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Partial mtDNA cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) fragments and near entire stretch of 12S rDNA (12S) and control region (Dloop) of the Japanese spiny lobster (Panulirus japonicus) (n = 3) were amplified by PCR and used for direct nucleotide sequencing and for clone library-based nucleotide sequence analysis. Nucleotide sequences of a total of 75 clones in COI, 77 in 12S and 92 in Dloop were determined. Haplotypes of the clones matched with those obtained by direct sequencing were determined to be genuine mtDNA sequence of the individual. Phylogenetic analysis revealed several distinct groups of haplotypes in all three regions. Genuine mtDNA sequences were observed to form a group with their closely related variables, and most of these variables may be due to amplification error but a few to be heteroplasmy. Haplotypes determined as nuclear mitochondrial pseudogenes (NUMTs) formed distinct groups. Nucleotide sequence divergence (K2P distance) between genuine haplotypes and NUMTs were substantial (7.169–23.880% for COI, 1.336–23.434% for 12S, and 7.897–71.862% for Dloop). These values were comparable to or smaller than those between species of the genus Panulirus, indicating that integration of mtDNA into the nuclear genome is a continuous and dynamic process throughout pre- and post-speciation events. Double peaks in electropherograms obtained by direct nucleotide sequencing were attributed to common nucleotides shared by multiple NUMTs. Information on the heteroplasmy and NUMTs would be very important for addressing their impact on direct nucleotide sequencing and for quality control of nucleotide sequences obtained.

Characterising crustacean behaviour in response to conspecific chemical cues contributes to our evolving knowledge of the drivers of their social behaviour. There is particular interest in understanding the chemical and behavioural mechanisms contributing to cannibalism at ecdysis, as this behaviour substantially limits culture productivity of several commercially important crustaceans. Before investigating the role of chemoreception in cannibalism of moulting crustaceans, we must investigate its role in detecting moulting conspecifics. Here we use a two-current choice flume to observe juvenile tropical rock lobster (Panulirus ornatus) behavioural response to conspecific moulting cues and identifying attracted and avoidant behaviours correlating to moult stage and social relationship. Observed cue preferences show inter-moult juveniles are attracted to the moulting cues of lobsters to which they are socially naïve. In contrast, post-moult and inter-moult juveniles avoid the moulting cues of individuals whom they are socially familiar with. Average speed and total distance travelled by lobsters increases in response to conspecific moulting cues. This study demonstrates the suitability of a two-current choice flume for behavioural assays in P. ornatus and characterises clear behavioural patterns in juveniles exposed to conspecific moulting cues. This provides important framework for understanding the role of chemical communication in eliciting cannibalism.

Sound is an important cue for arthropods. In insects, sound features and sound-producing apparatus are tightly correlated to enhance signal emission in larger individuals. In contrast, acoustic scaling in marine arthropods is poorly described even if they possess similar sound-producing apparatus. Here, the acoustic scaling of the European spiny lobster is analyzed by recording sounds in situ at 1 m from a wide range of body sizes. The dimensions of associated sound-producing apparatus increased with body size, indicating sound features would also be influenced by spiny lobster size. Indeed, temporal sound features changed with body size, suggesting differences in calling songs could be used for spiny lobster acoustic communication. Source levels (peak–peak) ranged from 131 to 164 dB re 1 μPa for smaller and larger lobsters, respectively, which could be explained by more efficient resonating structures in larger animals. In addition, dominant frequencies were highly constrained by ambient noise levels, masking the low-frequency content of low intensity sounds from smaller spiny lobsters. Although the ecological function of spiny lobster sounds is not clear yet, these results suggest larger body sizes benefit because louder calls increase the broadcast area and potential interactions with conspecifics, as shown in the insect bioacoustic literature.

Bryozoan epibiosis on lobster hosts is rarely reported. Here we document bryozoan fouling of the spiny rock lobster Jasus edwardsii from the Hauraki Gulf, North Island of New Zealand. The 92 lobste...

lt;bgt;Background and Objective:lt;/bgt; In the puerulus phase, which is not pigmented, identification of lobster species based on morphological characteristics is still difficult identity, so it is necessary to identify based on molecular characters. This study aimed to analyze the mitochondrial subunit I cytochrome oxidase (COI) gene characters of the puerulus of lobster species.lt;bgt;Materials and Methods:lt;/bgt; The data can be useful for developing lobster seed identification methods based on DNA characteristics. Location of lobster sampling in Staring Bay, coastal waters of Moramo District, South Konawe Regency, Indonesia. The molecular characterization method is carried out in several stages, namely specific primer design, DNA preparation, PCR with specific primers, DNA sequencing and DNA sequence analysis. Characteristics of COI gene fragments were analyzed using BLAST analysis, restriction enzyme analysis and phylogenetic tree analysis.lt;bgt;Results:lt;/bgt; The results showed that DNA was successfully isolated with a high level of purity. The results of the amplification of the COI gene fragment showed thick and firm bands and formed a single band measuring 751 bp with 249 amino acids. Based on the BLAST analysis shows that the COI gene fragment has 99% similarity withlt;igt;Panulirus homaruslt;/igt;. Based restriction enzyme analysis shows that the site of recognition and restriction enzyme cutting position in thelt;igt;Panuliruslt;/igt; COI gene fragment is the same aslt;igt;Panulirus homaruslt;/igt; in Genebank, thelt;igt;Aselt;/igt;I enzyme in position 392 andlt;igt;Psilt;/igt;I in positions 47 and 106.lt;bgt;Conclusion:lt;/bgt; Based on phylogenetic tree analysis, the COI gene fragment is in one group withlt;igt;Panulirus homaruslt;/igt; and has a bootstrap value of 100% which shows that the nucleotide sequence is stable. The three analyzes show that the DNA source organism is the same species aslt;igt;Panulirus homaruslt;/igt;.

