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1. Relationship between serotypes, disease characteristics and 30-day mortality in adults with invasive pneumococcal disease

Author

Benadji, Amine, Danis, Kostas, Brieu, Nathalie, Gaillat, Jacques, Mourvillier, Bruno, Bollaert, Pierre-Edouard, Gaillot, Olivier, Taha, Muhamed-Kheir, Bonacorsi, Stephane, Lecuit, Marc, Frachet, Bruno, Debroucker, Thomas, Levy Bruhl, Daniel, Preau, Marie, Anguel, Nadia, Argaud, Laurent, Arista, Sophie, Armand-Lefevre, Laurence, Balavoine, Stéphanie, Baraduc, Régine, Barnaud, Guilène, Béraud, Guillaume, Bernars, Georges, Bertei, Dominique, Bessede, Emilie, Billard Pomares, Typhaine, Biron, Charlotte, Bland, Stéphane, Boileau, Julien, Boubeau, Patrice, Bourdon, Sandra, Bousquet, Aurore, Boyer, Sophie, Bozorg-Grayeli, Alexis, Bretonniere, Cédric, Bricaire, François, Brocas, Elsa, Brun, Michel, Buret, Jennifer, Burucoa, Christophe, Cabalion, Jean, Cabon, Mathieu, Cambau, Emmanuelle, Camuset, Guillaume, Canevet, Christophe, Caron, François, Carricajo, Anne, Castan, Bernard, Caumes, Eric, Cazanave, Charles, Chabrol, Amélie, Challan-Belval, Thibaut, Chanteperdrix-Marillier, Vanessa, Chaplain, Chantal, Charlier-Woerther, Caroline, Chaussade, Hélène, Chirouze, Catherine, Clair, Bernard, Colot, Julien, Conil, Jean-Marie, Cordel, Hugues, Cormier, Philippe, Cousson, Joël, Cronier, Pierrick, Cua, Eric, Dao-Dubremetz, Anne, Dargere, Sylvie, Degand, Nicolas, Dekeyser, Sophie, Delaune, Deborah, Denes, Eric, Dequin, Pierre-Francois, Descamps, Diane, Descloux, Elodie, Desmaretz, Jean-Luc, Diehl, Jean-Luc, Dimet, Jérôme, Dinh, Aurélien, Duval, Xavier, Escaut, Lelia, Fabe, Claude, Faibis, Frédéric, Flateau, Clara, Fonsale, Nathalie, Fortineau, Nicolas, Gagneux-Brunon, Amandine, Garandeau, Caroline, Garcia, Magali, Garot, Denis, Gaudry, Stéphane, Goehringer, François, Gravet, Alain, Gregoire-Faucher, Valérie, Grosset, Marine, Gueit, Isabelle, Guelon, Dominique, Guimard, Thomas, Hadou, Tahar, Helene, Jean-Pierre, Henard, Sandrine, Henry, Benoit, Hochart, Anne-Cécile, Hoen, Bruno, Illes, Gabriela, Jaffuel, Sylvain, Jarrin, Irène, Jaureguy, Françoise, Joseph, Cédric, Juvin, Marie-Emmanuelle, Kayal, Samer, Kerneis, Solen, Lamaury, Isabelle, Laurens, Etienne, Laurichesse, Henri, Le Brun, Cécile, Le Moing, Vincent, Le Turnier, Paul, Lecuyer, Hervé, Ledru, Sylvie, Legrix, Céline, Lemaignen, Adrien, Lemble, Chantal, Lemee, Ludovic, Lesens, Olivier, Lhommet, Claire, Males, Silvija, Malpote, Edith, Martin-Blondel, Guillaume, Marx, Matthieu, Masson, Raphael, Matray, Olivier, Mbadi, Aurore, Mechai, Frédéric, Mellon, Guillaume, Merens, Audrey, Meyohas, Marie Caroline, Michon, Adrien, Mootien Yoganaden, Joy, Morquin, David, Mouly, Stéphane, Mrozek, Natacha, Nguyen, Sophie, Oziol, Eric, Page, Bernard, Patrat-Delon, Solène, Patry, Isabelle, Picot, Sandrine, Pierrejean, Denys, Piroth, Lionel, Plassart, Claire, Plessis, Patrice, Ploy, Marie-Cécile, Portel, Laurent, Poubeau, Patrice, Poupard, Marie, Poyart, Claire, Prazuck, Thierry, Quaesaet, Luc, Raffi, François, Ramanantsoa, Adriatsiferana, Rapp, Christophe, Raskine, Laurent, Raymond, Josette, Revest, Matthieu, Riche, Agnès, Robaday-Voisin, Stéphanie, Robin, Frédéric, Romaszko, Jean-Pierre, Rousseau, Florence, Roux, Anne-Laure, Royer, Cécile, Saada, Matthieu, Salmon, Dominique, Saroufim, Carlo, Schmit, Jean Luc, Sebire, Manuela, Segonds, Christine, Sivadon-Tardy, Valérie, Soismier, Nathalie, Son, Olivia, Sunder, Simon, Suy, Florence, Tande, Didier, Tankovic, Jacques, Valin, Nadia, van