten flavonoids were identified in the flower extract. The major anthocyanins identified were cyanidin-3-O-β-galactoside (1), cyanidin-3-O-α-arabinoside (4), and cyanidin-3-O-rhamnoside (8), while quercetin glycosides were the main identified flavonoids in R. arboreum flowers. Additionally, ultra high performance liquid chromatography methods were developed and validated for the quantification of nine compounds (anthocyanins, flavonoid glycosides, and phenolic acids); five of them were quantified using internal standards. The extracts were analyzed for total phenolics (123.6 mg GAE/g), anthocyanin content (1.76% w/w), and evaluated for antioxidant properties against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (IC

Two undescribed diarylheptanoids, 3-(R)-acetyl-1-(3',4'-dihydroxyphenyl)-7-(4''-hydroxy-3'' -methoxyphenyl)-heptane (1) and 11-Hydroxy-1,17-epoxy-7-(2-hydroxylphenyl)-13-(16-methoxyphenyl)-heptane (2) together with known compounds, namely, 11-Oxo-1,17-epoxy-7-(2-hydroxylphenyl)-13-(16-methoxyphenyl)-heptane (3) 3,4,5-Trihydroxytetralone (4) 4,8- Dihydroxytetralone (5), 4,5-Dihydroxytetralone (6), 5,8-Dihydroxy-3-methoxytetralone (7) were isolated from ethyl acetate extract of the green husk of Carya illinoinensis. The structures of compounds were established on the basis of IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, DEPT, HSQC, HMBC, COSY spectroscopic and ESI-MS analysis. The isolated compounds were evaluated for AChE (acetylcholinesterase inhibition) and observed that compound 5 was potent inhibitor with IC50 of 101.48 ± 4.00 µg/mL.

Anthocyanins are good alternative to synthetic dyes for food, pharmaceutical and nutraceutical industries. Owing to their wide occurrence in plant kingdom, an UPLC-ESI-MS/MS method was used to iden...

Swertia chirayita (Roxb.) H. Karst. is a traditionally used, well-recognized medicinal plant of the family Gentianaceae with significant therapeutic potential. It has been traditionally used to cure various ailments such as fever, vomiting, jaundice, digestive disorders, heart diseases, diabetes, malaria, scorpion bite, and skin diseases.The present review emphasized the traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, toxicology, chemical profiling, and structural identification of isolated compounds by analytical and spectroscopic techniques. This review demonstrates the possibility of advanced ethnopharmacological research.The literature on S. chirayita was obtained from bibliographic databases like Web of Science, PubMed, Science-Direct, American Chemical Society (ACS), Google Scholar, and SciFinder. The compiled review is covered up until March 2022.Approximately, 123 specialized metabolites including xanthones, seco-iridoids, terpenoids, alkaloids, and flavonoids have been isolated and characterized from S. chirayita. The extract and isolated compounds exhibited a wide spectrum of pharmacological effects such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antitumor, hepatoprotective, antiviral, antimalarial, and antibacterial offering scientific evidence for traditional claims of this medicinal plant. In addition, various analytical methods using HPTLC, UPLC, HPLC, LC-MS, and GC-MS have also been documented to determine the phytochemicals of S. chirayita.The current article provides information on traditional usage, phytochemistry, chemical profiling, structure elucidation, pharmacological efficacy, toxicity, and future prospects of S. chirayita. This plant has long been traditionally used in a variety of ways by indigenous people. Numerous phytoconstituents and several pharmacological activities have been reported in S. chirayita. However, there are still some scientific gaps such as identification of bioactive compounds, structure-activity relationship and mechanistic action of isolated bioactive compounds, development of effective analytical methods for comprehensive quality control, and safety profiles that need to be addressed.