Panulirus argus virus 1 (PaV1) (Family Mininucleoviridae) causes chronic and systemic infection in wild juvenile spiny lobsters Panulirus argus (Latreille, 1804), ending in death by starvation and metabolic wasting. In marine decapods, the antennal gland is involved in osmoregulation and excretion. In this compact organ, fluid is filtered from the hemolymph, and ions are reabsorbed to produce a hypotonic urine. Although PaV1 is released with the urine in infected individuals, little is known regarding the metabolic effect of PaV1 in the antennal gland. The objective of this study was to perform a comparative evaluation of the metabolic profile of the antennal gland of clinically PaV1-infected lobsters versus those with no clinical signs of infection, using proton nuclear magnetic resonance analysis. Overall, 48 compounds were identified, and the most represented metabolites were those involved in carbohydrate, amino acid, energy, and nucleotide metabolism. Most of the metabolites that were down-regulated in the infected group were essential and non-essential amino acids. Some metabolites involved in the urea cycle and carbohydrate metabolism were also altered. This study represents a first approach to the metabolic evaluation of the antennal gland. We broadly discuss alterations in the content of several proteinogenic and non-proteinogenic amino acids and other key metabolites involved in energetic and nucleotide metabolism.

Background Evolutionary divergence and speciation often occur at a slower rate in the marine realm due to the higher potential for long-distance reproductive interaction through larval dispersal. One common evolutionary pattern in the Indo-Pacific, is divergence of populations and species at the peripheries of widely-distributed organisms. However, the evolutionary and demographic histories of such divergence are yet to be well understood. Here we address these issues by coupling genome-wide SNP data with mitochondrial DNA sequences to test the patterns of genetic divergence and possible secondary contact among geographically distant populations of the highly valuable spiny lobster Panulirus homarus species complex, distributed widely through the Indo-Pacific, from South Africa to the Marquesas Islands. Result After stringent filtering, 2020 SNPs were used for population genetic and demographic analyses, revealing strong regional structure (FST = 0.148, P Conclusion Overall, this study suggests that alternating periods of marine divergence and gene flow have driven the current genetic patterns observed in this lobster and may help explain the observed wider patterns of marine species diversity in the Indo-Pacific.

Background The complex life cycle of the coconut crab, Birgus latro, begins when an obligate terrestrial adult female visits the intertidal to hatch zoea larvae into the surf. After drifting for several weeks in the ocean, the post-larval glaucothoes settle in the shallow subtidal zone, undergo metamorphosis, and the early juveniles then subsequently make their way to land where they undergo further physiological changes that prevent them from ever entering the sea again. Here, we sequenced, assembled and analyzed the coconut crab genome to shed light on its adaptation to terrestrial life. For comparison, we also assembled the genomes of the long-tailed marine-living ornate spiny lobster, Panulirus ornatus, and the short-tailed marine-living red king crab, Paralithodes camtschaticus. Our selection of the latter two organisms furthermore allowed us to explore parallel evolution of the crab-like form in anomurans. Results All three assembled genomes are large, repeat-rich and AT-rich. Functional analysis reveals that the coconut crab has undergone proliferation of genes involved in the visual, respiratory, olfactory and cytoskeletal systems. Given that the coconut crab has atypical mitochondrial DNA compared to other anomurans, we argue that an abundance of kif22 and other significantly proliferated genes annotated with mitochondrial and microtubule functions, point to unique mechanisms involved in providing cellular energy via nuclear protein-coding genes supplementing mitochondrial and microtubule function. We furthermore detected in the coconut crab a significantly proliferated HOX gene, caudal, that has been associated with posterior development in Drosophila, but we could not definitively associate this gene with carcinization in the Anomura since it is also significantly proliferated in the ornate spiny lobster. However, a cuticle-associated coatomer gene, gammacop, that is significantly proliferated in the coconut crab, may play a role in hardening of the adult coconut crab abdomen in order to mitigate desiccation in terrestrial environments. Conclusion The abundance of genomic features in the three assembled genomes serve as a source of hypotheses for future studies of anomuran environmental adaptations such as shell-utilization, perception of visual and olfactory cues in terrestrial environments, and cuticle sclerotization. We hypothesize that the coconut crab exhibits gene proliferation in lieu of alternative splicing as a terrestrial adaptation mechanism and propose life-stage transcriptomic assays to test this hypothesis.