Grunderbeeck, Nicolas, Vandenesch, François, Varon, Emmanuelle, Verdon, Renaud, Vergnaud, Michel, Vidal, Magali, Vittecoq, Daniel, Vuotto, Fanny, Gorenne, Isabelle, Laouenan, Cédric, Marcault, Estelle, Mentre, France, Pasquet, Blandine, Roy, Carine, Tubiana, Sarah, Arsac, Philippe, Benoit, Martha, Bernard, Louis, Bissuel, François, Bret, Laurent, Brieu, Natalie, Burret, Jennifer, Carvalhoschneider, Claudia, Champagne, Hélène, Chapalain, Joséphine, Chardon, Hubert, Chavanet, Pascal, Ducruet, Judith, Epaulard, Olivier, Fabre, Marc, Fasquelle, Dominique, Forestier, Emmanuel, Galempoix, Jean-Marc, Gautier, Guillaume, de Curraize, Claire Goulard, Gracet, Alain, Gubavu, Camélia, Guinard, Jérôme, Habet, Tarik, Haudour, Aurélie, Henry, Caroline, Hombrouckalet, Cécile, Janssen, Céline, Kisteman, Jean-Paul, Lanotte, Philippe, Lartigue, Marie-Frédérique, Launois, Claire, Lebrun, Cécile, Legout, Laurence, Levast, Marion, Madoux, Yannick, Maulin, Laurence, Mestrallet, Stéphanie, Mohareb, Abdo, Mootien, Joy, Nguyen, Yohan, Noel, Franck, Ogielska, Maja, Ogier Desserrey, Agathe, Paleau, Anne, Pavel, Simona, Pechinot, André, Pelloux, Isabelle, Petillon, Camille, Petitprez, Hélène, Podac, Bianca, Poirot, Jerome, Ponceau, Bénédicte, Prieur, Nathalie, Recule, Christine, Saraceni, Orlando, Sartre, Jacques, Sifaoui, Farid, Simonin, Catherine, Strady, Christophe, Tellini, Charlotte, Texier, Anthony, Thouvenin, Maxime, Tixier, Anne, Tremeaux, Pauline, Verger, Pascale, Vernet-Garnier, Véronique, Verquin, Jean-Pierre, Vitrat, Virginie, Vray, Isabelle, Zamfir, Oana, Zucchini, Laure, Centre d'investigation Clinique [CHU Bichat] - Épidémiologie clinique (CIC 1425), AP-HP - Hôpital Bichat - Claude Bernard [Paris], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Laboratoire Chrono-environnement (UMR 6249) (LCE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC), Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Besançon (CHRU Besançon), Infection, Anti-microbiens, Modélisation, Evolution (IAME (UMR_S_1137 / U1137)), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, Anti-infectieux : supports moléculaires des résistances et innovations thérapeutiques (RESINFIT), CHU Limoges-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut Génomique, Environnement, Immunité, Santé, Thérapeutique (GEIST), Université de Limoges (UNILIM)-Université de Limoges (UNILIM), ARN régulateurs bactériens et médecine (BRM), Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Structure Fédérative de Recherche en Biologie et Santé de Rennes ( Biosit : Biologie - Santé - Innovation Technologique ), CHU Pontchaillou [Rennes], CHI Créteil, Pathologies Pulmonaires et Plasticité Cellulaire - UMR-S 1250 (P3CELL), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), The COMBAT study was supported by the Assistance Publique Hopitaux de Paris, French Ministry of Health, Inserm, SPILF, and the Pfizer Pharmaceutical company, which also funded ORP. The study was endorsed by the following professional organizations: Association Pour l’enseignement de la Thérapeutique, Société de Pathologie Infectieuse de Langue Française, Société Française de Microbiologie, Société Nationale Française de Médecine Interne, Société de Réanimation de Langue Française, Société Française de Gérontologie, Société Française d’Anesthésie-Réanimation. The SIIP study was supported by (i) the Société de Pathologie Infectieuse de Langue Fran.aise (SPILF, the French Infectious Diseases Society), (ii) Santé Publique France (SpFrance, the French National Public Health Agency), (iii) the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), and (iv) Pfizer. The Regional Observatories of Pneumococci (Observatoires Régionaux du Pneumocoque) were supported by Pfizer, BioMerieux, and Sanofi., and Laboratoire Chrono-environnement - CNRS - UBFC (UMR 6249) (LCE)