The Himalayan wild berries Myrica esculenta, Duchesnea indica, Prunus cerasoides, and Berberis lycium were studied for the first time for polyphenolic compositions using high-performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. The chemical analysis of extracts resulted in the identification of 69 polyphenols, including 11 anthocyanins, 28 phenolic acids, 19 flavanoids, 10 ellagitannins, and 1 dihydrochalcone. The caffeoylquinic acids, quercetin, kaempferol, and cyanidin are the common moieties in studied wild berries. In addition, seven phenolic compounds, that is, gallic acid, vanillic acid, caffeic acid, rutin, ferulic acid, quercetin, and myricetin were quantified. Among anthocyanins, cyanidin-3-O-glucoside was the majorly quantified anthocyanin that ranged from 2.52 to 6.18% followed by delphinidin-3-O-glucoside (0.6%-5.53%). The samples were assessed for total phenolics, total anthocyanin content, and antioxidant potential. The results showed that M. esculenta and B. lycium had the highest total phenolic and anthocyanin content and exhibited promising antioxidant activity with IC50 of 32.100 ± 0.42 and 48.44 ± 0.46 μg/mL, respectively. Principal component analysis was able to clearly differentiate between four underutilized Himalayan wild edible berries. The wide variability of polyphenolic constituents supports the consumption of these berries not only to achieve the nutrient requirements among local people but also as promising sources of antioxidants for the food industry.

Two undescribed diarylheptanoids, 3-(

An undescribed anthraquinone assigned as 1-Hydroxy-5,5-dimethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-9,10-anthraquinone (compound 1) was isolated from ethylacetate extract of Juglans regia L. The structure of the compound was established on the basis of 1D, 2D NMR (HSQC, HMBC, COSY), ESI-QTOF-MS/MS spectroscopy. The molecular docking studies of compound 1 indicated similar molecular interactions as that of co-crystalized inhibitor. Compound 1 showed hydrogen bonds with residues PHE295, GLY121, π-σ interactions with TYR 341, π-π interactions with HIS 447 residues, and π-alkyl with TRP86 and TYR 337. On the basis of in-silico interaction studies of compound 1 with proteins, it was tested using acetylcholinesterase inhibition assay, acrylamide-induced neurotoxicity test of zebrafish larva, and scopolamine-induced cognitive deficit model of adult zebrafish. The compound 1 showed potent acetylcholinesterase inhibition activity, prevented acrylamide-induced neurotoxicity and improved learning and memory functions in T-maze test. The results established compound 1 to be a potential neuroprotective natural product for amelioration of cognitive impairment.

Bacopa monnieri (L.) is a reputed medicinal herb in traditional system of medicine of India, where it is used as nervine tonic to sharpen intellect and memory. This review discusses chemical characterization of dammarane triterpenoid glycosides which are well accepted for improvement in memory and for potential pharmacological activities. In addition, this review provides information on the chemical composition of specialized metabolites of B. monnieri and in the formulations by different analytical techniques. This comprehensive review covers literature up to 2019 with an emphasis on structural characterization of dammarane triterpenoid glycosides by spectroscopic techniques, chemical composition by analytical methods and pharmacological activities.

A series of heterocyclic derivatives including indoles, pyrazines along with oximes and esters were synthesized from lupeol and evaluated for anti-inflammatory activity through inhibition of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced nitric oxide (NO) production in RAW 264.7 and J774A.1 cells. All the synthesized molecules of lupeol were found to be more active in inhibiting NO production with an IC50 of 18.4-48.7 μM in both the cell lines when compared to the specific nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor, L-NAME (IC50=69.21 and 73.18 μM on RAW 264.7 and J774A.1 cells, respectively). The halogen substitution at phenyl ring of indole moiety leads to potent inhibition of NO production with half maximal concentration ranging from 18.4 to 41.7 μM. Furthermore, alkyl (11, 12) and p-bromo/iodo (15, 16) substituted compounds at a concentration of 20 μg/mL exhibited mild inhibition (29-42%) of LPS-induced tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and weak inhibition (10-22%) towards interleukin 1-beta (IL-1β) production in both the cell lines. All the derivatives were found to be non-cytotoxic when tested at their IC50 (μM). These findings suggest that the derivatives of lupeol could be a lead to potent inhibitors of NO.

Sugars present in medicinal plants are known for protecting and stimulating the immune system against various biological disorders. Tinospora cordifolia is a reputed Indian herb used for immunity enhancing which is mainly attributed to saccharides. In the present study, a simple, sensitive, and reliable liquid chromatography method based on ultrasonic assisted extraction and evaporative light scattering detection was developed for simultaneous determination of ten sugars comprising of monosaccharides (l-(+)-rhamnose, d-(+)-xylose, d-(−)-arabinose, β-d-(+)-glucose), disaccharides (sucrose, d-(+)-cellobiose, α-lactose), alditols (xylitol, d-(+)-mannitol) and a polyalcohol (myo-inositol) in T. cordifolia. The separation was achieved on Zorbax-NH2 column (250 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 µm) in gradient elution of acetonitrile: water as mobile phase with flow rate of 0.5 mL min−1. The drift tube temperature and nitrogen flow-rate were optimized at 70 °C and 2.0 standard litres per minute, respectively. The method was validated for linearity, accuracy, precision, limits of detection and quantification. The calibration equation revealed a good linear relationship (r 2 = 0.959–0.999). The sufficient recovery was observed in the range of 94.1–99.9%. The method showed good reproducibility with intra- and inter-day precision of

