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This study investigated the behavior and syngas characteristics of oil palm biomass fluidized bed gasification (FBG) with alternative inlet air configurations. The air was supplied to the combustion zone of the FBG with tangential and updraft air inlet (TI and UI) modes. A mixed oil palm decanter cake was used as feedstock at 3 kg/h feed rate. The experiments were done at the equivalence ratios (ERs) from 0.1 to 1.0. The experimental results showed that the air supply mode and ER affected the temperature distribution inside the gasifier. Operation with TI mode had combustion initiated at the side, then propagated through the middle section, while in UI mode, the combustion reaction was at the center of the chamber. With TI mode, the temperature at combustion zone was around 600 °C. At ER 0.5, this zone covered the heights from 0.25 to 0.75 m. In UI mode, the highest temperature was near 800 °C, but combustion was prominent only in a zone near the bottom. The CFD simulations showed that the alternative inlet air configurations and the ER influenced flow patterns. CFD confirmed the swirling streamlines in TI mode, while UI mode showed a localized elevated temperature, particularly at 0.25 m height. Syngas composition analysis indicated that operation in TI mode at ER of 0.7 provided the larger combustion zone, leading to better syngas product in terms of CO (> 20%) and H2 (> 8%) components. This mode also provided the best 5.1 MJ/m3 energy content for syngas. The results of this study can provide useful guidelines for further investigations of FBG with tangential air inlet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thailand has plentiful rubberwood biomass for biofuel and bioenergy applications, as well as for carbon material production. One of the keys to choosing a biomass conversion process is its effects on the physicochemical properties. In addition, thermochemical conversion of biomass also requires knowledge of its thermal decomposition behavior and kinetics for reactor design; and specification of operating conditions. Thus, the aims of this research were to explore the physicochemical properties of rubberwood biomasses (RWBs) generated alternatively from branches, trunks, and roots. The rubberwood biomass with the best energy properties was then selected to investigate its thermal decomposition behavior and kinetics. The physicochemical properties of RWBs determined were the gross and elemental components, energy properties, lignocellulosic components, and major noncombustible elements. Thermal decomposition observations were carried out by using the thermogravimetric analyzer under a nitrogen atmosphere at heating rates of 5, 10, 20, and 30 °C min−1. The kinetic analysis was conducted by applying the iso-conversional model-free methods of Friedman, Kissinger–Akahira–Sunose (KAS), and Ozawa–Flynn–Wall (OFW). Based on statistical analysis, the results highlighted that the trunks (RTT) possessed the best energy properties. The lignocellulosic and elemental components of RWBs had small differences. The activation energy derived from iso-conversional methods demonstrated consistency with previous studies. The activation energies were in the ranges 159.11–210.61, 168.89–175.06, and 169.96–176.01 kJ mol− 1 according to the Friedman, KAS, and OFW methods, respectively. These explorations are useful for applying the RWB as feedstock in torrefaction and pyrolysis applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to investigate the production and properties of mixed pellets made from rubberwood (Hevea brasiliensis Muell. Arg) and refuse-derived fuel (RDF) waste with no added binder. Three different conditions of mixed pellets were developed to compare their chemical and physical properties to rubberwood pellets. The produced samples were subjected to both ultimate and proximate analyses. The contents of C, H, N, S, and Cl significantly increased with the increasing amount of refuse-derived fuel in the samples, resulting in reduction of the volatile matter. The mechanical durability of the pellet samples ranged between an average value of 98 and 99%. Mixed pellets containing 50% of rubberwood and 50% of refuse-derived fuel have improved heating values by 22.21% compared to rubberwood pellets. Moreover, mixed pellets having 50% of wood and 50% of refuse-derived fuel had the highest density and the highest energy compared to the other samples. Based on the findings of this study, it appears that the manufactured mixed pellets have the potential to be used as high-energy fuel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rubberwood biomass is widely available in the southern region of Thailand and it has high potential for biofuel applications. Applications of this biomass still have some limitations, however, such as low energy properties and high biological