European marine waters are infested with plastic, with an average density of 1 plastic item in every four square-meters. Research relevant to MPs-NPs ingestion by wild decapods in European waters is limited, none of which regards the European spiny lobster. Totally 4102 plastic particles were extracted from the spiny lobster stomach tissues of both sexes. Out of the 63 samples analysed only three (4.8%) of them were found with no plastic particles. The range of number of MPs in stomachs was from 20 to 273 MPs individual

As coral populations decline across the Caribbean, it is becoming increasingly important to understand the forces that inhibit coral survivorship and recovery. Predation by corallivores, such as the short coral snail Coralliophila abbreviata, are one such threat to coral health and recovery worldwide, but current understanding of the factors controlling corallivore populations, and therefore predation pressure on corals, remains limited. To examine the extent to which bottom-up forces (i.e., coral prey), top-down forces (i.e., predators), and marine protection relate to C. abbreviata distributions, we surveyed C. abbreviata abundance, percent coral cover, and the abundance of potential snail predators across six protected and six unprotected reefs in the Florida Keys. We found that C. abbreviata abundance was lower in protected areas where predator assemblages were also more diverse, and that across all sites snail abundance generally increased with coral cover. C. abbreviata abundance had strong, negative relationships with two gastropod predators—the Caribbean spiny lobster (Panulirus argus) and the grunt black margate (Anisotremus surinamensis), which may be exerting top-down pressure on C. abbreviata populations. Further, we found the size of C. abbreviata was also related to reef protection status, with larger C. abbreviata on average in protected areas, suggesting that gape-limited predators such as P. argus and A. surinamensis may alter size distributions by targeting small snails. Combined, these results provide preliminary evidence that marine protection in the Florida Keys may preserve critical trophic interactions that indirectly promote coral success via control of local populations of the common corallivorous snail C. abbreviata.

Panulirus meripurpuratus Giraldes & Smyth, 2016 Panulirus meripurpuratus Giraldes & Smyth, 2016: 354, figs. 1–3, 4B, 5. Material examined. Brazil, São Paulo: 1 ♂, CCDB 1546, Ubatuba, Enseada de Ubatuba, coll. F. Mantelatto, 20.vi.1998. Distribution. Western Atlantic— Brazil (São Pedro and São Paulo Archipelago, Rocas Atoll, Fernando de Noronha, Abrolhos, Amapá, Pará, Maranhão, Piauí, Ceará, Rio Grande do Norte, Paraíba, Pernambuco, Alagoas, Bahia, Espírito Santo, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Santa Catarina) (Moreira 1901; Oliveira 1940 as Senex argus; as P. argus by Luederwaldt 1919, 1929; Williams 1965; Coelho & Ramos 1972; Ramos-Porto et al. 1978; Coelho & Ramos-Porto 1980; Williams 1984; Abele & Kim 1986; Coelho et al. 1990; Holthuis 1991; Coelho & Ramos-Porto 1994 -1995; Melo 1999; Barros & Pimentel 2001; Coelho et al. 2007; Serejo et al. 2007; Silva et al. 2007; Alves et al. 2008; Dall´Occo 2010; Teschima et al. 2012; Tourinho et al. 2012; Faria Jr. et al. 2013; Silva et al. 2013; Gaeta et al. 2015; Giraldes & Smyth 2016 as P. meripurpuratus; Cintra et al. 2017; Gaeta & Cruz 2019; Silva et al. 2020 as P. argus). Records from Cape Verde and Caribbean Sea-Florida are considered as not identified population (Freitas & Castro 2005; Tourinho et al. 2012; Giraldes & Smyth 2016). There is an episodic occurrence in Bahía de la Ascensión, Mexico (Briones-Fourzán et al. 2019). Remarks. Previous records from the coast of São Paulo include Ubatuba, Ilhabela (Ilha de São Sebastião), and Santos (Moreira 1901; Luederwaldt 1919; Mantelatto et al. 2018 as P. argus). Panulirus is one of the most abundant and economically exploited genera of crustacean in the Americas and Caribbean waters (Holthuis 1991; Sarver et al. 2000); being P. meripurpuratus the target species of the Brazilian fishery (Giraldes & Smyth 2016; Gaeta & Cruz 2019). Sarver et al. (1998; 2000) found two distinct clades under material identified as P. argus, one with Caribbean distribution (P. argus argus) and another distributed in the USA, Venezuela, and Brazil (P. argus westonii); these authors, however, did not provide any nomenclatural act resulting of those studies. Naro-Maciel et al. (2011) and Tourinho et al. (2012) recognized these two subspecies as two distinct lineages. Tourinho et al. (2012) suggested that P. argus is a Caribbean species, whereas the southwestern Atlantic species was considered an undescribed species of Panulirus. Even though, populations of P. argus from these areas have been currently treated as a single species by governments and international fisheries organizations (Tourinho et al. 2012). Giraldes & Smyth (2016) found differences in both color pattern and morphology and described P. meripurpuratus from Brazilian waters, considering P. argus restricted to North American and Caribbean waters. The Amazon-Orinoco plume was pointed out as the main factor leading to allopatric speciation (Sarver et al. 1998, 2000; Tourinho et al. 2012), separating P. argus and P. meripurpuratus into genetically different populations (Giraldes & Smyth 2016). Chan (2019) highlighted that Giraldes & Smyth (2016) did not consider details regarding some old synonyms in P. argus when described P. meripurpuratus, such as P. ricordi Guérin-Méneville, 1836, and P. americanus H. Milne Edwards, 1837 (Holthuis 1991; Chan 2010), and despite this comment, the author made no suggestion whatsoever about whether or not a future nomenclatural check is necessary. For this reason, we considered P. meripurpuratus as valid species in the present study. The episodic occurrence of two individuals of P. meripurpuratus in Bahía de la Ascensión (Mexico) probably is linked with the high potential for larval retention in this area, but persistent populations of adult are unlikely to occur (Briones-Fourzán et al. 2019). Sequences accession number (GenBank): CCDB 1546—16S (MF490147), COI (MF490043) (Mantelatto et al. 2018).