Bacopa monnieri is a well-known Ayurvedic Indian medicinal plant traditionally used as a memory enhancer. Its memory-enhancing effect is mainly attributed to dammarane triterpenoid saponins. In the present study, two new dammarane-type triterpenoid saponins, bacopaside-XI (1) and bacopaside-XII (2), together with known compounds, bacopaside IV, bacopaside V, and apigenin, were isolated from the aerial parts of the B. monnieri . The structures of the new saponins were elucidated as 3-O-[α-L-arabinofuranosyl(1→3)]-6-O-sulfonyl-β-D-glucopyranosyl pseudojujubogenin (1) and 3-O-{β-D-glucopyranosyl(1→3)[α-L-arabinofuranosyl(1→2)]-β-D-glucopyranosyl}-20-O-α-L-arabinopyranosyl pseudojujubogenin (2) on the basis of extensive investigations of 1D and 2D NMR (HMQC and HMBC), ESI-QTOF-MS/MS spectroscopic methods, and chemical evidences.

A liquid chromatography method was developed and validated for the determination of picroside-I and picroside-II in herbal preparations containing Picrorhiza kurroa as one of the ingradients. Resolution of picrosides was achieved on a reversed phase (C-18) endcapped bidentate column by using a mobile phase of acetonitrile: water (25:75 v/v). The detection of picrosides was carried out at 270 nm. The method was validated for precision, accuracy and robustness according to the International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) guidelines and is applicable for the quality control of preparations containing P. kurroa. Analysis of samples in forced degradation proved it to be applicable for stability evaluation. The linear regression analysis data showed good linear relationship (r 2 = 0.9999 ± 0.0010 for picroside-I and 0.9997 ± 0.0012 for picroside-II) in the concentration range of 0.4–4.0 μg. The limit of detection and quantification for picroside-I and picroside-II were recorded to be 28.1 and 73.1 ng and 85.2 and 221.5 ng, respectively. Satisfactory recovery results were observed from the herbal preparations (97.5–100.5%). Intra- and inter- day precision of the method was acceptable, with relative standard deviation (%RSD) values in the range of 0.04–1.16% and 0.03–0.27%, respectively.

Sugars play a critical role in regulating overall cellular metabolism in high altitude growing plants. These plants are shown to have high levels of sugars to enhance their tolerance to abiotic stresses such as drought and freezing temperature. In the present study, a simple, sensitive, selective and reliable HPLC method based on ultrasonic extraction and evaporative light scattering detection (ELSD) has been developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of important sugars (xylose, xylitol, mannitol, glucose and sucrose) and picrosides (picroside-I and picroside-II) in two species Picrorhiza kurroa and P. scrophulariiflora. The analysis was carried out on a Zorbax amino column (250 mm x 4.6 mm i.d., 5 microm) with isocratic elution of acetonitrile:water (78:22, v/v). The method was validated for accuracy, precision, limit of detection and quantification according to International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) guidelines. The drift tube temperature of the ELSD system was set to 81 degrees C and nitrogen flow rate was 2.0 standard liter per minute (SLM). The regression equation revealed a good linear relationship (r(2)=0.9997+/-0.0012) within test ranges. The limit of detection and quantification for seven analytes in ELSD were less than 0.98 and 2.95 microg, respectively. The method showed good reproducibility for the quantification of seven analytes in Picrorhiza species with intra- and inter-day variation of less than 2.0%.