decomposition. Therefore, the aim of this study was to enhance the fuel properties of rubberwood biomass by a torrefaction process. Rubberwood sawdust (RWS) was torrefied at different temperatures (200, 250, and 300 °C) and for various times (20, 40, and 60 min) in a moving bed reactor. The product yield and characteristics of torrefied RWS were investigated. Results showed that the solid yield of torrefied RWS was in the range of 39.07–88.69%, depending on temperature and time. The fuel atomic ratios of torrefied RWS were better than of raw RWS. The energy content and energy density of torrefied RWS were clearly enhanced (19.78–27.17 MJ/kg and 4.94–6.59 GJ/m3). ICP-OES results revealed a variation of inorganic elements in torrefied RWS, which was consistent with the ash components given by XRF. Ash fusion temperature of raw RWS and torrefied RWS ashes was stable at 1458 °C. The slagging index of torrefied RWS was decreased, while its fouling index was elevated. [Display omitted] • Yield and properties of torrefied RWS were clearly influenced by temperature. • Fuel atomic ratios and energy properties of RWS were improved by torrefaction. • Fusion temperature of torrefied RWS ash was above 1458 °C. • Torrefaction increased fouling index of RWS but reduced its slagging index. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to investigate the physicochemical changes and energy properties of torrefied rubberwood sawdust (RWS) produced in various sizes of moving bed reactors for further pelletization. The results indicate that the torrefaction of RWS with a small-scale reactor at higher temperatures led to a stronger degree of torrefaction (DT) based on various indicators. Torrefaction at 250 °C for 60 min provided appropriately torrefied RWS with solid yield, energy yield, energy content, and energy density of 70.23%, 81.20%, 22.20 MJ/kg, and 5.40 GJ/m3, respectively. The RWS with higher DT was coal-black instead of brown, as indicated by its L*, a* and b* color coordinates. The changes in color and DT were also consistent with the improvements in fuel ratio, atomic ratios, lignin content and functional groups (FTIR). SEM imaging and BET adsorption also confirmed the surface changes from raw RWS to torrefied RWS. At the same nominal conditions, torrefaction of RWS with a larger scale reactor gave a small difference in solid yield and in properties of the torrefied RWS. In addition, the production and energy costs are the key concerns in a large-scale operation. These results support pursuing further applications, like the pelletization of torrefied RWS. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the quality and drying kinetics of instant parboiled rice fortified with turmeric (IPRFT) by using hot air (HA) and microwave-assisted hot air (MWHA) drying. The cooked long grain parboiled rice (LGPR) fortified with turmeric was dried with HA at temperatures of 65, 80, 95, and 110 °C. The microwave power density of 0.588 Wg−1 was incorporated for drying with MWHA. Drying was performed until the dried IPRFT reached 16% (d.b.) of moisture content. The quality of the dried IPRFT was evaluated in terms of color, total phenolics content (TPC), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), rehydration ratio, volume expansion ratio, texture and microstructure. The results showed that the incorporation of microwave power with HA drying helped to reduce the drying time by 50% compared to conventional HA drying. A prediction of the moisture ratio by using the Page model provided the best R2 and RMSE in drying kinetics. The drying conditions had small effects on the color, TPC, TAC, and microstructure of the dried IPFRT. The rehydration ratio, volume expansion ratio and texture of the rehydrated IPFRT showed minimal variations from changes in the drying conditions. The TPC and TAC of the dried IPRFT clearly increased compared to the TPC and TAC of the initial LGPR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coating with top-spray fluidized bed at inappropriate operating condition not only provides low product quality but also leads to low coating efficiency and improper energy consumption. The objective of this study was therefore to study the effects of superficial air velocity (Vf), atomization air pressure (Ap), and recycled exhaust air (Ra) on the performance of top-spray fluidized bed coating (TSFBC) in terms of product quality, coating efficiency (CE), and energy consumption for producing turmeric extract coated rice (TECR). The experimental results showed that the operation of TSFBC without Ra provided the final moisture content (MC) of TECR lower than 12 % (wet basis (w.b.)) for all Vf's and Ap's. The lowering final MC of TECR below 11.8 % (w.b.) led to the fissure of all TECR kernels. The Ra with 80 % could significantly reduce the number of fissured kernels and the energy consumption of electric heater by 