Panulirus laevicauda (Latreille, 1817) Palinurus laevicauda Latreille, 1817b: 295. Material examined. None. Distribution. Western Atlantic — Bermuda, USA (Florida), Mexico (Yucatan), Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean Sea, Antilles, Central America, Bahamas, Suriname, French Guiana, and Brazil (Rocas Atoll, Fernando de Noronha, Abrolhos, Maranhão, Ceará, Rio Grande do Norte, Paraíba, Pernambuco, Alagoas, Sergipe, Espírito Santo, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Santa Catarina) (Moreira 1901; Luederwaldt 1929; Oliveira 1940 as Senex laevicauda; as P. laevicauda by Holthuis 1959, 1991; Coelho & Ramos 1972; Ramos-Porto et al. 1978; Coelho & Ramos-Porto 1980, 1994, 1998; Abele & Kim 1986; Coelho et al. 1986; Williams 1986; Melo 1999; Coelho et al. 2007; Alves et al. 2008; Dall’Occo 2010; Boos et al. 2012; Teschima et al. 2012; Faria Jr. et al. 2013; Gaeta et al. 2015; Giraldes & Smyth 2016). An episodic occurrence in Bahía de la Ascensión, Mexico (Briones-Fourzán et al. 2019). Remarks. Previous records from the coast of São Paulo include Ilhabela (Ilha de São Sebastião) (Luederwaldt 1929) and 24°4′S 44°24′W (MNRJ 3561 in Dall’Occo 2010). It seems there is no special commercial fishery for it, even if it is caught as bycatch throughout its range (Holthuis 1991) together with P. argus (Holthuis 1991; Gaeta et al. 2015); the yield of its fishery seems to be largest in Brazil (Holthuis 1991) as bycatch of P. meripurpuratus. As well as the case of P. meripurpuratus, episodic recruitment can explain the rare occurrences of P. laevicauda in Bahía de la Ascensión (Mexico), persistent adult populations are unlikely to occur in this region (Briones-Fourzán et al. 2019)., Published as part of Mantelatto, Fernando L. & Al, Et, 2022, Checklist of decapod crustaceans from the coast of the São Paulo state (Brazil) supported by integrative molecular and morphological data: V. Dendrobranchiata and Pleocyemata [Achelata, Astacidea, Axiidea, Caridea (Alpheoidea and Processoidea excluded), Gebiidea, Stenopodidea], pp. 1-74 in Zootaxa 5121 (1) on page 23, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5121.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6399728, {"references":["Latreille, P. A. (1817 b) Langouste, Palinurus, Fab. Nouveau Dictionnaire d'Histoire naturelle, 17, 291 - 295.","Moreira, C. (1901) Contribuicoes para o conhecimento da fauna brazileira: Crustaceos do Brazil. Archivos do Museu Nacional do Rio De Janeiro, 11, 1 - 151. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 46376","Luederwaldt, H. (1929) Resultados de uma excursao cientifica a Ilha de Sao Sebastiao no litoral do Estado de Sao Paulo em 1925. Revista do Museu Paulista, 16, 1 - 79.","Oliveira, L. P. H. (1940) Contribuicao ao conhecimento dos crustaceos do Rio de Janeiro: catalogo dos crustaceos da Baia de Guanabara. Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 35 (1), 137 - 151. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0074 - 02761940000100003","Holthuis, L. B. (1959) The Crustacea Decapoda of Suriname (Dutch Guiana). Zoologische Verhandelingen, 44, 1 - 296.","Holthuis, L. B. (1991) Marine lobsters of the world. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of species of interest to fisheries known to date. FAO Fisheries Synopsis, 125 (13), 1 - 292.","Coelho, P. A. & Ramos, M. (1972) A constituicao e a distribuicao da fauna de decapodos do litoral leste da America do Sul entre as latitudes 5 ° N e 39 ° S. Trabalhos Oceanograficos da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 13, 133 - 236. https: // doi. org / 10.5914 / tropocean. v 13 i 1.2555","Ramos-Porto, M., Ferreira-Correia, M. M. & Sousa, N. R. (1978) Levantamento da fauna aquatica da ilha de Sao Luis (Estado do Maranhao, Brasil). II - Crustacea. Boletim do Laboratorio de Hidrobiologia, 2 (1), 77 - 89.","Coelho, P. A. & Ramos-Porto, M. (1980) Crustaceos decapodos da costa do Maranhao, Brasil. Boletim do Instituto Oceanografico, 29 (2), 135 - 138. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0373 - 55241980000200028","Coelho, P. A. & Ramos-Porto, M. (1994 / 1995) Distribuicao ecologica dos crustaceos decapodos marinhos do nordeste do Brasil. Trabalhos do Instituto Oceanografico da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 23, 113 - 127. https: // doi. org / 10.5914 / tropocean. v 23 i 1.2682","Coelho, P. A. & Ramos-Porto, M. (1998) Malacostraca-Eucarida. Palinuridae. In: Young, P. S. (Ed.), Catalog of Crustacea from Brazil, Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro, 6, pp. 387 - 392","Abele, L. G. & Kim, W. (1986) An illustrated guide to the marine decapod crustaceans of Florida. Florida Department of Environmental Regulation, Technical Series, 8 (1 - 2), 1 - 760.","Coelho, P. A., Ramos-Porto, M. & Calado, T. C. S. (1986) Litoral do Rio Grande do Norte: Decapoda. Cadernos Omega. Serie Ciencias Aquaticas, Recife, 2, 79 - 105.","Williams, A. B. (1986) Lobsters-identification, world distribution, and U. S. trade. Marine Fisheries Review, 48 (2), 1 - 36.","Melo, G. A. S. (1999) Manual de identificacao dos Crustacea Decapoda do litoral brasileiro: Anomura, Thalassinidea, Palinuridea, Astacidea. Ed. Pleidae, Sao Paulo, 551 pp.","Coelho, P. A., Almeida, A. O., Bezerra, L. E. A. & Souza-Filho J. F. (2007) An updated checklist of decapod crustaceans (infraorders Astacidea, Thalassinidea, Polychelida, Palinura, and Anomura) from the northern and northeastern Brazilian coast. Zootaxa, 1519 (1), 1 - 16. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 1519.1.1","Alves, M. D. L., Ramos-Porto, M. & Viana, G. F. S. (2008) Checklist of the decapods (Crustacea) from the Fernando de Noronha Archipelago, Brazil. Zootaxa, 1881 (1), 43 - 68. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 1881.1.2","Dall'Occo, P. L. (2010) Taxonomia e Distribuicao das Lagostas (Crustacea: Decapoda: Achelata e Polychelida) no Oceano Atlantico. PhD Thesis (unpublished), Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Rio Claro, 432 pp.","Boos, H., Bond-Buckup, G., Buckup, L., Araujo, P. B., Magalhaes, C., Almerao, M. P., Santos, R. A. & Mantelatto, F. L. (2012) Checklist of the Crustacea from the state of Santa Catarina, Brazil. Check List, 8 (6), 1020 - 1046. https: // doi. org / 10.15560 / 8.6.1020","Teschima, M. M., Faria Junior, E. & Freire, A. S. (2012) New records of marine mantis shrimp, crabs and lobsters (Crustacea) from Santa Catarina State, southern Brazil (27 ° 15 ' S 48 ° 25 ' W). Marine Biodiversity Records, 5, e 100. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / s 1755267212000760","Gaeta, J. C., Silva, M. B., Godoy, T. & Cruz, R. (2015) Update on the lobster species from Rocas Atoll Marine Reserve, Brazil. Check List, 11 (4), 1705. https: // doi. org / 10.15560 / 11.4.1705","Giraldes, B. W. & Smyth, D. M. (2016) Recognizing Panulirus meripurpuratus sp. nov. (Decapoda: Palinuridae) in Brazil - Systematic and biogeographic overview of Panulirus species in the Atlantic Ocean. Zootaxa, 4107 (3), 353 - 366. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4107.3.4","Briones-Fourzan, P., Barradas-Ortiz, C., Negrete-Soto, F., Segura-Garcia, I. & Lozano-Alvarez, E. (2019) Occurrence of Panulirus meripurpuratus and Panulirus laevicauda (Decapoda: Achelata: Palinuridae) in Bahia de la Ascension, Mexico. Latin American Journal of Aquatic Research, 47 (4), 694 - 698. https: // doi. org / 10.3856 / vol 47 - issue 4 - fulltext- 11"]}