A rapid, simple, sensitive, robust, and improved HPLC method was developed and validated for determination of 10 polyphenols, namely gallic acid, catechin, epicatechin, rutin, m-coumaric acid, quercitrin, myricetin, quercetin, apigenin, and kaempferol in fresh flowers of Rosa bourboniana and R. brunonii and in both fresh flowers and marc (left after industrial distillation of rose oil) of R. damascena. Six polyphenols, gallic acid, rutin, quercitrin, myricetin, quercetin, and kaempferol, were detected and quantified in all extracts. The chromatographic separation of 10 polyphenols was achieved in less than 16 min by RP-HPLC (Phenomenex, Luna C18 (2) column, 5 microm, 250 mm x 4.6 mm) using linear gradient elution of water and acetonitrile (0.02% trifluroacetic acid) with a flow rate of 1 mL/min at lambda 280 nm. Standard calibration curves were linear in the range of 0.39-500 microg/mL. Good results were achieved with respect to repeatability (RSD

A simple, sensitive and accurate high performance thin layer chromatographic (HPTLC) method has been developed for the estimation of withaferin-A and withanolide-A in different plant parts such as, leaf, root, stem and fruit of two morphotypes of Withania somnifera. HPTLC of W. somnifera methanolic extract was performed on Si 60 F254 (20 cm × 20 cm) plates with toluene:ethyl acetate:formic acid (5:5:1), as mobile phase. Quantitative evaluation of the plate was performed in the absorption-reflection mode at 530 nm. The method was validated for precision, repeatability, and accuracy. The average recovery of withaferin-A and withanolide-A in two levels were 96.0 and 96.7%, showing the excellent reproducibility of the method. The calibration curves were linear for both in the range of 200–3,200 ng. The technique has been applied, for the first time, for the estimation of withaferin-A and withanolide-A in different parts of the two morphotypes of Withania somnifera. The method is simple, precise, specific, sensitive and accurate and can be used for routine analysis as well as for quality control of raw materials and herbal formulations.

A HPLC–DAD–DPPH method was developed for evaluating the 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl free radical scavenging activity of ethylacetate extracts of different polyherbal formulations (draksarista, draksava, lohasava and arvindasava) by using RP-18e column. The ethylacetate extract from polyherbal, ‘draksarista’ exhibited maximum free radical scavenging activity (99.9 ± 0.38%) followed by draksava (99.8 ± 0.34%), lohasava (98.5 ± 0.30%) and arvindasava (42.3 ± 0.34%) at 100 μg mL− 1. Simultaneously, ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionisation-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS) was used to study chemical composition of the ethylacetate extracts of formulations. The characteristic electrospray mass ionisation reveals the dominance of polyphenols and their glycosides in the four polyherbal formulations.

A microanalytical HPLC technique has been developed for determination of swertiamarin in Swertia species and bacoside-A in Bacopa monnieri. Small quantities (≥2 mg) of powdered plant material are required for analysis. The limits of detection (LOD) of swertiamarin and bacoside-A are 500 pg and 4,000 ng, respectively, in 2 mg plant material. Dried plant material from S. cordata and S. chirata contained 5.59 and 0.44% swertiamarin, respectively, and B. monnieri contained 0.12% bacoside-A. The simplicity, accuracy, and reproducibility of the method enable its use for estimation of marker compounds.

A high-performance thin-layer chromatographic (HPTLC) method has been established for simple and rapid quantification of two secoiridoids, swertiamarin and amarogentin, in two Swertia species. HPTLC of secoiridoids was performed on precoated silica 60 F 254 plates with EtOAc-MeOH-H 2 O, 77 + 8 + 8 ( v/v ), as mobile phase. Densitometric determination of the secoiridoids was performed at λ = 235 nm in reflectance/absorbance mode. The method was validated for precision, repeatability, and accuracy. Average recovery of amarogentin and swertiamarin was 94.5 and 96.5%, respectively, showing that the reproducibility of the method was excellent. The method is simple, precise, specific, sensitive, and accurate and can be used for routine quality control of raw materials and herbal formulations.

A rapid and simple RP-TLC method for simultaneous quantification of pharmacologically important sesquiterpene artemisinin (AM) together with its precursors arteannuin- B (AB) and artemisinic acid (AA) in the inflorescence part of Artemisia annua plant has been developed. The RP-TLC of sesquiterpenes was performed on RP-18 F254 S thin-layer chromatographic plates by developing in mobile phase, containing 0.2% TFA in water/ACN (35 : 65, v/v). The densitometric determination of AM, AB and AA was carried out after derivatization with anisaldehyde reagent at 426 nm in absorption-reflectance mode.

