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beta zeolite has been functionalized with 2 wt % Fe to obtain catalysts for the ammonia selective catalytic oxidation (NH3SCO) reaction. Iron deposition was performed on the zeolite surface by solvated metal atom dispersion (SMAD) and ion exchange (IE) procedures. ZSM-5 was selected as the reference structure known to assure high dispersion of isolated centers when functionalized with iron by IE. Transmission electron microscopy techniques combined with element maps enlightened on the iron-species distribution and dimension on the two zeolites. As expected, highly homogeneous dispersed iron species were present on the ZSM-5 sample prepared by IE, while with beta zeolite, the same deposition method led to the formation of FeOx aggregates (2.5-10 nm) together with isolated iron species. On the other hand, by the SMAD approach, well-formed FeOx nanoparticles ranging from 1.0 to 4.5 nm were revealed on beta zeolite. NH3-SCO on iron-containing zeolites started at approximately 300 degrees C, without any clear effect of the size of Fe on the reaction activity/selectivity. Ammonia conversion regularly increased with temperature with always very high selectivity to nitrogen (98-100%), without any NOx or N2O formation, on iron-containing beta zeolites, in particular. Only a very limited increase of iron particle dimensions was observed on the used Fe catalysts, in any case. The collected experimental results indicated that isolated well-dispersed iron species are associated with high activity and selectivity in the NH3-SCO reaction. SMAD-derived iron nanoparticles worked with excellent performances in the ammonia oxidation reaction with high activity in terms of conversion, selectivity to nitrogen, and stability.

Oil & Gas operations occur in a range of environments with different degrees of ecological sensitivities. Operations are dependent on natural resources that biodiversity and ecosystems provide, and may also cause impacts both in the short and long term. The Oil & Gas industry has long recognised the importance of managing interactions of its activities with the natural environment and the need to integrate biodiversity and ecosystem services (BES) into existing environmental management practices throughout the project life cycle. This is key to ensuring business continuity, the sustainable use of nature and access to new resources, which are increasingly located in sensitive, remote environments. Over the past decade eni e&p Division, working in partnership with the leading international conservation NGO Fauna and Flora International, has developed company best practice for a timely and effective BES management within its global operations. This has been field-tested through pilot BES assessments and action plans in onshore and offshore sensitive environments (Italy, Ecuador, Norway, Alaska, Congo and Pakistan), and has led to an improved environmental management system. The application of ecological science, emerging conservation concepts and international best practices combined with the knowledge gained from pilot assessments implemented in different operational, environmental and socio-economic conditions, has contributed to the development of a systematic approach to manage reliance and potential impacts of e&p global operations on BES. This distinctive approach to BES management includes (i) global mapping and assessment of all sites against areas of high biodiversity value, (ii) implementation of site-specific BES assessments and action plans in operating sites ranked as high priority with respect to biodiversity, and (iii) incorporation of BES evaluations into Environmental Social and Health Impact Assessments (ESHIAs) in new operating sites. As an example of site-specific BES assessments and action plan, this paper illustrates the experience from an in-field pilot project in Congo, with a particular focus on the importance of combining landscape-scale and site-scale surveys and assessments.

eni is committed to operating beyond compliance for biodiversity conservation and the retention of functional ecosystems in all areas and phases of the project lifecycle. In exploration and production (e&p) terms, this means the systematic recognition and integration of biodiversity and ecosystem services (BES) management into all site operations globally, taking into account local circumstances, international best practices and newly adopted concepts. This requires understanding how onshore and offshore activities interact with different environments (e.g. forests, deserts, deep water) through science-based assessments that take full account of BES values for company operations and local communities. These enable the detection, measurement and management, through targeted action planning, of an operation's reliance and potential impacts on BES. Outcomes are incorporated into existing environmental management practice, allowing transferability within the company. Over the past decade, FFI has worked in partnership with eni e&p Division to help use applied ecology in the development of company best practice for BES assessment and management. This has been piloted in operating sites in sensitive environments (Italy, Ecuador, Norway and Alaska) and has led to an improved environmental management system, incorporating sectoral best practices. The partnership is now focused on evaluating the company's global exposure to BES-related risks and highlighting important operating sites where BES-related opportunities exist, leading to the implementation of site-specific BES assessments and action plans at priority sites. This paper illustrates the approach developed to recognise, address and manage reliance and potential impacts of eni e&p global operations on BES. The systematic integration of BES management into onshore and offshore operations, existing and new, includes the global mapping of all operating sites against areas of high biodiversity value, the implementation of site-\specific BES risk/opportunity assessments and action plans for high priority operating sites, and the integration of these evaluations into ESHIAs in all new sites.