Mantelatto, Fernando L., Al, Et (2022): Checklist of decapod crustaceans from the coast of the São Paulo state (Brazil) supported by integrative molecular and morphological data: V. Dendrobranchiata and Pleocyemata [Achelata, Astacidea, Axiidea, Caridea (Alpheoidea and Processoidea excluded), Gebiidea, Stenopodidea]. Zootaxa 5121 (1): 1-74, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5121.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5121.1.1

Spiny lobsters of the family Palinuridae Latreille, 1802 are known to be industrial crustaceans in the global fishing market amongst other crustacean marine species. Panulirus femoristriga has been reported in the Maldives, Japan, Taiwan, Vietnam, the Philippines, Indonesia (Ambon, Irian Jaya, Celebes Island, Seram Island), the Polynesian Islands, Solomon Islands, New Hebrides, Wallis and Futuna and off the coast of northern Australia, but there is uncertainty about their distributions due to the morphological similarity with Panulirus femoristriga, Panulirus longipes bispinosus and Panulirus brunneiflagellum. However, the identification on P. femoristiga can only be confirmed if the morphological descriptions are mentioned in literature. A specimen of the spiny lobster Panulirus femoristriga Von Martens, 1872 was discovered in Semporna, located on the west coast of Sabah State, Malaysia Borneo. While the status of P. femoristriga has been classified as "least concern" on the International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List, studies on the species' population size, habitat and distribution are still inadequate. This study adopted both morphological and molecular approaches for species delimitation.The phylogenetic position of the Sabah P. femoristriga was revealed by the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase gene (COI) marker. This represents the first record of the species in the coastal waters of Sabah, despite its wide geographical distribution in the Indo-West Pacific. A revision on the species global distribution was also conducted by harvesting all literature with species named Panulirus longipes femoristriga and Panulirus femoristriga which were available online including those prior to year 2001 before the presence of P. femoristriga is confirmed. Due to the uncertainties on the morphological distribution in previous literature, further studies are required to fill in the missing data for confirmation.

The Caribbean spiny lobster, Panulirus argus (Latreille, 1804), is an important resource in the Western Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean Sea, and Gulf of Mexico. A nemertean egg predator of P. argus, Carcinonemertes conanobrieniSimpson, Ambrosio & Baeza, 2017, was recorded in Florida in 2017 and Colombia in 2018. This study sought to investigate the presence of C. conanobrieni in P. argus in Saint Kitts and Nevis, eastern Caribbean Sea. Nemerteans were observed in the brood masses of P. argus. Molecular techniques confirmed its presence in the P. argus population on Saint Kitts. Egg, juvenile, and adult stages of C. conanobrieni and of an undescribed Carcinonemertes sp. were found in the brood masses of 27 of 31 (87%) ovigerous P. argus. Differences in the shape of the nemertean egg masses (string versus spherical arrangement) were confirmed as two distinct species of Carcinonemertes Coe, 1902 using molecular analyses. The juvenile stage of the undescribed Carcinonemertes sp. was detected in the gills of 72 of 320 (23%) of the P. argus individuals from Saint Kitts. The prevalence of branchial nemertean infestation was not significantly different among male and female P. argus. Female lobsters with ovaries in early stages of gonadal maturation were more likely to have branchial nemerteans relative to those with ovaries in late stages of maturation, suggestive of nemertean migration from gills to egg mass once the host oviposits. This is the first report of C. conanobrieni in the Caribbean spiny lobster from the eastern Caribbean, which is approximately 1,300 miles from Florida and 1,000 miles from Colombia. This is also the first report of an undescribed nemertean worm in P. argus. The high prevalence of Carcinonemertes spp. in P. argus raises concern for the extent to which these egg predators may be impacting P. argus in Saint Kitts, an important fishery on the island.