41.7-46.5 %. The operation of TSFBC at low Vf, i.e., 2 m/s, resulted in high number of uncoated white rice kernels (UCWR) for all Ap's and Ra. When the Vf was increased to 2.5 or 3 m/s, the number of UCWR was significantly reduced and the value of CE was higher than that at 2 m/s. At such both velocities, the Ap and Ra insignificantly affected the CE but the Ra slightly affected the number of UCWR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study assessed suitable smart grid areas for power generation and distribution from solar and small hydro energy resources in Western Uganda by employing the fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (AHP) based on geographic information system (GIS) data. This was performed based on the selected economic, environmental, and technical criteria by the authors guided by the experts' judgements in the weighing process. The main criteria also included various sub-criteria. The sub-criteria of the economic criterion included distance from transmission lines, topography, and distance to roads. The environmental sub-criteria covered land use, sensitive areas, and protected areas. The technical sub-criteria were on distance from demand centers, available potential energy resources (solar and hydro), and climate (rainfall and sunshine). The weights of the main criteria and the sub-criteria were calculated by using the fuzzy AHP. These weights were then used in the GIS environment to determine both the potential for power generation from the solar energy resource and the smart grid suitable areas. According to the weight results, the economic criteria has the highest weight, followed by environmental and technical criteria. The validation of the experts' judgements for each criterion by comparing the results from fuzzy AHP with AHP confirmed insignificant differences in weights for all criteria. The obtained suitable smart grid areas in Western Uganda have been classified into three parts, that is, the South, North, and Central. Therefore, this is a one-of-a-kind study that, in the authors' view, will provide the initial insights to the government, policymakers, renewable energy practitioners, and researchers to investigate, map, and embrace decarbonization strategies for the electricity sector of Uganda. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The addition of natural antioxidants onto white rice kernel can improve its functionality. Curcuminoids that present in turmeric rhizomes possess high antioxidant activity and heat stability. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of inlet air temperatures and spray rates of turmeric extract solution on quality attributes of the turmeric extract coated rice (TCR) using the top-spray fluidized bed coating technique. The experimental results have shown that inlet air temperature and spray rate of coating solution strongly affected the final moisture content and percentage of fissured kernel of TCR. Almost all of TCR kernels in the bed cracked when their final moisture content was lower than 11.8% wet basis. However, the head coated rice yield of fissured TCR slightly decreased from that of white rice. The color of TCR was uniform over the entire surface. Texture of cooked TCR insignificantly changed from that of uncoated sample. Increasing spray rate provided higher both total phenolic content (TPC) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) whilst increasing inlet temperature yielded lower TPC but it did not affect TAC. Retentions of TPC and TAC of TCR after cooking remained higher than 90%. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This study examines the conversion of durian peel to biochar and pyrolysis liquid via slow pyrolysis. The central composite design was utilized to optimize the conditions of three independent variables, namely pyrolysis temperature, cooling temperature, and holding time. Analysis of variance revealed that only pyrolysis temperature had a significant effect on biochar and pyrolysis liquid yields. The biochar and pyrolysis liquid yields fit by a second-order polynomial model agreed well with experimental results. As the pyrolysis temperature increased, the solid product yield decreased, while the pyrolysis liquid yield increased. The highest biochar and pyrolysis liquid yields were 56.11% and 38.53% that derive at 300 and 600 °C of pyrolysis temperature, respectively. The validation of both prediction models showed over 96% agreement. Biochar of high heating value (26.55 MJ/kg) was obtained at 600 °C pyrolysis temperature and 30 min holding time. According to the Van Krevelen plot, the molar ratios of the H/C and O/C of the biochar obtained at 600 °C of pyrolysis temperatures were similar to coal material. The high-quality biochar was of carbon storage class 4 according to the IBI classification; and the characteristics of pyrolysis liquid met community product standards of