Search

The European Union is an organisation that uses multiple languages, and its law is no exception. Dealing with over twenty authentic language versions of EU legislation appears to represent an additional challenge in the interpretation of the provisions of the common legal order. Unlike most other works, this article does not focus on the process of interpretation conducted by an adjudicating panel or an Advocate General, but rather on the statements of the parties involved in a dispute, or on the national courts that request a preliminary ruling when referring to multilingualism.

ImportanceVaccination hesitancy—the reluctance or refusal to be vaccinated—is a leading global health threat (World Health Organization, 2019). It is imperative to identify the prevalence of vaccination hesitancy for SARS-CoV2 in order to understand the scope of the problem and to identify its motivational roots in order to proactively prepare to address the problem when a vaccine eventually becomes available.ObjectiveTo identify (1) the prevalence of vaccination hesitancy for a SARS-CoV2 vaccine, (2) the motivational roots of this hesitancy, and (3) the most promising incentives for improving the likelihood of vaccination uptake when a vaccine does become available.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsA cross-sectional sample of 3,674 American and Canadian adults assessed during the COVID-19 pandemic in May 2020.Main OutcomesMeasures of vaccination intention (i.e., “If a vaccine for COVID-19 was available, would you get vaccinated?”), attitudes toward vaccines in general and specific to SARS-CoV2 using the Vaccination Attitudes Examination Scale, and incentives for getting vaccinated for those who reported they would not get vaccinated.ResultsMany American (25%) and Canadian (20%) respondents said that they would not get vaccinated against SARS-CoV2 if a vaccine was available. Non-adherence rates of this magnitude would make it difficult or impossible to achieve herd immunity. Vaccine rejection was most strongly correlated with mistrust of vaccine benefit, and also correlated with worry about unforeseen future effects, concerns about commercial profiteering from pharmaceutical companies, and preferences for natural immunity. When asked about incentives for getting vaccinated, respondents were most likely to report that evidence for rigorous testing and safety of the vaccine were of greatest importance.Conclusions and RelevanceVaccination hesitancy is a major looming problem for COVID-19. To improve vaccine uptake, it is imperative that the vaccine is demonstrated to the public to be rigorously tested and not perceived as rushed or premature in its dissemination.

Badania prowadzono w doświadczalnym sadzie jabłoniowym na glebie płowej typowej wytworzonej z utworu pyłowego. Porównano następujące metody pielęgnacji gleby w rzędach drzew: ugór herbicydowy utrzymywany za pomocą simaziny (Azotopu), ugór herbicydowy utrzymywany za pomocą glifosatu (Roundupu 360SL) i ugór mechaniczny utrzymywany ręcznym gracowaniem. Wyniki badań wykazały, że ugory herbicydowe utrzymywane za pomocą Azotopu i Roundupu nie spowodowały pogorszenia właściwości wodnych w poziomach Ap i Bt gleby płowej wytworzonej z utworu pyłowego. Polowa pojemność wodna i retencja wody użytecznej dla roślin w glebie pod ugorami herbicydowymi były bardzo korzystne, zbliżone do właściwości gleby pod ugorem mechanicznym, lub nawet większe. Także przewodnictwo wodne nasycone gleby pod ugorami herbicydowymi było zbliżone do przewodnictwa wodnego gleby pod ugorem mechanicznym.