International audience; The detection ranges of broadband sounds produced by marine invertebrates are not known. to address this deficiency, a linear array of hydrophones was built in a shallow water area to experimentally investigate the propagation features of the sounds from various sizes of european spiny lobsters (Palinurus elephas), recorded between 0.5 and 100 m from the animals. The peak-to-peak source levels (SL, measured at one meter from the animals) varied significantly with body size, the largest spiny lobsters producing SL up to 167 dB re 1 µpa 2. the sound propagation and its attenuation with the distance were quantified using the array. This permitted estimation of the detection ranges of spiny lobster sounds. Under the high ambient noise conditions recorded in this study, the sounds propagated between 5 and 410 m for the smallest and largest spiny lobsters, respectively. Considering lower ambient noise levels and different realistic propagation conditions, spiny lobster sounds can be detectable up to several kilometres away from the animals, with sounds from the largest individuals propagating over 3 km. Our results demonstrate that sounds produced by P. elephas can be utilized in passive acoustic programs to monitor and survey this vulnerable species at kilometre scale in coastal waters. Passive acoustic monitoring (PAM) of marine species has recently gained attention by biologists and is now used worldwide. This is due to the increased knowledge of animal sound repertoires, and the behavioral contexts in which they are produced 1-3. In addition, the density of seawater enables sounds to propagate over greater distances compared to air 4. Estimating the detection ranges between a particular sound-producing species and a receiver can give crucial information about its spatial distribution in an ecosystem. These calculations rely on the measurements of the source level (SL, i.e. the sound pressure level recorded at 1 m from the source) and the transmission loss (TL, i.e. the attenuation of the sound as it propagates away from the source) of animal sounds underwater. For example, marine mammal sounds can be detected kilometres away in shallow and deep oceans with hydrophones 5-7. Fish also produce sounds in shallow waters that can be detectable from few meters 8,9 to hundreds of meters away 10,11. However, data available on sound propagation and detection ranges for crustaceans are scarce, though crustaceans are known to emit a large diversity of sounds 12-14. Marine arthropods produce sounds that are mostly characterized by broadband pulses, i.e. short transient sounds with a large bandwidth 15-17. Estimating their sound propagation may be challenging as they inhabit shallow coastal waters (at depths below tens of meters). This implies complex sound fields due to physical constraints such as the presence of boundaries created by the water surface and the seabed 18,19 , and it is thus difficult to accurately model sound propagation 20. Until now, detection ranges of crustacean sounds have relied on crude estimations of SLs performed using distant measurements that are then artificially back-propagated to 1 m by using theoretical propagation models 21,22. In addition, some studies have been performed in tanks. Tank experiments are very convenient since distances between receivers and animals can be precisely measured 23. However, tank acoustics are complicated. The relatively small volumes and close boundaries of tanks highly affect sound propagation as well as SL estimates 13,14 ; these tank effects have been largely ignored by most previous studies (as a counter example, see 15 for an experimental illustration on the differences of crustacean sounds recorded in tanks and in situ). Thus, there is a need to combine theory with empirical measurements of site-specific sound propagation

Funding: Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (contract number M14PC00009), representing an integrated analysis drawn from the work fully reported in OCS Study Report Number BOEM 2018-003. Many marine animals have evolved sensory abilities to use electric and magnetic cues in essential aspects of life history, such as to detect prey, predators and mates as well as to orientate and migrate. Potential disruption of vital cues by human activities must be understood in order to mitigate potential negative influences. Cable deployments in coastal waters are increasing worldwide, in capacity and number, owing to growing demands for electrical power and telecommunications. Increasingly, the local electromagnetic environment used by electro- and magneto-sensitive species will be altered. We quantified biologically relevant behavioural responses of the presumed, magneto-receptive American lobster and the electro-sensitive Little skate to electromagnetic field (EMF) emissions of a subsea high voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission cable for domestic electricity supply. We demonstrate a striking increase in exploratory/foraging behaviour in skates in response to EMF and a more subtle exploratory response in lobsters. In addition, by directly measuring both the magnetic and electric field components of the EMF emitted by HVDC cables we found that there were DC and unexpectedly AC components. Modelling, restricted to the DC component, showed good agreement with measured results. Our cross-disciplinary study highlights the need to integrate an understanding of the natural and anthropogenic EMF environment together with the responses of sensitive animals when planning future cable deployments and predicting their environmental effects. Publisher PDF

The Caribbean spiny lobster Panulirus argus supports a large and valuable fishery in the Caribbean Sea. In 2007-2008, a rare microsporidian parasite with spore characteristics typical of the Ameson genus was detected in 2 spiny lobsters from southeast Florida (FL). However, the parasite species was not confirmed by molecular analyses. To address this deficiency, reported here are structural and molecular data on single lobsters displaying comparable 'cotton-like' abdominal muscle containing ovoid microsporidian spores found at different locations in FL in 2014 and 2018 and in Saint Kitts and Nevis Islands in 2017. In the lobster from 2014, multiple life stages consistent with an Ameson-like monokaryotic microsporidian were detected by transmission electron microscopy. A partial (1228 bp) small subunit (SSU) rRNA gene sequence showed each microsporidia to be identical and positioned it closest phylogenetically to Ameson pulvis in a highly supported clade also containing A. michaelis, A. metacarcini, A. portunus, and Nadelspora canceri. Using ecological, pathological, ultrastructural, and molecular data, the P. argus microsporidian has been assigned to a distinct species: Ameson herrnkindi.