A series of oleanolic acid analogs, characterized by structural modifications at position C-3 and C-28 of oleanane skeleton were synthesized and assessed for antiinflammatory potential towards lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced nitric oxide (NO) production in macrophages. Results revealed that all the synthesized analogs of oleanolic acid inhibit NO production with an IC50 of 2.66-41.7 μM as compared to the specific nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor, L-NAME (IC50=69.21 and 73.18 μM on RAW 264.7 and J774A.1 cells, respectively) without affecting the cell viability when tested at their half maximal concentration. The most potent NO inhibitors (2, 8, 9 and 10) at a concentration of 20 μg/mL also demonstrated mild inhibition (27.9-51.9%) of LPS-induced tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and weak inhibition (11.1-37.5%) towards interleukin 1-beta (IL-1β) production in both the cells. The present study paves a direction that analogs of oleanolic acid can be employed as a lead in the development of potent NO inhibitors. Molecular docking studies also showed that 10 (with top Goldscore docking pose 19.05) showed similar interaction as that of co-crystallized inhibitor and, thereby, helps to design the potent inhibitors of TNF-α.

Picrorhiza kurroa Royle ex Benth., is widely used in the Indian systems of medicine for the treatment of various liver ailments. Since, the role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of liver injury has become generally recognized, in present study the free radical scavenging effect of P. kurroa was assessed by on-line HPLC-DPPH and colorimetric DPPH methods. The comparative study on antioxidant activity of P. kurroa extracts by both methods revealed that colorimetric method showed very less free radical scavenging effect while HPLC-DPPH method showed high activity. Further, the kutkoside, an important ingredient of a potent hepatoprotective formulation "kutkin/picroliv" was investigated for its chemical composition by ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with diode array detection/electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-DAD/ESI-QTOF-MS). Kutkoside was considered to be a single compound and reported as picroside-II or kutkoside, however, present investigation illustrated that kutkoside is a mixture of iridoid glycosides namely, picroside II, picroside IV and 6-ferulloylcatalpol.

A high performance liquid chromatographic method using a silica-based monolithic column coupled with evaporative light scattering detector (HPLC-ELSD) was developed and validated for simultaneous quantification of bacosides (bacoside A, bacopaside I, bacoside A(3), bacopaside II, bacopaside X, bacopasaponin C) and apigenin in Bacopa monnieri. The chromatographic resolution was achieved on a Chromolith RP-18 (100x4.6 mm) column with acetonitrile/water (30:70) as mobile phase in isocratic elution at a flow rate of 0.7 mL/min. The drift tube temperature of the ELSD was set to 95 degrees C, and the nitrogen flow rate was 2.0 SLM (standard liter per minute). The calibration curves revealed a good linear relationship (r(2) > 0.9988) within the test ranges. The detection limits (S/N = 3) and the quantification limits (S/N = 10) for the compounds were in the range of 0.54-6.06 and 1.61-18.78 microg/mL, respectively. Satisfactory average recovery was observed in the range of 95.8-99.0%. The method showed good reproducibility for the quantification of these compounds in B. monnieri with intra- and inter-day precision of less than 0.69 and 0.67%, respectively. The validated method was successfully applied to quantify analytes in nine accessions of B. monnieri and thus provides a new basis for overall quality assessment of B. monnieri.

The synthesis of a series of substituted indanes which provide routes to nature-identical compounds and their analogues is reported. The smooth muscle relaxant activity of a series of substituted indanes and indanones together with their analogues has been measured. A compound with significant smooth muscle relaxant activity has been identified.

Chemical investigations on the stem bark of Holarrhena antidysenterica resulted in the isolation of a new steroidal alkaloid designated as holadysenterine (1), together with three known steroidal alkaloids, conessine (2), isoconessimine (3) and kurchessine (4). Their structures were elucidated on the basis of 1D- and 2D-NMR techniques and high-resolution mass spectrometry.

A simple, sensitive, selective, precise, and robust high-performance TLC (HPTLC) method was developed and validated for determination of flavonoids in herbal extracts Bauhinia variegata, Bacopa monnieri, Centella asiatica, Ginkgo biloba, Lonicera japonica, Rosa bourboniana, Rosa brunonii, and Rosa damascena. The HPTLC of flavonoids was performed on RP-18 F(254) TLC plates with dual run, water (5% formic acid)/methanol (70:30) and water (5% formic acid)/methanol (50:50) as mobile phases. Densitometric determination of flavonoids was performed at lambda = 280 nm in reflectance/absorbance mode. The linear regression analysis data for the calibration plots showed a good linear relationship with r(2 )= 0.998 +/- 0.0003 in the concentration range of 150-800 ng/spot for apigenin and rutin and 200-1000 ng/spot for quercetin, luteolin, and quercitrin with respect to peak area. The average recovery for apigenin, quercetin, rutin, luteolin, and quercitrin was 97-99.8% indicating the excellent reproducibility. Statistical analysis of the data showed that the method is reproducible and selective for determination of flavonoids.