The European Union is an organisation using multiple languages, and so does its law. Dealing with over twenty languages may be seen as an additional challenge in the interpretation of the provisions of the common legal order, so different from national legal systems of particular Member States. Multilingual interpretation has attracted a high interest of scholars all over the Europe (see Derlen 2009, Paunio, Doczekalska, Schubel-Pfister, Gemar, Sarcević, Pozzo, McAuliffe)[1]. Unlike most of other works, this article does not focus on the process of interpretation conducted by an adjudicating panel or an Advocate General but rather on the statements of the parties to a dispute or national courts requesting a preliminary ruling when referring to multilingualism. This work is divided into two separate parts. Firstly, the author focuses on the cases, where a national court or a party invokes the multilingual character of the EU-law. Several different ways of its application in the course of proceedings have been explained. The second part is dedicated to the issue of multilingualism of the EU case law. Unlike the EU law, the judgments of the Court of Justice, as well as the Advocate Generals’ opinions are authentic in certain languages only (accordingly – language of the Court proceedings and the language chosen by an Advocate General for a particular opinion). However, the research proved that the existing single authentic language version does not help in avoiding problems concerning multilingual character of the EU law and multilingual nature of the common European legal discourse. Both issues have been analysed based on the texts of judgments and opinions passed in recent cases solved by the CJEU. Of course, the statements of the parties or national courts referring to multilingualism do not always have a great influence on the final result of the case. Nevertheless, a unique perspective taken in this article can serve as a good illustration of various possibilities of making use of the linguistic comparison in the process of legal interpretation. [1] Currently, a research project providing complex and multidimensional analysis of the relationship of Law and Language in the context of EU law is being conducted by Karen McAuliffe and her team (is funding the “Law and Language at the European Court of Justice” Project http://www.llecj.karenmcauliffe.com).

The paper aims to analyse and compare the interpretative function of legislative history in the judicial activity of the European Court of Justice and Polish courts.

Introduction : Prevention of periprocedural stroke has a crucial role in carotid artery stenting (CAS) procedures. Aim : To assess retrospectively 30-day safety and effectiveness of 41 procedures of internal and common carotid artery stenting using the Roadsaver double nitinol layer micromesh stent in 40 non-consecutive patients with symptomatic or high-risk carotid artery stenosis. Material and methods : The patients were men (n = 31) and women (n = 9); mean age was 67.8 ±7.9 years. Femoral access was used in 39 cases, whereas radial access was used in 2. Proximal (n = 27) or distal (n = 14) embolic neuroprotection was used. Results : The Roadsaver stents (nominal diameter 7, 8 or 9 mm, length 25 or 30 mm) were implanted successfully in all cases. One minor stroke occurred after common carotid artery intubation with a guiding catheter (before stent deployment) and one transient postprocedural ischemic attack (TIA) of the ipsilateral cerebral hemisphere was observed. Internal/common carotid artery stenosis severity was evaluated by duplex Doppler. Maximal peak systolic velocity (PSV) before CAS was in the range: 2.0–7.0 m/s, mean: 3.9 ±1.0 m/s, at 24–48 h after stenting mean PSV was 1.1 ±0.4 m/s (p < 0.05), and at 30 days 1.1 ±0.3 m/s (p < 0.05). Maximal end-diastolic velocity (EDV) was 0.85–3.5 m/s, mean 1.4 ±0.5 m/s, at 24–48 h after stenting mean EDV was 0.3 ±0.1 m/s (p < 0.05), and at 30 days 0.4 ±0.1 m/s (p < 0.05). No restenosis or thrombosis was observed. Angiographic stenosis decreased from 82.9 ±9.1% (range: 61–97%) to 19.3 ±7.3% (range: 0–34%) (p < 0.05). Conclusions : The CAS using the Roadsaver stent seems to be safe and effective. Further studies involving larger patient populations and longer follow-up are needed.

Introduction: Vertebrobasilar territory ischemia leads to disabling neurological symptoms and may be caused both by vertebral artery (VA) and subclavian artery (SA) stenosis. The coexisting symptomatic ipsilateral VA and proximal SA stenosis should be considered as a true bifurcation lesion for percutaneous treatment. Aim : To evaluate the safety and efficacy of simultaneous angioplasty of vertebral and subclavian stenosis. Material and methods: Fifteen patients (age 69.5 years, 46.7% men, all symptomatic from posterior circulation (history of stroke, transient ischemic attack, chronic ischemia symptoms)) were scheduled for simultaneous SA/VA angioplasty. Clinical and duplex ultrasound follow-up was conducted 1, 6 and 12 months after the procedure. Results: The technical success rate was 100%. Single balloon-mounted stent angioplasty was performed for all VAs and for 13 (86.7%) SAs. In 4 cases a simultaneous radial and femoral approach was required. The mean North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial (NASCET) VA stenosis was reduced from 88.7 ±9.7% to 5.7 ±6.8% and SA stenosis from 80 ±12.2% to 11 ±12.3% (p < 0.01). No periprocedural death, stroke, myocardial infarction or transient ischemic attack occurred. During follow-up (range: 6–107 months) in 10 of 15 (66.7%) patients relief of chronic ischemic symptoms was observed. No stroke/TIA occurred. One cardiovascular and 2 non-cardiovascular deaths were recorded. There was 1 symptomatic vertebral and 1 subclavian in-stent restenosis, and 2 cases of asymptomatic VA in-stent occlusion occurred. Conclusions : Simultaneous vertebral and subclavian artery stenting is safe and effective. The restenosis rate remains at an acceptable level and it may be treated successfully with drug-eluting balloon angioplasty. In selected patients a dual radial and femoral approach may facilitate the procedure.