Thailand. An economic analysis was performed to assess the feasibility of converting 60 tons/year of durian peel into biochar and pyrolysis liquid. An internal project rate of return (IRR) of 25.91% with a payback period of 1.58 years was estimated. The findings of this study indicate the economic viability of immediately deploying large-scale pyrolysis utilizing a waste stream from agriculture. [Display omitted] • Pyrolysis temperature mainly determined biochar and pyrolysis liquid yields. • Maximum biochar (56%) and pyrolysis liquid yields (38%) were determined. • The biochar is rated as a high-class 4 of carbon storage by the IBI. • The durian peel pyrolysis liquid met community product standards of Thailand. • In an economic study IRR is 25.91% with a payback period of 1.58 years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Durian peel is a type of biomass derived from agricultural residues, which are found in abundant in Thailand. This study aims to investigate the thermal and chemical properties of three indigenous durian peels, namely Monthong (MDP), Puangmanee (PDP), and Bacho (BDP), as well as the characteristics of biochar and pyrolysis liquid derived from slow pyrolysis of the durian peel. MDP had the greatest volatile matter and fixed carbon content, with 73.97 and 18.43 wt%, respectively. MDP was applied for further research in order to produce biochar and pyrolysis liquid at pyrolysis temperatures of 400 and 600 °C. The maximum biochar yield was 36.01% at 400 °C, while the maximum pyrolysis liquid yield was 37.25% at 600 °C. The largest high heating value of biochar (24.48 MJ kg−1) was obtained at 600 °C more than the high heating value of feedstock (14.32 MJ kg−1). Biochar obtained at 400 °C can be categorized as fertilizer class 4, while biochar obtained at 600 °C can be classified as carbon storage class 2 using the IBI biochar classification tool. The quality of the pyrolysis liquid was determined to be of 3.14 pH and 1.052 g mL−1 specific gravity at a pyrolysis temperature of 600 °C, which meets Thailand standards. As a result, both 400 °C and 600 °C pyrolysis liquids produced significant chemicals that are employed in a variety of industries. Consequently, this research is strongly recommended to be expanded to produce high-quality durian peel biochar and pyrolysis liquid. [Display omitted] • Comprehensive physical, chemical, thermal properties of durian peels were explored. • Durian peel biochar can be categorized by the IBI as carbon storage class 2. • The biochar can be classified by the IBI as a high fertilizer class 4. • Pyrolysis liquid derived from the durian peel meet Thailand standards. • 81 main compounds with essential chemicals were detected in the pyrolysis liquids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, the growing demand for a renewable and sustainable fuel alternative is contingent on fuel cell technologies. Even though it is regarded as an environmentally sustainable method of generating fuel for immediate concerns, it must be enhanced to make it extraordinarily affordable, and environmentally sustainable. Hydrogen (H2) synthesis by electrochemical water splitting (ECWS) is considered one of the foremost potential prospective methods for renewable energy output and H2 society implementation. Existing massive H2 output is mostly reliant on the steaming reformation of carbon fuels that yield CO2 together with H2 and is a finite resource. ECWS is a viable, efficient, and contamination‐free method for H2 evolution. Consequently, developing reliable and cost‐effective technology for ECWS was a top priority for scientists around the globe. Utilizing renewable technologies to decrease total fuel utilization is crucial for H2 evolution. Capturing and transforming the fuel from the ambient through various renewable solutions for water splitting (WS) could effectively reduce the need for additional electricity. ECWS is among the foremost potential prospective methods for renewable energy output and the achievement of a H2‐based economy. For the overall water splitting (OWS), several transition‐metal‐based polyfunctional metal catalysts for both cathode and anode have been synthesized. Furthermore, the essential to the widespread adoption of such technology is the development of reduced‐price, super functional electrocatalysts to substitute those, depending on metals. Many metal‐premised electrocatalysts for both the anode and cathode have been designed for the WS process. The attributes of H2 and oxygen (O2) dynamics interactions on the electrodes of water electrolysis cells and the fundamental techniques for evaluating the achievement of electrocatalysts are outlined in this paper. Special emphasis is paid to their fabrication, electrocatalytic performance, durability, and measures for enhancing their efficiency. In addition, prospective ideas on metal‐based WS electrocatalysts