Subjects
Adult, Microbiology (medical), Serotype, medicine.medical_specialty, Multivariate analysis, Adolescent, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], 30-day mortality, Serogroup, medicine.disease_cause, Logistic regression, Pneumococcal Infections, Cohort Studies, Pneumococcal Vaccines, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Internal medicine, Streptococcus pneumoniae, medicine, Humans, 030212 general & internal medicine, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Aged, 0303 health sciences, Meningitis, Pneumococcal, 030306 microbiology, business.industry, Mortality rate, Infant, Invasive pneumococcal disease, Pneumococcal vaccine, General Medicine, bacterial infections and mycoses, medicine.disease, 3. Good health, Infectious Diseases, business, Meningitis, Cohort study
Abstract

International audience; Purpose: Invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) is responsible for substantial mortality and morbidity worldwide. We aimed to identify host and bacterial factors associated with 30-day mortality in 18-year-old patients hospitalized with IPD in France from 2013 to 2015.Methods: This study analyzed data collected from consecutives IPD cases included in two parallel multi-center cohort studies: COMBAT study (280 patients with pneumococcal community-acquired bacterial meningitis) and SIIP study (491 patients with non-meningitis IPD). Factors associated with 30-day mortality were identified using logistic regression.Results: Among the 771 enrolled patients (median age 66 years, IQR [52.0-79.7]), 592/767 (77.2%) had at least one chronic disease. Patients with meningitis were younger (60.2 vs 70.9 years; p < 0.001) and had fewer chronic diseases than those with non-meningitis IPD (73.3% vs 79.4%; p = 0.05). Non-vaccine serotypes were more frequent in meningitis patients than in those with other IPD (36.1% vs 23.1%; p < 0.001). The overall 30-day mortality was 16.7% and patients with concurrent meningitis and extra-cerebral IPD had the highest 30-day mortality rate (26.5%). On multivariate analyses, older age, history of malignant solid tumor, meningeal IPD and serotypes previously identified with high mortality potential were independently associated with 30-day mortality. Of the serotypes with high mortality potential, 80% were included in licensed (PCV13 or PPV23) vaccines.Conclusion: We observed an effect of both host factors and pneumococcal serotypes on 30-day mortality in IPD. This highlights the need for a focused strategy to vaccinate at-risk patients.Clinical trial: ClinicalTrial. Gov identification number: NCT01730690.