An innovative, Internet-based chronic pain treatment tailored to a military and police population was developed using Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) as a model. The treatment was recently evaluated in randomized controlled trial and found to be superior to treatment as usual in terms of increasing patients’ levels of pain acceptance, decreasing their pain-related catastrophizing, and decreasing their levels of kinesiophobia. In an effort to further increase the efficacy of the treatment, we enlisted patient feedback about the program through a series of focus groups. Participants who had previously completed the online treatment were recruited to participate in a series of focus groups designed to qualitatively evaluate the treatment and offer suggestions for improvements for future versions of the program. Participatory Action Research methodology was used to conduct this study and data were examined using interpretive thematic analysis. Three main themes arose: suggestions for improving the technological “friendliness” of the online program, suggestions for improving the sequencing of content, and suggestions for greater tailoring of the content to the sensitivities of the target population. As an example of the latter, participants suggested removal of the “attending your own funeral” exercise from the values module due to sensitivities around death and dying. Future directions, based on patient feedback, are outlined.

The paper aims to analyse and compare the interpretative function of legislative history in the judicial activity of the European Court of Justice and Polish courts. The authors have analysed judgments of the respective courts, focusing on the role of legislative history in their argumentation. In the Polish and European doctrine, the usefulness of travaux preparatoires has been underestimated. Nevertheless, legislative history may provide arguments important in judicial reasoning both in uni- and multilingual legal systems. However, its importance and functions in Polish and European cases examined herein are different. The research conducted enables a better understanding of the interpretative value of legislative history in legal interpretation and can result in more frequent use of this tool in the judicial activity of national and European courts.

Dieser Artikel stellt die Unterschiede zwischen der Rechtssprache in Österreich und Deutschland dar[1]. Obwohl die Amtssprache in Deutschland und Osterreich Deutsch ist, unterscheidet sich die Rechtssprache beider Länder, vor allem im Bereich der Terminologie. Seit dem Beitritt Österreichs zur EU (1995) gelten auch in Österreich die europäischen Rechtsakte, die in einer und nur einer deutschen Fassung veröffentlicht werden. Mit dem Beitritt akzeptierte Österreich die gemeinschaftliche Rechtsordnung, deren Rechtssprache in der deutschen Version bislang vor allem mit der bundesdeutschen[2] Rechtssprache in Einklang zu bringen war. Daraus ergibt sich die Frage, welche Wirkung die Mitgliedschaft in der EU auf die österreichische Rechtssprache hat. Zu prüfen ist dabei, ob nationale Besonderheiten anerkannt und geschützt werden oder ob die Harmonisierung des Rechts auch zur Harmonisierung der Sprache führt. Eine Analyse ausgewählter Beispiele österreichischer und europäischer Rechtsakte dient dem Versuch, die aufgeworfenen Fragen zu beantworten. Aus der Perspektive eines ausländischen Anwenders der deutschen Sprache ist insbesondere von Bedeutung, ob die spezifisch österreichischen Rechtsbegriffe in Wörterbüchern zu finden und zu erkennen sind – diesem Ziel dient eine Prüfung repräsentativer polnisch-deutscher Fachwörterbücher. [1] Die gekürzte, polnische Version dieses Artikels wurde unter dem Titel: „Tak samo czy inaczej? – terminologia języka prawnego w Niemczech i Austrii“, in: „Monitor Prawniczy 7/2014. Dodatek specjalny. I konferencja absolwentów szkół prawa niemieckiego Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego i Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego – materiały z konferencji“ veröffentlicht. [2] Deutsch ist auch eine der Amtssprachen von zwei weiteren Gründungsmitgliedern der Europäischen Wirtschaftsgemeinschaft (Luxemburg und Belgien).

