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4. Coxsackievirus B Epidemiology and Public Health Concerns

Author

Pallansch, M. A., Compans, R. W., editor, Cooper, M., editor, Hogle, J. M., editor, Koprowski, H., editor, Ito, Y., editor, Melchers, F., editor, Oldstone, M., editor, Olsnes, S., editor, Potter, M., editor, Saedler, H., editor, Vogt, P. K., editor, Wagner, H., editor, Tracy, Steven, editor, Chapman, Nora M., editor, and Mahy, Brian W. J., editor

Published
1997
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7. Evolving epidemiology of poliovirus serotype 2 following withdrawal of the serotype 2 oral poliovirus vaccine

Author

Macklin, G. R., primary, O’Reilly, K. M., additional, Grassly, N. C., additional, Edmunds, W. J., additional, Mach, O., additional, Santhana Gopala Krishnan, R., additional, Voorman, A., additional, Vertefeuille, J. F., additional, Abdelwahab, J., additional, Gumede, N., additional, Goel, A., additional, Sosler, S., additional, Sever, J., additional, Bandyopadhyay, A. S., additional, Pallansch, M. A., additional, Nandy, R., additional, Mkanda, P., additional, Diop, O. M., additional, and Sutter, R. W., additional

Published
2020
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10. Stillbirth During Infection With Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus

Author

Payne, D. C., Iblan, I., Alqasrawi, S., Al Nsour, M., Rha, B., Tohme, R. A., Abedi, G. R., Farag, N. H., Haddadin, A., Al Sanhouri, T., Jarour, N., Swerdlow, D. L., Jamieson, D. J., Pallansch, M. A., Haynes, L. M., Gerber, S. I., Al Abdallat, M. M., Sabri, N., Al Azhari, M., Khazali, H., Al Maayah, M., Bilbeisi, A., Dawood, N., Al Zubi, B., Meflih, J., Mounts, T., Fitzner, J., Eltom, A., Mafi, A., Miao, C., Caidi, H., Trivedi, S., Kamili, S., Hall, A. J., Curns, A., Moore, J., Pham, H., Zimmerman, C., Farnon, E., Giorgi, G., Gerber, R., and Kuhar, D.

Subjects
Adult, Pediatrics, medicine.medical_specialty, Adolescent, Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus, viruses, medicine.disease_cause, Article, Young Adult, Pregnancy, medicine, Humans, Immunology and Allergy, Young adult, Intensive care medicine, Respiratory Tract Infections, Retrospective Studies, Coronavirus, Jordan, Respiratory tract infections, business.industry, virus diseases, Outbreak, Stillbirth, respiratory system, biochemical phenomena, metabolism, and nutrition, medicine.disease, respiratory tract diseases, Pneumonia, Infectious Diseases, Middle East respiratory syndrome, Female, Coronavirus Infections, business
Abstract

We conducted an epidemiologic investigation among survivors of an outbreak of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection in Jordan. A second-trimester stillbirth occurred during the course of an acute respiratory illness that was attributed to MERS-CoV on the basis of exposure history and positive results of MERS-CoV serologic testing. This is the first occurrence of stillbirth during an infection with MERS-CoV and may have bearing upon the surveillance and management of pregnant women in settings of unexplained respiratory illness potentially due to MERS-CoV. Future prospective investigations of MERS-CoV should ascertain pregnancy status and obtain further pregnancy-related data, including biological specimens for confirmatory testing.

Published
2014
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11. ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile : Picornaviridae

Author

Zell, R., Delwart, E., Gorbalenya, A. E., Hovi, T., King, A. M. Q., Knowles, N. J., Lindberg, A. Michael, Pallansch, M. A., Palmenberg, A. C., Reuter, G., Simmonds, P., Skern, T., Stanway, G., Yamashita, T., Zell, R., Delwart, E., Gorbalenya, A. E., Hovi, T., King, A. M. Q., Knowles, N. J., Lindberg, A. Michael, Pallansch, M. A., Palmenberg, A. C., Reuter, G., Simmonds, P., Skern, T., Stanway, G., and Yamashita, T.

Abstract

The family Picornaviridae comprises small non-enveloped viruses with RNA genomes of 6.7 to 10.1 kb, and contains > 30 genera and > 75 species. Most of the known picornaviruses infect mammals and birds, but some have also been detected in reptiles, amphibians and fish. Many picornaviruses are important human and veterinary pathogens and may cause diseases of the central nervous system, heart, liver, skin, gastrointestinal tract or upper respiratory tract. Most picornaviruses are transmitted by the faecal-oral or respiratory routes. This is a summary of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) Report on the taxonomy of the Picornaviridae, which is available at www. ictv. global/report/picornaviridae.