Published
2021
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3. Human babesiosis in Alsace

Author

Paleau, A., primary, Candolfi, E., additional, Souply, L., additional, De Briel, D., additional, Delarbre, J.M., additional, Lipsker, D., additional, Jouglin, M., additional, Malandrin, L., additional, Hansmann, Y., additional, and Martinot, M., additional

Published
2020
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4. Factors Associated With Severe Nonmeningitis Invasive Pneumococcal Disease in Adults in France

Author

Danis, Kostas, Varon, Emmanuelle, Lepoutre, Agnès, Janssen, Cécile, FORESTIER, Emmanuel, Epaulard, Olivier, N’Guyen, Yohan, Labrunie, Anaïs, Lanotte, Philippe, Lartigue, Marie-Frédérique, Gravet, Alain, Pelloux, Isabelle, CHAVANET, Pascal, Levy-Bruhl, Daniel, Ploy, Marie-Cecile, Gaillat, Jacques, Peloux, Isabelle, Haudour, Aurélie, Recule, Christine, Blachon, A, Petitprez, Hélène, Janssen, Céline, Vitrat, Virginie, Tremeaux, Pauline, Ducruet, J, Legout, Laurence, Sifaoui, Farid, Levast, Marion, Habet, Tarik, Telini, Charlotte, Fabre, Marc, Tixier, Anne, Vray, Isabelle, Guillaume, Mathilde, Henry, X, Verger, Pascale, Lebrun, Cécile, Carvalhoschneider, C, Bernard, Louis, Courtellemont, Laura, Guinard, Jerome, Gubavu, Camelia, Petillon, Camille, Brieu, Nathalie, Maulin, Laurence, Vernet-Garnier, Véronique, Launois, Claire, Nguyen, Yohan, Madoux, Yannick, Strady, Christophe, Noel, Franck, Pavel, Simona, Thouvenin, Maxime, Galempoix, Jean-Marc, Prieur, Natahlie, Mestrallet, Stéphanie, Zucchini, Laure, Tetu, Jennifer, Pechinnot, André, Texier, Anthony, Kisterman, Jean-Paul, Chapalain, Josephine, Simonin, Catherine, Paleau, A, Benoit, Martha, Podac, Bianca, Desserrey, Agathe Ogier, Poirot, Jerome, Gautier, Guillaume, Mootien, Joy, Saraceni, Orlando, Mohareb, Abdo, Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal de Créteil (CHIC), Service de Médecine interne, Maladies Infectieuses et Immunologie Clinique [Reims], Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Reims (CHU Reims), Observatoires Régionaux du Pneumocoque, Partenaires INRAE, Département d'hépato-gastro-entérologie [Hôpital Trousseau : CHRU Tours], Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Tours (CHRU TOURS)-CHU Trousseau [APHP], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Sorbonne Université (SU), Infectiologie et Santé Publique (UMR ISP), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Tours, Centre Hospitalier Emile Muller [Mulhouse] (CH E.Muller Mulhouse), Groupe Hospitalier de Territoire Haute Alsace (GHTHA), Hôpital du Bocage, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Dijon - Hôpital François Mitterrand (CHU Dijon), Anti-infectieux : supports moléculaires des résistances et innovations thérapeutiques (RESINFIT), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut Génomique, Environnement, Immunité, Santé, Thérapeutique (GEIST), Université de Limoges (UNILIM)-Université de Limoges (UNILIM)-CHU Limoges, Santé publique France - French National Public Health Agency [Saint-Maurice, France], Centre Hospitalier Annecy-Genevois [Saint-Julien-en-Genevois], Centre Hospitalier Métropole Savoie [Chambéry], Centre Hospitalier Universitaire [Grenoble] (CHU), Plate forme de bioinformatique et biostatistique (CEBIMER), Institut Génomique, Environnement, Immunité, Santé, Thérapeutique (GEIST), Université de Limoges (UNILIM)-Université de Limoges (UNILIM), Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Tours (CHRU Tours), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Tours (UT), CHU Limoges-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut Génomique, Environnement, Immunité, Santé, Thérapeutique (GEIST), The study was supported by (i) the Societe de Pathologie Infectieuse de Langue Francaise (SPILF, the French Infectious Diseases Society), (ii) Sante Publique France (SpFrance, the French National Public Health Agency), (iii) the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), and (iv) Pfizer. The Regional Observatories of Pneumococci (Observatoires Regionaux du Pneumocoque) were supported by Pfizer, BioMerieux, and Sanofi., and Université de Tours-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, medicine.medical_specialty, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], 030106 microbiology, invasive pneumococcal disease, Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine, law.invention, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, law, Internal medicine, Acute care, Major Article, medicine, 030212 general & internal medicine, business.industry, medicine.disease, mortality, Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine, Intensive care unit, 3. Good health, pneumococcal conjugate vaccine, Vaccination, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Infectious Diseases, Oncology, Pneumococcal vaccine, Relative risk, surveillance, outcome, business, Meningitis, medicine.drug
Abstract

