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N-butylscopolammonium bromide (NBB), an anticholinergic muscarinic antagonist, was assessed as a mydriatic agent for field examination of equine eyes. Six adult horses were randomly assigned to four treatments with 2 weeks washout between treatments: (1) topical saline/IV saline (negative control); (2) topical tropicamide/IV saline (positive control); (3) topical NBB/IV saline; or (4) topical saline/IV NBB. Horizontal and vertical pupil diameters, temperature, pulse, respiration, pupillary light reflexes (PLRs) and mydriasis sufficient to perform complete fundic examination were recorded. Tropicamide induced mydriasis in all horses. Topical NBB induced mydriasis in one horse, and IV NBB enabled thorough fundic examination in two horses, delayed PLRs without allowing thorough examination in two horses and had no effect in two horses.

Renal biopsies are uncommonly performed in horses and little is known about their diagnostic utility and associated complication rate. To describe the techniques, the complication rate, risk factors, and histopathology results; as well as evaluate the safety and diagnostic utility of renal biopsy in the horse. One hundred and forty-six horses from which 151 renal biopsies were obtained. Animals ranged in age from 48 hours to 30 years. Multicenter retrospective study, with participation of 14 institutions (1983-2009). Renal biopsy in horses was associated with a similar rate of complications (11.3%) to that occurring in humans and companion animals. Complications were generally associated with hemorrhage or signs of colic, and required treatment in 3% of cases. Fatality rate was low (1/151; 0.7%). Biopsy specimens yielded sufficient tissue for a histopathologic diagnosis in most cases (94%) but diagnoses had only fair (72%) agreement with postmortem findings. Risk factors for complications included biopsy specimens of the left kidney ( P= .030), a diagnosis of neoplasia ( P= .004), and low urine specific gravity ( P= .030). No association with complications was found for age, sex, breed, institution, presenting complaint, other initial clinicopathologic data, biopsy instrument, needle size, or use of ultrasonographic guidance. Renal biopsy in horses has low morbidity and results in a morphological histopathologic diagnosis in 94% of cases. However, this procedure might result in serious complications and should only be used when information obtained would be likely to impact decisions regarding patient management and prognosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

All spheres of our life are being affected using technology, particularly its integration in the research processes carried out by teachers. The success of the integration of specific digital resources in research work can be affected by several factors, such as: digital skills for finding information, managing it, analyzing it, and communicating results; digital flow; anxiety in the use of ICT; digital ethics; quality of digital resources; and finally, the behavioral intention to integrate ICT. The purpose of this study is to examine the factors that influence the integration of ICT in the research process of the Higher Education teacher, and the relation between them. An online survey was used to collect data, and 1740 participants. This study used a causal model through partial least squares structural equations modeling (PLS-SEM). With this, the hypotheses established between the integration of ICT and its possible incident factors were verified. The findings revealed a significant influence path from factor integration to digital skills, ethics, flow digital, and behavior intention. Although, resource quality and ICT anxiety had significant effects on the causal model, they did not have a large impact on teachers' integration of digital resources. The total of these factors corresponded to 48.20% of the variance in the integration of the researcher of the specific digital resources to be used in the research process. These results confirm that this model is effective in explaining the technological integration of teachers to use ICT in research work., Competing Interests: Competing interestsAll authors have accepted the submission of the article to the Journal, accepting the issuance of rights., (© The Author(s) 2023, Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.)

The tasks of the university educators must be linked to the digital demands posed by the more sophisticated professions of the twenty-first century. Faced with this panorama, the objective of this study is to examine and compare the degree of digital competence of Higher Education educators from different fields of knowledge and different age ranges according to the DigCompEdu framework. A non-probabilistic ex post facto sampling was utilized with 2180 university professors from Andalusia (Spain). The main results of the study provide evidence of an intermediate level of digital competence, for men and women. More specifically, the male professors in Architecture and Judicial & Social Sciences, younger and older than 40, possessed a higher level, as compared to the other fields. For the female professors, the highest level was found once again in Judicial and Social Sciences, in this case for both age ranges, without a clear trend found for the rest of the fields. For each dimension of the DigCompEdu instrument, the level of competence follows the same trend with respect to the overall level. More research is recommended to validate these preliminary results, as well as the development of training lines of action that are specific and adapted to each field of knowledge., Competing Interests: Conflicts of interest/competing interestsThe authors declare that they have no competing interests., (© The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2021.)