Published
2017
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13. Nonpolio enterovirus and human parechovirus surveillance - United States, 2006-2008

Author

Villarruel, G.R., Langley, G.E., Oberste, M.S., and Pallansch, M.

Subjects
Enteroviruses -- Reports -- Identification and classification, Health
Abstract

Enteroviruses, members of the Picornaviridae family, are common viruses associated with clinical manifestations ranging from mild respiratory symptoms to serious conditions, including aseptic meningitis, encephalitis, neonatal sepsis, and acute flaccid [...]

Published
2010

14. Increased detections and severe neonatal disease associated with Coxsackievirus B1 infection--United States, 2007

Author

Mascola, L., Terashita, D., Salzman, M.B., Schnurr, D., Yagi, S., Padilla, T., Verma, N., Zheng, X., Shulman, S.T., Harris, M.U., Gibson, R., Funk, E., Schmidt, T., Robinson, C., Burns, J.P., Khetsuriani, N., Oberste, S., Pallansch, M., Fowlkes, A., Wikswo, M., and Sircar, K.

Subjects
Enteroviruses -- Case studies, Enteroviruses -- Statistics, Infants (Newborn) -- Diseases, Infants (Newborn) -- Case studies, Infants (Newborn) -- Statistics
Abstract

Enteroviruses generally cause mild disease; however, neonates are at higher risk for severe illness because of the immaturity of their immune systems. Neonatal systemic enterovirus disease, characterized by multiorgan involvement, [...]

Published
2008

15. Enterovirus surveillance--United States, 2002-2004

Author

Khetsuriani, N., LaMonte, A., Stockman, L., Oberste, S., Pallansch, M., Camp, B., and Malek, M.

Subjects
Enterovirus diseases -- Diagnosis, Enterovirus diseases -- Reports, Enteroviruses -- Varieties
Abstract

Enteroviruses are common viruses associated with diverse clinical syndromes, ranging from minor febrile illness to severe, potentially fatal conditions (e.g., aseptic meningitis, encephalitis, paralysis, myocarditis, and neonatal enteroviral sepsis) (1,2). [...]

Published
2006

16. Circulating vaccine-derived polioviruses: current state of knowledge

Author

Kew, O. M., Wright, P. F., Agol, V. I., Francis DELPEYROUX, Shimizu, H., Nathanson, N., Pallansch, M. A., WHO Global Specialized Reference Laboratory, Division of Viral and Rickettsial Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine [Nashville], A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Centre Collaborateur de l'OMS (CCOMS) de Recherche sur les Entérovirus et les Vaccins Viraux, Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Organisation Mondiale de la Santé / World Health Organization Office (OMS / WHO), Prévention et thérapie moléculaires des maladies humaines, Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), WHO Global Specialized Reference Laboratory, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Departments of Microbiology and Neurology, University of Pennsylvania [Philadelphia], Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Organisation Mondiale de la Santé / World Health Organization Office (OMS / WHO), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and University of Pennsylvania

Subjects
MESH: Dominican Republic, MESH: Philippines, Philippines, World Health Organization, MESH: Immunization Programs, complex mixtures, MESH: World Health Organization, MESH: Egypt, Disease Outbreaks, MESH: Virus Shedding, MESH: Madagascar, Risk Factors, MESH: Risk Factors, MESH: Child, Madagascar, Humans, MESH: Disease Outbreaks, Child, MESH: Humans, Immunization Programs, Dominican Republic, Haiti, Virus Shedding, Poliovirus, MESH: Haiti, MESH: Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral, MESH: Poland, Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral, MESH: RNA, Viral, [SDV.MP.VIR]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Virology, MESH: Poliomyelitis, RNA, Viral, Egypt, Poland, MESH: Poliovirus, Poliomyelitis, Research Article
Abstract