The West Coast rock lobster (WCRL), Jasus lalandii, inhabits highly variable environments frequented by upwelling events, episodes of hypercapnia and large temperature variations. Coupled with the predicted threat of ocean acidification and temperature change for the coming centuries, the immune response in this crustacean will most likely be affected. We therefore tested the hypothesis that chronic exposure to hypercapnia and elevated seawater temperature will alter immune function of the WCRL. The chronic effects of four combinations of two stressors (seawater pCO2 and temperature) on the total number of circulating haemocytes (THC) as well as on the lobsters’ ability to clear (inactivate) an injected dose of Vibrio anguillarum from haemolymph circulation were assessed. Juvenile lobsters were held in normocapnic (pH 8.01) or hypercapnic (pH 7.34) conditions at two temperatures (15.6 and 18.9 °C) for 48 weeks (n = 30 lobster per treatment), after which a subsample of lobsters (n = 8/treatment), all at a similar moult stage, were selected from each treatment for the immune challenge. Baseline levels of haemocytes (THC ml−1) and bacteria (CFU ml−1) in their haemolymph were quantified 24 h prior to bacterial challenge. Lobsters were then challenged by injecting 4 × 104 V. anguillarum per g body weight directly into the cardiac region of each lobster and circulating haemocyte and culturable bacteria were measured at 20 min post challenge. No significant differences in THC ml−1 (p normocapnia/high temperature > normocapnia/low temperature > hypercapnia/high temperature. This study demonstrated that despite chronic exposure to combinations of reduced seawater pH and high temperature, the WCRL was still capable of rapidly rendering an injected dose of bacteria non-culturable.

Bdellovibrio and like organisms (BALOs) are Gram-negative obligate predators of other bacteria in a range of environments. The recent discovery of BALOs in the circulatory system of cultured spiny lobster P. ornatus warrants more investigation. We used a combination of co-culture agar and broth assays and transmission electron microscopy to show a Halobacteriovorax sp. strain Hbv preyed upon the model prey bacterium Vibrio sp. strain Vib. The haemolymph microbiome of juvenile P. ornatus was characterised following injection of phosphate buffered saline (control) or prey and/or predator bacteria for 3 d. The predator Hbv had no effect on survival compared to the control after 3 d. However, when compared to the prey only treatment group, lobsters injected with both prey and predator showed significantly lower abundance of genus Vibrio in the haemolymph bacterial community composition. This study indicates that predatory bacteria are not pathogenic and may assist in controlling microbial population growth in the haemolymph of lobsters.

The review explores the current diversity of methods used to determine the nutritional condition of crustaceans and to provide evidence that standardization is needed to make results comparable among the increasing number of studies in this field. The advantages and disadvantages of inexpensive and wide-ranging indices are discussed with respect to the blood refractive index (BRI) and the effectiveness of the total weight/carapace length relationship based on their application to the spiny lobster Panulirus argus (Latreille, 1804). Also reviewed are the environmental factors that impact metabolism based on the nutritional condition concept and the nutritional condition itself. Ocean acidification, temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, and noise have been the most studied factors impacting nutritional condition in crustaceans, usually under controlled (laboratory) conditions. Methodological aspect could be nevertheless one of the most important factors affecting nutritional condition estimations. More than twenty methods have been applied to determine nutritional variations in crustaceans, all then following different techniques, procedures, and instrumentation. These differences make results almost impossible to compare. BRI determined by a hand-held refractometer, usually inexpensive, is a good option to standardize studies so that the results from different species and different regions can be comparable; other methodologies could nevertheless be used in combination. Laboratory studies, which typically use few individuals that are exposed to extreme and usually non-natural conditions, show limited results. Emphasis should be placed on field studies that integrate the effects of several environmental factors.

Achelata (Palinuridae and Scyllaridae) have a flat, transparent, long-lived planktonic larva called phyllosoma, which comprises multiple stages and has a duration from a few weeks (some scyllarids) to &gt, 20 months (some palinurids). The larval development of many Achelata occurs in oceanic waters, where conventional plankton nets usually collect the early- to mid-stages but not the later stages, which remain poorly known. We examined the diversity and distribution of mid- and late-stage phyllosomata in the oceanic waters of the Mexican Caribbean, where the swift Yucatan Current is the dominant feature. The plankton samples were collected at night with a large mid-water trawl in autumn 2012 (55 stations) and spring 2013 (34 stations). In total, we obtained 2599 mid- and late-stage phyllosomata (1742 in autumn, 857 in spring) of five palinurids (Panulirus argus, Panulirus guttatus, Panulirus laevicauda, Palinurellus gundlachi, Justitia longimana) and three scyllarids (Parribacus antarcticus, Scyllarides aequinoctialis, Scyllarus chacei). Overall, the mid-stages were ~2.5 times as abundant as the late stages. The palinurids far outnumbered the scyllarids, and P. argus dominated over all the other species, followed at a distance by P. guttatus. The densities of all the species were generally low, with no clear spatial pattern, and the phyllosomata assemblage composition greatly overlapped between seasons. These results suggest the extensive mixing of the organisms entrained in the strong Yucatan Current, which clearly favors the advection of the phyllosomata in this region despite the presence of some local sub-mesoscale features that may favor short-term retention.