Study Question: Could cell therapy using autologous peripheral blood CD133+ bone marrow-derived stem cells (BMDSCs) offer a safe and efficient therapeutic approach for patients with refractory Asherman's syndrome (AS) and/or endometrial atrophy (EA) and a wish to conceive?, Summary Answer: In the first 3 months, autologous cell therapy, using CD133+ BMDSCs in conjunction with hormonal replacement therapy, increased the volume and duration of menses as well as the thickness and angiogenesis processes of the endometrium while decreasing intrauterine adhesion scores., What Is Known Already: AS is characterized by the presence of intrauterine adhesions and EA prevents the endometrium from growing thicker than 5 mm, resulting in menstruation disorders and infertility. Many therapies have been attempted for these conditions, but none have proved effective., Study Design, Size, Duration: This was a prospective, experimental, non-controlled study. There were 18 patients aged 30-45 years with refractory AS or EA were recruited, and 16 of these completed the study. Medical history, physical examination, endometrial thickness, intrauterine adhesion score and neoangiogenesis were assessed before and 3 and 6 months after cell therapy., Participants/materials, Setting, Methods: After the initial hysteroscopic diagnosis, BMDSC mobilization was performed by granulocyte-CSF injection, then CD133+ cells were isolated through peripheral blood aphaeresis to obtain a mean of 124.39 million cells (range 42-236), which were immediately delivered into the spiral arterioles by catheterization. Subsequently, endometrial treatment after stem cell therapy was assessed in terms of restoration of menses, endometrial thickness (by vaginal ultrasound), adhesion score (by hysteroscopy), neoangiogenesis and ongoing pregnancy rate. The study was conducted at Hospital Clínico Universitario of Valencia and IVI Valencia (Spain)., Main Results and the Role of Chance: All 11 AS patients exhibited an improved uterine cavity 2 months after stem cell therapy. Endometrial thickness increased from an average of 4.3 mm (range 2.7-5) to 6.7 mm (range 3.1-12) ( ITALIC! P = 0.004). Similarly, four of the five EA patients experienced an improved endometrial cavity, and endometrial thickness increased from 4.2 mm (range 2.7-5) to 5.7 mm (range 5-12) ( ITALIC! P = 0.03). The beneficial effects of the cell therapy increased the mature vessel density and the duration and intensity of menses in the first 3 months, with a return to the initial levels 6 months after the treatment. Three patients became pregnant spontaneously, resulting in one baby boy born, one ongoing pregnancy and a miscarriage. Furthermore, seven pregnancies were obtained after fourteen embryo transfers, resulting in three biochemical pregnancies, one miscarriage, one ectopic pregnancy, one baby born and one ongoing pregnancy., Limitations, Reasons for Caution: Limitations of this pilot study include the small sample size and the lack of control group., Wider Implications of the Findings: This novel autologous cell therapy is a promising therapeutic option for patients with these incurable pathologies and a wish to conceive., Study Funding/competing Interests: This study was funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (SAF 2012-31017, Principal Investigator C.S.), Spanish Ministry of Health (EC11-299, Principal Investigator C.S.) and Regional Valencian Ministry of Education (PROMETEOII/2013/018, Principal Investigator C.S.). Four authors (X.S., I.C., A.P. and C.S.) are co-inventors of the patent resulting from this work (Application number: 62/013,121). S.C., C.A., F.R., J.F., J.P. and J.R. have no conflict of interest in relation to this work., Trial Registration Number: This study was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02144987)., (© The Author 2016. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com.)

Objectives: Retrograde intrarenal surgery (RIRS) has become an important alternative for the treatment of kidney stones due to its increased safety and efficiency. The purpose of this study is to compare efficacy and safety features of RIRS against percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) for the treatment of 2 - 3.5 cm kidney stones., Methods: 142 cases (106 RIRS and 36 PCNL) encompassing 2 - 3.5 cm kidney stones that have been treated in our center between December 2009 and December 2011 have been considered. Demographic variables, stone characteristics, surgical stay and surgical time have been evaluated. Additionally, the complication prerate and success rate after one and two procedures (retreatment) have also been assessed. Student's T, Mann-Whitney U y Chi² - V Cramer (p=0.05) tests were used for statistical analysis., Results: There are not statistically significant differences in demographic or stone variables. The calculated mean surgical time was lower for PCNL (85 min) than for RIRS (112 min). Mean hospital stay was statistically significantly shorter in RIRS (16 h vs. 98 h in RIRS, p=0.001). PCNL exhibited a higher global complication rate of 19.4% vs. 6.6% for RIRS (p=0.001). PCNL also showed a higher successful rate (80.6% vs. 73.6% for RIRS), although this difference was not statistically significant (p=0.40). When comparing the success rate after a second procedure, PCNL results in 94.3% vs. 93.5% for RIRS (p=0.88)., Conclusion: RIRS was found to be a safe and efficient procedure with a short hospital stay. Overall, RIRS can be considered as an alternative to PCNL for the treatment of renal stones smaller than 3.5 cm.