Background In France, pneumococcal vaccination in adults is recommended for risk groups (chronic conditions/immunosuppression). We conducted a study on invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) in adults to identify factors associated with disease severity and death. Methods We included IPD cases, excluding meningitis, from 25 acute care hospitals in 6 regions. We defined severe cases as those with shock or severe sepsis or intensive care unit admission/mechanical ventilation. We included deaths occurring within 30 days of hospitalization. Infectious disease specialists collected clinical/microbiological data on cases. Results During 2014–2017, 908 nonmeningitis IPD cases were diagnosed; 48% were severe, 84% had comorbidities, 21% died. Ninety percent of cases with comorbidities who previously sought health care were not vaccinated against pneumococcus. Compared with previously healthy cases, the risk of severe IPD increased from 20% (adjusted risk ratio [aRR], 1.2; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.0–1.4) in cases with 1–2 chronic diseases to 30% (aRR, 1.3; 95% CI, 1.0–7.0) in those with >2 chronic diseases. Among risk groups, 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) serotypes and 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPSV23) nonPCV13 serotypes were more likely to induce severe IPD compared with nonvaccine serotypes (aRR, 1.5; 95% CI, 1.3–1.9; aRR, 1.3; 95% CI, 1.0–1.5, respectively). Conclusions We observed a cumulative effect of concurrent comorbidities on severe IPD. Vaccine serotypes were more likely to induce severe IPD among risk groups. The missed opportunities for vaccination underscore the need to enhance vaccination in risk groups.

Published
2019
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5. Babésiose en France et en Europe : une pathologie à redéfinir

Author

Yves Hansmann, Ermanno Candolfi, Valentin Greigert, A. Paleau, Maggy Jouglin, D. De Briel, J. Brunet, L. Souply, Martin Martinot, Benoît Jaulhac, Centre Hostipalier de Colmar, Partenaires INRAE, Centre Hospitalier, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Biologie, Epidémiologie et analyse de risque en Santé Animale (BIOEPAR), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), and Hôpitaux Civils Colmar

Subjects
0303 health sciences, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Infectious Diseases, 030306 microbiology, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], 030212 general & internal medicine, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 3. Good health
Abstract