based on existing problems are presented. It is anticipated that this review will offer a straight direction toward the engineering and construction of novel polyfunctional electrocatalysts encompassing superior efficiency in a suitable WS technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing demand for searching highly efficient and robust technologies in the context of sustainable energy production totally rely onto the cost‐effective energy efficient production technologies. Solar power technology in this regard will perceived to be extensively employed in a variety of ways in the future ahead, in terms of the combustion of petroleum‐based pollutants, CO2 reduction, heterogeneous photocatalysis, as well as the formation of unlimited and sustainable hydrogen gas production. Semiconductor‐based photocatalysis is regarded as potentially sustainable solution in this context. g‐C3N4 is classified as non‐metallic semiconductor to overcome this energy demand and enviromental challenges, because of its superior electronic configuration, which has a median band energy of around 2.7 eV, strong photocatalytic stability, and higher light performance. The photocatalytic performance of g‐C3N4 is perceived to be inadequate, owing to its small surface area along with high rate of charge recombination. However, various synthetic strategies were applied in order to incorporate g‐C3N4 with different guest materials to increase photocatalytic performance. After these fabrication approaches, the photocatalytic activity was enhanced owing to generation of photoinduced electrons and holes, by improving light absorption ability, and boosting surface area, which provides more space for photocatalytic reaction. In this review, various metals, non‐metals, metals oxide, sulfides, and ferrites have been integrated with g‐C3N4 to form mono, bimetallic, heterojunction, Z‐scheme, and S‐scheme‐based materials for boosting performance. Also, different varieties of g‐C3N4 were utilized for different aspects of photocatalytic application i. e., water reduction, water oxidation, CO2 reduction, and photodegradation of dye pollutants, etc. As a consequence, we have assembled a summary of the latest g‐C3N4 based materials, their uses in solar energy adaption, and proper management of the environment. This research will further well explain the detail of the mechanism of all these photocatalytic processes for the next steps, as well as the age number of new insights in order to overcome the current challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Use of MXenes (Ti3C2Tx), which belongs to the family of two‐dimensional transition metal nitrides and carbides by encompassing unique combination of metallic conductivity and hydrophilicity, is receiving tremendous attention, since its discovery as energy material in 2011. Owing to its precursor selective chemical etching, and unique intrinsic characteristics, the MXene surface properties are further classified into highly chemically active compound, which further produced different surface functional groups i. e., oxygen, fluorine or hydroxyl groups. However, the role of surface functional groups doesn't not only have a significant impact onto its electrochemical and hydrophilic characteristics (i. e., ion adsorption/diffusion), but also imparting a noteworthy effect onto its conductivity, work function, electronic structure and properties. Henceforth, such kind of inherent chemical nature, robust electrochemistry and high hydrophilicity ultimately increasing the MXene application as a most propitious material for overall environment‐remediation, electrocatalytic sensors, energy conversion and storage application. Moreover, it is well documented that the role of MXenes in all kinds of research fields is still on a progress stage for their further improvement, which is not sufficiently summarized in literature till now. The present review article is intended to critically discuss the different chemical aptitudes and the diversity of MXenes and its derivates (i. e., hybrid composites) in all aforesaid application with special emphasis onto the improvement of its surface characteristics for the multidimensional application. However, this review article is anticipated to endorse MXenes and its derivates hybrid configuration, which is discussed in detail for emerging environmental decontamination, electrochemical use, and pollutant detection via electrocatalytic sensors, photocatalysis, along with membrane distillation and the adsorption application. Finally, it is expected, that this review article will open up new window for the effective use of MXene in a broad range of environmental remediation, energy conversion and storage application as a novel, robust, multidimensional and more proficient materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Proposed mechanism of BiVO 4 /CN-QA. [Display