This paper examines the rules and working practices of main institutions of European Union in relation to EU policy multilingualism. The institutions analysed in this research include the Commission, the Council of the European Union, the Court of Justice of the European Union, and the European Parliament. After presenting the legal basis of EU multilingualism, the study identifies the achievements and difficulties met by EU institutions in the process of its realisation. Topic highlighted in this study include: • Problems resulting from the status and number of official EU languages. • The distinction made between EU institutions obliged to observe citizens’ language rights and other bodies that can seemingly make their own rules. • Inconsistencies between the practice of internal and external communication of the EU institutions, presenting examples from individual institutions, as well as from judicial practice of the Court of Justice of the European Union. Finally, the article presents an evaluation of the solutions to the observed problems presented in the literature, along with the author’s own conclusions.

Contends that the 1998 Summer Conference of the National Communication Association, and the massive formative research in preparation for it, were seminal in examining current public-relations practice and education, in advocating education norms for the future, and in contributing to a much-needed ecumenism among the diverse public-relations sectors. (SR)

Objectives: Transradial vertebral artery (VA) angioplasty might be a viable alternative to the transfemoral approach in cases of peripheral artery disease or anatomical variations of the aortic arch. The purpose of our study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of transradial stenting of symptomatic VA stenosis. Material and methods: Seventeen patients [67±8,4 years, 76% men, with >80% stenosis, 13 right-side, all symptomatic from posterior circulation (history of stroke, TIA or chronic ischemic symptoms)] with peripheral artery disease (PAD) or unsuccessful attempt via femoral access were scheduled for VA angioplasty by radial approach. Clinical and duplex ultrasound (DUS) follow-up were performed before discharge and 6, 12 and 24 months after VA stenting. Results: The technical success rate was 100%. In all cases VA angioplasty was performed with the use of single balloon-mounted stent (11 bare metal stents, 6 drug eluting stents). The mean NASCET VA stenosis was reduced from 87,5% to 5,9% (p

Objectives: The transfemoral approach is commonly used for carotid artery stenting (CAS) however in cases of severe peripheral vascular disease or unfavorable aortic arch anatomy, the transradial access remains a viable alternative. We report a series of patients with aorto-iliac disease or unsuccessful attempt via femoral access in whom transradial carotid artery stenting was performed. Material and methods: Sixteen patients (69±10,7 years, 75%men, with >70% stenosis, 10 left-side, 5 contralateral carotid occlusion, 9 with history of stroke or TIA) with peripheral artery disease (PAD) or unsuccessful attempt via femoral access were scheduled for carotid artery angioplasty by radial approach. Clinical and duplex ultrasound (DUS) follow-up were performed before discharge and 1, 12 and 24 months after carotid artery stenting. Results: The technical success rate was 87,5%. In two cases attempt via femoral and radial access were unsuccessful and the patients were treated by endarterectomy. In other cases CAS was performed with self-expanding bare metal stents. The mean NASCET carotid artery stenosis was reduced from 85% to 9,6% (p

The aim of the paper is to analyse the judgments of the Court of Justice of the European Union in order to determine whether all official language versions of EU legislation are considered in the course of interpretation. The Court itself has stated in many of its judgments1 that all official versions should be taken into account in the interpretation process as they all have an equally authentic character. Moreover, the comparison of all official language versions is a common feature for all methods of reconciliation of differences between various language versions that had been distinguished in literature. The author has examined 80 judgments in order to determine whether the comparison of all language versions really forms an important part of the interpretation conducted by the Court, or if it should be regarded as an unfulfilled wish expressed by the scholars and the Court itself.