Introduction La babesiose est une parasitose transmise par les tiques due a differents especes au sein desquelles predominent Babesia divergens, Babesia microti. Aux USA B. microti est l’espece la plus commune responsable de plus mille cas par an chez l’immunocompetent (IC) et l’immunodeprime (ID). A l’inverse en Europe seule une cinquantaine de cas est rapportee avec une tres forte predominance de cas severes dus a B. divergens principalement chez des patients splenectomises. Cette description correspond de fait a la definition classique de la babesiose europeenne. Plusieurs donnees recentes semblent toutefois plaider vers la survenue de tableaux cliniques plus moderes de babesiose chez l’IC et une presence importante de B. microti notamment en France. Materiels et methodes Une analyse retrospective de cas diagnostiques en Alsace associee a une analyse d’une etude recente de seroprevalence en France chez des travailleurs forestiers du Nord-Est de la France a ete realisee afin definir les caracteristiques de la babesiose en France. Resultats Depuis 2009 on note en Alsace la survenue de 6 cas averes (patient avec frottis positif et/ou PCR positive et/ou seroconversion) chez des patients tous IC et de 12 cas possibles (serologie positive isolee avec tableau compatible) avec 11/12 patients IC. Tous les cas ont evolue favorablement. Une etude de seroprevalence recherchant a la fois B. microtii et B. divergens realisee entre 2002 et 2003 chez 627 travailleurs forestiers du Grand-Est a trouve une seroprevalence de 0,1 % pour B. divergens et 2,5 % pour B. microti soulignant la preponderance de cette espece. Conclusion La babesiose en France et par-la en Europe semble concerner essentiellement les IC et l’espece B. microti est frequente. La babesiose europeenne est sous-estimee. Plusieurs mecanisme concourent a ce sous diagnostic. – Une meconnaissance de la pathologie. – Une definition inadaptee restreinte aux tableaux severes chez les patients splenectomises. – Des moyens diagnostiques biologiques limites a un petit nombre de laboratoire et d’interpretation delicate (frottis sanguin pauci-parasitaire chez l’IC, PCR et serologie Babesia en immunofluorescence « faites maison » sans kit commercialise). Il apparait necessaire de realiser des etudes prospectives afin de mieux connaitre la babesiose en France et en Europe et d’ameliorer les examens diagnostiques disponibles.

Published
2018
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8. Barriers and Facilitators to Needle Exchange Implementation: Perceptions of Community Stakeholders In Prince George's County, MD

Author

Paleau, Natasha and Paleau, Natasha

Abstract

Prince George's County, MD has the second highest incidence of HIV in both the Washington, D.C. metropolitan region and the state of Maryland. Approximately 14% of the living cases of HIV/AIDS in Prince George's County in 2009 were attributable to injection drug use. In the 1990's, Prince George's County was one of only two jurisdictions in the state of Maryland to be granted an exemption to the state's drug paraphernalia law to operate a needle exchange program, a harm reduction intervention shown to be effective in lowering incidence rates of HIV in injection drug user populations. However, Prince George's County has yet to implement a needle exchange program to reduce the spread of HIV among injection drug users. This study examined the perceptions of key community stakeholders on what possible barriers and facilitators to the implementation of a needle exchange program exist in Prince George's County. Qualitative, in-depth interviews were conducted with stakeholders from the community sectors of elected officials, law enforcement, public health professionals, drug treatment counselors, neighborhood associations, and religious institutions from two legislative districts within the county. Themes and sub-themes emerged naturally using the Grounded Theory Model of qualitative data analysis. The themes that emerged in connection to barriers and facilitators to needle exchange program implementation included the image of Prince George's County, stigma, needle exchange as a political issue, benefits and harms of needle exchange programs, funding, injection drug use as a declining problem in the county, a need to raise awareness about HIV transmission in injection drug users, and differences between inner-beltway and outer-beltway areas in Prince George's County. Based on analysis of these themes, the barriers and facilitators to needle exchange program implementation in Prince George's County were identified and described, the feasibility of implementation was assesse

Published
2013

9. Influence of the preparation conditions on the formation of WNx/WSi2/Si by thermal annealing under NH3 of W on Si

Author

M. Brunel, J.C. Oberlin, M. Benyahya, J. Paleau, Juan María Torres, A. Deneuville, Bruno Canut, and N. Bourhila

Subjects
Metal, Nuclear reaction, Diffraction, Crystallography, Materials science, Annealing (metallurgy), visual_art, visual_art.visual_art_medium, General Physics and Astronomy, Surfaces and Interfaces, General Chemistry, Condensed Matter Physics, Surfaces, Coatings and Films
Abstract

The effect of annealing in NH3 between 600 and 1100°C of W films deposited on Si was studied by X-ray diffraction, RBS, nuclear reaction (N concentration) and I/R transmission (N bonding). WNx/Si and WNx/WNSi/WSi2/Si structures are obtained for W thicknesses lower and higher than 100 A respectively. The WNSi layer contains SiN bonds, but remains strongly metallic. Its thickness increases with Ta.

Published
1989
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