Objective: To analyze the results of retrograde intrarenal surgery (RIRS) in patients with ≥2 cm stones treated in our center., Material and Methods: A retrospective review of 106 patients with renal calculi underwent RIRS ≥2 cm (period January 2009-December 2011). The procedures were performed under general anesthesia as a source of fragmentation using the holmium laser (30 W Litho Quantasystem) and flexible ureteroscopes (X2 Flex Storz, Olympus P5) through ureteral access sheaths. It discusses demographic variables (age, medical history, antiplatelet or anticoagulant treatment, treatment of urolithiasis, BMI, ASA), treated stones variables (size, number, Hounsfield units, biochemical composition) and intra-and postoperative variables (operative time, number of pulses, hospital stay, complications) with the completion of a descriptive analysis of the same. To define our results we consider success to the complete absence of fragments or residual <5 mm posterior imaging tests., Results: The mean stone size was 2.46 cm treated, being the only stone in 87.7% of cases. The most frequent location was the renal pelvis stones (44%) followed by the lower calyx (39%). The postoperative complication rate was 6.7%, with all of little relevance. The success rate with a single procedure was 79.4% to 94.1% with retreatment., Conclusion: RIRS is a valid alternative for the treatment of kidney stones ≥2 cm for its high success rate and few complications if performed in specialized centers., (Copyright © 2013 AEU. Published by Elsevier Espana. All rights reserved.)

Objective: To compare the results obtained in percutaneous nephrolithotomy after introduction of flexible ureteroscopy/nephroscopy (endoscopic combined intrarenal surgery - ECIRS) with nephrolitomies with only rigid nephroscopy (standard percutaneous nephrolithotomy; sPCNL)., Material and Method: A retrospective study of 171 sPCNL in Galdakao position performed between January 2005 and December 2011 was conducted. We compared the results obtained in those procedures in which endoscopic combined intrarenal surgery (ECIRS) was performed with those in which only the rigid nephroscopy (sPCNL) was used. Specific and global success, percentage of lithiasic load eliminated, days of hospital stay and complications derived were calculated. We defined success by complete absence of lithiasis or residual presence of<5mm. We differentiated specific success, that only achieved with percutaneous surgery, from global success, or that achieved after a second line of treatment., Results: In 73 procedures (42.4%) ECIRS was performed with flexible endoscopy while in 98 (57.6%) it was done with sPCNL. Both groups were comparable in regards to demographic parameters and characteristics of the lithiasis. The success rates in the first procedure and global success were superior for the ECIRS group (75.3% vs 40.8% and 93.1% vs 74.5%), the differences being statistically significant (P<.05). No statistically significant differences were found in regards to the complications (28.8% vs 28.3% P=.86) or days of hospital stay (4.5 vs 5.0 P=.18)., Conclusions: Use of the flexible ureteroscopy/nephroscopy in sPCNL (ECIRS) improves the success rates and elimination of lithiasic load, making it possible to perform the surgery with a single access in most of the cases., (Copyright © 2013 AEU. Published by Elsevier Espana. All rights reserved.)

Objective: Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy (PCNL) is a technique with good results for the treatment of kidney stones, however, bleeding complications derived can be serious if not diagnosed and treated effectively. The aim of this study is to assess bleeding complications resulting from PCNL in Galdakao position and therapeutic management., Material and Methods: Retrospective-longitudinal study of 172 PCNL performed in La Ribera Hospital between January 2005 and December 2011, analyzing their bleeding complications and the treatment provided for resolution., Results: Had bleeding complications 20 patients (11.6%). The need for transfusion in this series was 8.1% and the most common cause of blood transfusion the presence of postoperative retroperitoneal (7.5%). There were 6 arterial injuries (3.5%), 5 of them successfully treated with angiography and arterial selective embolization., Conclusions: The arterial injuries following PCNL are rare but can be serious. The possibility of an urgent arteriography and selective embolization to the diagnosis permits an effective and safe treatment of bleeding without risk to the affected renal unit., (Copyright © 2012 AEU. Published by Elsevier Espana. All rights reserved.)