International audience; Within the past 4 years, poliomyelitis outbreaks associated with circulating vaccine-derived polioviruses (cVDPVs) have occurred in Hispaniola (2000-01), the Philippines (2001), and Madagascar (2001-02). Retrospective studies have also detected the circulation of endemic cVDPV in Egypt (1988-93) and the likely localized spread of oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV)-derived virus in Belarus (1965-66). Gaps in OPV coverage and the previous eradication of the corresponding serotype of indigenous wild poliovirus were the critical risk factors for all cVDPV outbreaks. The cVDPV outbreaks were stopped by mass immunization campaigns using OPV. To increase sensitivity for detecting vaccine-derived polioviruses (VDPVs), in 2001 the Global Polio Laboratory Network implemented additional testing requirements for all poliovirus isolates under investigation. This approach quickly led to the recognition of the Philippines and Madagascar cVDPV outbreaks, but of no other current outbreaks. The potential risk of cVDPV emergence has increased dramatically in recent years as wild poliovirus circulation has ceased in most of the world. The risk appears highest for the type 2 OPV strain because of its greater tendency to spread to contacts. The emergence of cVDPVs underscores the critical importance of eliminating the last pockets of wild poliovirus circulation, maintaining universally high levels of polio vaccine coverage, stopping OPV use as soon as it is safely possible to do so, and continuing sensitive poliovirus surveillance into the foreseeable future. Particular attention must be given to areas where the risks for wild poliovirus circulation have been highest, and where the highest rates of polio vaccine coverage must be maintained to suppress cVDPV emergence.

Published
2004
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18. Detection of Vaccine-Derived Polioviruses in Mexico Using Environmental Surveillance

Author

Esteves-Jaramillo, A., primary, Estivariz, C. F., additional, Penaranda, S., additional, Richardson, V. L., additional, Reyna, J., additional, Coronel, D. L., additional, Carrion, V., additional, Landaverde, J. M., additional, Wassilak, S. G. F., additional, Perez-Sanchez, E. E., additional, Lopez-Martinez, I., additional, Burns, C. C., additional, and Pallansch, M. A., additional

Published
2014
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21. Assessing Population Immunity in a Persistently High-Risk Area for Wild Poliovirus Transmission in India: A Serological Study in Moradabad, Western Uttar Pradesh

Author

Deshpande, J. M., primary, Bahl, S., additional, Sarkar, B. K., additional, Estivariz, C. F., additional, Sharma, S., additional, Wolff, C., additional, Sethi, R., additional, Pathyarch, S. K., additional, Jain, V., additional, Gary, H. E., additional, Pallansch, M. A., additional, and Jafari, H., additional

Published
2014
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22. A World Without Polio

Author

Cochi, S. L., primary, Jafari, H. S., additional, Armstrong, G. L., additional, Sutter, R. W., additional, Linkins, R. W., additional, Pallansch, M. A., additional, Kew, O., additional, and Aylward, R. B., additional

Published
2014
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24. Family - Picornaviridae

Author

Knowles, N J, Hovi, T, Hyypiä, T, King, A M Q, Lindberg, A. Michael, Pallansch, M A, Palmenberg, A C, Simmonds, P, Skern, T, Stanway, G, Yamashita, T, Zell, R, Knowles, N J, Hovi, T, Hyypiä, T, King, A M Q, Lindberg, A. Michael, Pallansch, M A, Palmenberg, A C, Simmonds, P, Skern, T, Stanway, G, Yamashita, T, and Zell, R

Abstract

This chapter focuses on Picornaviridae family whose member genuses includeEnterovirus, Cardiovirus, Aphthovirus, Hepatovirus, and Parechovirus. The virions of this family consist of a capsid with no envelope and surrounds a core of ssRNA. Hydrated native particles are 30 nm in diameter, but vary from 22 to 30 nm in electron micrographs due to drying and flattening during preparation. The virions contain one molecule of positive sense, ssRNA, and possess a single long ORF. The UTRs at both termini contain regions of secondary structure, which are essential to genome function. In addition to the major CPs, 1A, 1B, 1C and 1D, and 3B (VPg), small amounts of 1AB (VP0) are commonly seen in lieu of one or more copies of 1A and 1B. Protein 1A is small in hepatoviruses, and 1AB is uncleaved in avihepatoviruses, kobuviruses, parechoviruses, and a number of unclassified picornaviruses. Some picornaviruses carry a sphingosine-like molecule in a cavity located inside 1D, and protein 1A generally has a molecule of myristic acid covalently attached to the amino terminal glycine. The virion RNA is infectious and serves as both the genome and the viral mRNA. Infection is generally cytolytic, but persistent infections are common with some species and reported with others. Poliovirus infected cells undergo extensive vacuolation as membranes are reorganized into viral replication complexes.