Roses are one of the most important groups of ornamental plants and their fruits and flowers are used in a wide variety of food, nutritional products and different traditional medicines. The antioxidant activity of methanolic extracts from fresh flowers of three rose species (Rosa damascena, Rosa bourboniana and Rosa brunonii) was evaluated by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) free-radical method. The ability to scavenge DPPH radical was measured by the discoloration of the solution. The methanolic extract from R. brunonii exhibited maximum free-radical-scavenging activity (64.5+/-0.38%) followed by R. bourboniana (51.8+/-0.46%) and R. damascena (43.6+/-0.25%) at 100 microg/ml. Simultaneously, ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS) was used to study phenolic composition in the methanolic extracts from the fresh flowers of rose species. The phenolic constituents were further investigated by direct infusion-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS in negative ion mode. Characteristic Electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS) spectra with other diagnostic fragment ions generated by retro Diels-Alder (RDA) fragmentation pathways were recorded for the flavonoids. Distinct similarities were observed in the relative distribution of polyphenolic compounds among the three species. The dominance of quercetin, kaempferol and their glycosides was observed in all the three species.

Four cucurbitacins, bacobitacin A-D (1-4) as well as, a known cytotoxic, cucurbitacin E (5) together with three known phenylethanoid glycosides, monnieraside I, III and plantioside B were isolated form the aerial part of Bacopa monnieri. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of extensive spectroscopic investigations (1D, 2D NMR and ESI-QTOF-MS/MS). This is the first report on the characterization of cucurbitacins in B. monnieri.

Two biflavonoids, 3′-O-methyl loniflavone [5,5″,7,7″-tetrahydroxy 3′-methoxy 4′,4‴-biflavonyl ether (1)] and loniflavone [5,5″,7,7″,3′-pentahydroxy 4′,4‴-biflavonyl ether (2)] along with luteolin (3) and chrysin (4) were isolated from the leaves of Lonicera japonica. The structures were established on the basis of UV/vis, 1D, 2D NMR (HMQC and HMBC) and ESI-QTOF-MS/MS spectroscopic methods and chemical evidences.

A new sterol glycoside, bacosterol-3-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside along with bacopasaponin-C, bacopaside-I, bacopaside-II, bacosterol, bacosine and luteolin-7-O-beta-glucopyranoside have been isolated from Bacopa monnieri. Their structures were elucidated mainly on the basis of IR, 1D, 2D NMR (HMQC, HMBC, COSY), HR-ESI-QTOF-MS and EI mass spectral studies.

Chemical investigation of the leaves and fresh flowers of Lonicera japonica lead to the isolation of a new pentacyclic triterpene saponin, 3- O-[α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-D-xylopyranosyl]-hedragenin (1) along with two known saponins, 3- O-[α-L-arabinopyranosyl]-hedragenin (2) and 3- O-[α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-α-L-arabinopyranosyl]-hedragenin (3), two fatty acid esters, methyl (Z,Z) 9,12-octadecadienoate (methyl linoleate) (4) and methyl (Z,Z,Z) 9,12,15-octadecatrienoate (methyl linolineate) (5) and two long chain hydrocarbons, octadecane (6) and heneicosane (7). The structures were established on the basis of IR, 1D- and 2D-NMR (HMQC and HMBC) spectroscopic and ESI-QTOF-MS/MS analysis. Simultaneously, the volatile composition of fresh flowers of L. japonica, analyzed by GC/MS, indicated the presence of two long chain hydrocarbons, heneicosane (37.5%) and octadecane (34.5%) as major constituents. Other metabolites characterized were fatty acids and their esters, such as palmitic acid (1.7%), linolenic acid (2.5 %), linoleic acid (1.3%), methyl palmitate (2.3%), methyl 9,12-octadecadienoate (4.5%) and methyl ( Z,Z,Z)-9,12,15-octadecatrienoate, along with oxygenated monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes, namely linalool, cis-linalool oxide, terpine-4-ol and trans-nerolidol.