Objective: Set predictors of complications in percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) using the modified Clavien system., Material and Methods: Retrospective study included 172 PCNL in Galdakao position made in the La Ribera Hospital between January 2005 and December 2011. They classified the complications of these procedures using the modified Clavien system. We performed a univariate analysis (Chi(2) Test and Cramer's V) and multivariate (logistic regression) of predictors of these complications (P < .05)., Results: In 49 of the 172 procedures complications were detected (28.5%).The most frequent complications were grade 1 (9.9%), 12 complications (6.9%) were classified as grade 2 by requiring additional medical treatment, 6 as grade 3A (3.5%), 7 as grade 3B (4.1%), 2 and 4A (1.1%), 4 and 4B (2.3%) and one and 5 (0.6%). In the univariate analysis, positive urine culture before surgery, the stones complex and larger than 40 mm of the same, showed a statistically significant association with the occurrence of complications (P < .05). The positive culture (OR: 2.96) and complex stones (OR: 3.03) proved to be independent variables predicting complications in multivariate analysis., Conclusions: Clavien system allows a common language for classifying complications, expressing the degree of the same as the complexity of treatment required for resolution. The preoperative urine culture positivity and complex stone proved predictors of these complications in our serie., (Copyright © 2012 AEU. Published by Elsevier Espana. All rights reserved.)

Objective: To conduct a descriptive study of the implementation of greenlight laser photovaporization in a local hospital and to identify the ideal preoperative and intraoperative conditions to obtain a successful outcome., Material and Methods: A retrospective review of 179 photovaporizations performed between January 2007 and June 2010 was done. Preoperative data (age, prostate volume, PSA, IPSS, Qmax, medical history, ASA classification), intraoperative parameters (surgeon's experience, operating time, transfusion requirements, type of laser used, reconversion to transurethral resection of the prostate or TURP) and post-operative data (post-op complications, post-op PSA, post-op IPS score, post-op Qmax and reoperations) were analyzed. We performed a univariate and multivariate analysis to identify which preoperative and intraoperative parameters influence therapeutic failure., Results: The descriptive study shows similarity in all parameters compared to the available literature. In the multivariate analysis, it was found that the surgeon's experience and prostate volume over 40 cc were independent predictive factors for success of greenlight laser photovaporization., Conclusions: Greenlight laser photovaporization is an effective and reproducible procedure for treating lower urinary tract obstruction due to benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Multicenter, prospective and randomized studies are needed to confirm the results of this study. There are few studies available in the literature that provide a high level of evidence and grade of recommendation., (Copyright © 2011 AEU. Published by Elsevier Espana. All rights reserved.)

Objective: To present our centre's experience in the surgical treatment of lithiasis in patients with horseshoe kidney., Material and Methods: From October 2007 to March 2011 we treated 10 patients with renal lithiasis in their horseshoe kidneys. Retrospectively, we reviewed the symptoms, medical and surgical history, the characteristics of the stones (size, location, composition) and treatments that were carried out. In all the cases, the study was carried out by CT, with volume reconstruction and with an angiographic study. A percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) or an endoscopic retrograde intrarrenal surgery (RIRS) was carried out, depending on the size and location of the stone., Results: Three percutaneous nephrolithotomies were carried out (2 on staghorn lithiasis stones, 1 pseudocoraliform stone) with a combined rigid and flexible single-access nephroscopy. In one case there was haemorrhage that required treatment by selective embolization. In the rest, RIRS was carried out, all with stones < 30 mm in their greatest diameter without any complications. The mean surgical times were 120 (60-180) minutes for the percutaneous route and of 105 (65-160) minutes for the retrograde route. In all the cases the treatment achieved a complete elimination of the stones or remains of less than 5 mm., Conclusions: The treatment of renal lithiasis in horseshoe kidneys is complex, given their peculiar anatomy. The usual surgical techniques can be reproduced in these cases with good results. We opt for PCNL in complete staghorn stone and pseudocoraiform stones, whereas RIRS is a valid option in cases with stones < 3 cm., (Copyright © 2011 AEU. Published by Elsevier España. All rights reserved.)