omitted] • Quinolinic acid (QA) doped g-CN (CN-QA) was developed via facile thermal approach. • Different samples of BiVO 4 /CN-QA with high stability were prepared via hydrothermal method. • Remarkable enhanced photocatalytic H 2 and O 2 evolution was achieved using these catalysts via overall water splitting. • A dual synergetic mechanism on BiVO 4 /CN-QA has been proposed. The development of copolymerized carbon nitride (CN)-based photocatalysts may support advances in photocatalytic overall water splitting. However, the recombination of charge carriers is the main bottleneck that reduces its overall photocatalytic activity. To overcome this problem, the construction of heterojunction technology has emerged as an effective approach to reduce the charge carrier recombination, thereby improving charge separation and transport efficiency. In this work, an innovative heterojunction was prepared between Quinolinic acid (QA) modified CN (CN-QA x) and novel nanorod-shaped bismuth vanadate (BiVO 4) (BiVO 4 /CN-QA x) for overall water splitting through a simple in-situ solvent evaporation technique. The obtained results show that the synthesized samples have efficient and improved activities for releasing H 2 (862.1 μmol/h) and O 2 (31.58 μmol/h) under visible light irradiation. Furthermore, an exceptional apparent quantum yield (AQY) of 64.52 % has been recorded for BiVO 4 /CN-QA 7.0 at 420 nm, which might be due to the substantial isolation of photoinduced charge carriers. Therefore, this work opens up a new channel toward efficient CN-based photocatalysts in the sustainable energy production processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photocatalytic mechanism proposed for PCN-BTD 008 copolymer sample for overall water splitting under the illumination. [Display omitted] • BTD integrated copolymer (PCN-BTD) via thermal process. • An incorporation of BTD is reinforced by DFT data. • Eight-time enhanced HER of PCN-BTD 008 (744.2 μmol/h) than pure PCN (88.2 μmol/h). • The OER, generates 0.2 μmol/h−1 and 1.6 μmol/h−1 for PCN, while PCN-BTD 008 yield 2.2 μmol/h−1 (visible) and 14.8 μmol/h−1 (non-visible) respectively. Well-organized water splitting semiconducting photocatalyst is an important concept, but stimulating aimed at decisive energy and environmental emergencies. In this context, visible light-based photocatalytic water splitting with low-dimensional semiconducting materials is proposed to produce sustainable energy. Here we optimized the sequential of organic electron-rich heterocyclic monomer namely benzothiadiazole (BTD) quenched within polymeric carbon nitride (PCN) semiconductor via copolymerization, thereby assembling a sanctum of donor-π-acceptor (D-π-A) photocatalysts. The selection of BTD is based on the benzene ring, which consequently anticipating a π cross-linker unit for hydrogen and oxygen evolution. A hydrogen evolution rates (HER) of 88.2 μmol/h for pristine PCN and 744.2 μmol/h for PCN-BTD 008 (eight times higher than pure PCN) are observed. Additionally, a remarkable apparent quantum yield (AQY) of about 58.6% at 420 nm has been observed for PCN-BTD 008. Likewise, the oxygen evolution rate (OER) data reflect the generation of 0.2 μmol/h1 (visible) and 1.6 μmol/h1 (non-visible) for pure PCN. Though, OER of PCN-BTD 008 is found to be 2.2 μmol/h1 (visible) and 14.8 μmol/h1 (non-visible), which are economically better than pure PCN. As such, the results show an important step toward modifying the design and explain a vital part of the D-π-A scheme at a balanced theme for fruitful photocatalysts intended for future demand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphical abstract for the production of value add biomass sources. [Display omitted] • Herein, we used dual catalyst by generating maximum yield of 44.058 wt.% of bio-oil and gas yield of 28.942 wt.% along with 27.00 wt.% of bio-char. While in thermal pyrolysis of lignin the bio-oil yield of 40.79 wt.% and gas yield of 29.7 wt.% along with 29.51 wt.% of bio-char is achieved. • The biomass product (gas and Bio-oil) was characterized using GC-FID and GC–MS. The dual catalyst bed showed a considerable effect on the bio-oil composition and oxygenates were reduced. • The bio-oil exhibit a high quantity of phenols and aromatic. In the gas product, the H 2 yield has been enhanced from 28.97 mL/g to 42.68 mL/g and CH 4 yield enhanced from 32.07 mL/g to 40.44 mL/g. In this study, we developed an effective method for converting lignin into useful compounds to replace fossil-based products. The dual catalyst bed was used to catalyze the resulting pyrolysis vapors over it. A maximum bio-oil yield of 44.058 wt.% and gas yield of 28.9 wt.% along with 26.52 wt.