Published
2012
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25. Isolation of sabin-like polioviruses from wastewater in a country using inactivated polio vaccine

Author

Zurbriggen, S, Tobler, K, Abril, C, Diedrich, S, Ackermann, M, Pallansch, M A, Metzler, A, Zurbriggen, S, Tobler, K, Abril, C, Diedrich, S, Ackermann, M, Pallansch, M A, and Metzler, A

Abstract

From 2001 to 2004, Switzerland switched from routine vaccination with oral polio vaccine (OPV) to inactivated polio vaccine (IPV), using both vaccines in the intervening period. Since IPV is less effective at inducing mucosal immunity than OPV, this change might allow imported poliovirus to circulate undetected more easily in an increasingly IPV-immunized population. Environmental monitoring is a recognized tool for identifying polioviruses in a community. To look for evidence of poliovirus circulation following cessation of OPV use, two sewage treatment plants located in the Zurich area were sampled from 2004 to 2006. Following virus isolation using either RD or L20B cells, enteroviruses and polioviruses were identified by reverse transcription-PCR. A total of 20 out of 174 wastewater samples were positive for 62 Sabin-like isolates. One isolate from each poliovirus-positive sample was analyzed in more detail. Sequencing the complete viral protein 1 (VP1) capsid coding region, as well as intratypic differentiation (ITD), identified 3 Sabin type 1, 13 Sabin type 2, and 4 Sabin type 3 strains. One serotype 1 strain showed a discordant result in the ITD. Three-quarters of the strains showed mutations within the 5' untranslated region and VP1, known to be associated with reversion to virulence. Moreover, three strains showed heterotypic recombination (S2/S1 and S3/S2/S3). The low number of synonymous mutations and the partial temperature sensitivity are not consistent with extended circulation of these Sabin virus strains. Nevertheless, the continuous introduction of polioviruses into the community emphasizes the necessity for uninterrupted child vaccination to maintain high herd immunity.

Published
2008

26. Surveillance during an era of rapidly changing poliovirus epidemiology in India: the role of one vs. two stool specimens in poliovirus detection, 2000–2010

Author

CARDEMIL, C. V., primary, RATHEE, M., additional, GARY, H., additional, WANNEMUEHLER, K., additional, ANAND, A., additional, MACH, O., additional, BAHL, S., additional, WASSILAK, S., additional, CHU, S.Y., additional, KHERA, A., additional, JAFARI, H. S., additional, and PALLANSCH, M. A., additional

Published
2013
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27. An Outbreak of Wild Poliovirus in the Republic of Congo, 2010-2011

Author

Patel, M. K., primary, Konde, M. K., additional, Didi-Ngossaki, B. H., additional, Ndinga, E., additional, Yogolelo, R., additional, Salla, M., additional, Shaba, K., additional, Everts, J., additional, Armstrong, G. L., additional, Daniels, D., additional, Burns, C., additional, Wassilak, S., additional, Pallansch, M., additional, and Kretsinger, K., additional

Published
2012
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32. Imported vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis--United States, 2005

Author

Landaverde, M., Salas, D., Humberto, D., Howard, K., Walker, R., Everett, S., Robyn, S., Erhart, L., Anderson, S., Goodykoontz, S., Pallansch, M., Sejvar, J., Kenyan, K., Alexander, J., Alexander, L., and Seward, J.

Subjects
Immunization -- Influence, Patients -- Reports, Poliomyelitis -- Development and progression, Poliomyelitis -- Control
Abstract

Paralytic poliomyelitis is rare in the United States because of the success of universal childhood immunization and the Global Polio Eradication Initiative. Poliovirus vaccine was introduced in the 1950s. Since [...]

Published
2006

34. An Echovirus Type 33 Winter Outbreak in New Zealand

Author

Huang, Q. S., primary, Carr, J. M., additional, Nix, W. A., additional, Oberste, M. S., additional, Kilpatrick, D. R., additional, Pallansch, M. A., additional, Croxson, M. C., additional, Lindeman, J. A., additional, Baker, M. G., additional, and Grimwood, K., additional

Published
2003
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35. Aseptic meningitis outbreak associated with echovirus 9 among recreational vehicle campers--Connecticut, 2003

Author

Waite, D., Beckenhaupt, P., LoBianco, L., Mshar, P., Nepaul, A., Marshall, K., Brennan, T., Hadler, JL., Nix, W.A., Pallansch, M., and Begier, E.M.

Subjects
Camping, Public health, Communicable diseases
Abstract

Aseptic meningitis is an inflammation of the tissues covering the brain and spinal cord and caused by a virus, most frequently an enterovirus (1). In August 2003, the Connecticut Department [...]

Published
2004

38. Outbreak of Paralytic Poliomyelitis in a Highly Immunized Population in Jordan

Author

Reichler, M. R., primary, Abbas, A., additional, Kharabsheh, S., additional, Mahafzah, A., additional, Alexander, J. P., additional, Rhodes, P., additional, Faouri, S., additional, Otoum, H., additional, Bloch, S., additional, Majid, M. A., additional, Mulders, M., additional, Aslanian, R., additional, Hull, H. F., additional, Pallansch, M. A., additional, and Patriarca, P. A., additional

Published
1997
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