Immediate effect of two rates of gel-forming soil conditioner Viterra (0.5 and 1 g kg-1) on soil aggregation, aggregate water stability and water-air properties of Haplic Luvisols developed from loess, subjected to surface water erosion, were studied in a field experiment. The studied soils represented slightly eroded soil, moderately eroded soil and completely eroded soil. The results prove that application of these rates of Viterra significantly decreased the unfavourable clodiness, increased the air-dry aggregate content of 1–5 mm and 0.25–1 mm in diameter in surface layer (0–5 cm) of eroded soils. The soils were characterized by a significantly higher content of water-stable aggregates of 0.25–10 mm in diameter and the favourable mean weight diameter of water-stable aggregates. Hydrogel also exerts a favourable effect on dry bulk density, maximum and field moisture capacity, retention of available water for plants, total porosity and content of macropores. Most effective application was in the rate of 1 g kg-1 of Viterra.

Copyright of Journal of Elementology is the property of Journal of Elementology - issued by Polish Magnesium Society and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction: Acute carotid-related stroke (CRS), with its large thrombo-embolic load and large volume of affected brain tissue, poses significant management challenges. First generation (single-layer) carotid stents fail to insulate the athero-thrombotic material; thus they are often non-optimized (increasing thrombosis risk), yet their use is associated with a significant (20-30%) risk of new cerebral embolism., Aim: To evaluate, in a multi-center multi-specialty investigator-initiated study, outcomes of the MicroNET-covered (cell area ≈ 0.02-0.03 mm 2 ) carotid stent (CGuard, InspireMD) in consecutive CRS patients eligible for emergency recanalization. Treatment, other than study device use, was according to center/operator routine., Material and Methods: Seventy-five patients (age 40-89 years, 26.7% women) were enrolled in 7 interventional stroke centers., Results: The median Alberta Stroke Program Early CT Score (ASPECTS) was 9 (6-10). Study stent use was 100% (no other stent types implanted); retrograde strategy predominated (69.2%) in tandem lesions. Technical success was 100%. Post-dilatation balloon diameter was 4.0 to 8.0 mm. 89% of patients achieved final modified Thrombolysis in Cerebral Infarction (mTICI) 2b-c/3. Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor use as intraarterial (IA) bolus + intravenous (IV) infusion was an independent predictor of symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage (OR = 13.9, 95% CI: 5.1-84.5, p < 0.001). The mortality rate was 9.4% in-hospital and 12.2% at 90 days. Ninety-day mRS0-2 was 74.3%, mRS3-5 13.5%; stent patency was 93.2%. Heparin-limited-to-flush predicted patency loss on univariate (OR = 14.3, 95% CI: 1.5-53.1, p < 0.007) but not on multivariate analysis. Small-diameter balloon/absent post-dilatation was an independent predictor of stent patency loss (OR = 15.2, 95% CI: 5.7-73.2, p < 0.001)., Conclusions: This largest to-date study of the MicroNET-covered stent in consecutive CRS patients demonstrated a high acute angiographic success rate, high 90-day patency and favorable clinical outcomes despite variability in procedural strategies and pharmacotherapy (SAFEGUARD-STROKE NCT05195658)., Competing Interests: PM has been proctoring and/or consulting for Abbott Vascular, Balton, Gore, InspireMD, and Medtronic. PM has served as the Polish Cardiac Society Board Representative for Stroke and Vascular Interventions and serves on the ESC Stroke Council Scientific Documents Task Force. PM is Global Co-Principal Investigator in the CGUARDIANS FDA IDE Trial of the MicroNET-covered carotid stent system. HS has proctored and advised to manufacturers of interventional cardiovascular medicine equipment and devices. IQG was the Principal Investigator on the first study of thrombus aspiration in acute ischemic stroke and has proctored and advised to neurointerventional equipment and device manufacturers. IQG is Vice-President of the World Federation for Interventional Stroke Treatment (WIST). The other authors report no conflicting interests., (Copyright: © 2024 Termedia Sp. z o. o.)

Competing Interests: Conflicts of Interest: All authors have completed the ICMJE uniform disclosure form (available at https://qims.amegroups.com/article/view/10.21037/qims-23-792/coif). A.K.Z. reports that she has obtained funding from the St. John Paul II Hospital, Kraków, Poland and from the Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland. The other authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.