% of bio-char is achieved. The biomass product (gas and Bio-oil) was characterized using GC-FID and GC–MS. The dual catalyst bed showed a considerable effect on the bio-oil composition and oxygenates were reduced. The bio-oil exhibit a high quantity of phenols and aromatic. In the gas product, the hydrogen yield has been enhanced from 14.6% to 21.4% and methane yield was enhanced from 20.8% to 23.1%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Being one of the foremost enticing and intriguing innovations, heterogeneous photocatalysis has also been used to effectively gather, transform, and conserve sustainable sun's radiation for the production of efficient and clean fossil energy as well as a wide range of ecological implications. The generation of solar fuel‐based water splitting and CO2 photoreduction is excellent for generating alternative resources and reducing global warming. Developing an inexpensive photocatalyst can effectively split water into hydrogen (H2), oxygen (O2) sources, and carbon dioxide (CO2) into fuel sources, which is a crucial problem in photocatalysis. The metal‐free g‐C3N4 photocatalyst has a high solar fuel generation potential. This review covers the most recent advancements in g‐C3N4 preparation, including innovative design concepts and new synthesis methods, and novel ideas for expanding the light absorption of pure g‐C3N4 for photocatalytic application. Similarly, the main issue concerning research and prospects in photocatalysts based g‐C3N4 was also discussed. The current dissertation provides an overview of comprehensive understanding of the exploitation of the extraordinary systemic and characteristics, as well as the fabrication processes and uses of g‐C3N4. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, the most appealing way to harvest solar energy via cost-effective, renewable, clean and sustainable technology is the artificial photocatalysis which has drawn multidisciplinary attention to mitigate the upcoming energy disaster and environmental issues in the arena of sustainable development of society. For this purpose, significant progress has been made, regarding the selectivity of photocatalytic energy sources for potential productivity using solar energy pathway, nonetheless it has still become a difficult task for scientists in order to make and resolve the noteworthy problem of increasing global deterioration. According to a recent literature survey, the non-metal based graphitic carbon nitride (g-C 3 N 4) as a fascinating conjugated polymer based photocatalyst has emerged as a new research hotspot in the form of viable option related to its earth abundant elements, good stability, and ease in fabrication. Still, there are many disadvantages associated with g-C 3 N 4 , such as rapid recombination of photoexcited electron-hole pairs, which ultimately affect the photocatalytic hydrogen (H 2) and carbon dioxide (CO 2) conversion under solar illumination. Previously published several reviews only emphasize the proficient use of g-C 3 N 4 photocatalyst for overall sustainable energy production as an effective treatment strategy. But the literature has never been addressed the use of g-C 3 N 4 with different morphological and structural characteristics for simultaneous H 2 production and carbon dioxide reduction. Therefore, the proper designing and development of novel photocatalysts with proper surface tuning and intrinsic properties towards efficient energy harvesting is of utmost interest. This review article is basically designed to properly address the existing issues and the recent progress of g-C 3 N 4 through various strategies with the aim of obtaining a robust and resourceful photocatalyst towards sustainable energy production. In this context, we had a clear debate regarding the proper tuning of g-C 3 N 4 based photocatalysts through various fabrication strategies, such as electronic structure via metals/non-metals doping, defects engineering, carbon dots, etc. along with Z-scheme heterojunctions, bimetallic cocatalyst, and organic metal-organic framework. At the end, this review is devoted to sufficiently summarizing the recent advancements and the possible future recommendation of the fundamental contribution of g-C 3 N 4 in a wide variety of sustainable energy production fields. [Display omitted] Scheme. Proposed graphical illuatration defining the overveiw of this manuscript. • The photocatalytic main principles of g-C 3 N 4 were comprehensively evaluated. • The key functional characteristics of g-C 3 N 4 photocatalysts were acknowledged. • The various architectural practices for g-C 3 N 4 photocatalysts were described. • The key characteristics of novel g–C 3 N 4 –based composites were outlined. • Significant photocatalytic functionalities of g-C 3 N 4 were discussed in detail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We confirmed a specific copolymerization (molecular doping) method for the covalent integration of 2,4-dihydroxyoxazole (DHO) monomer within the framework of carbon nitride (CN). The obtained composites xCN/DHO reveal a sophisticated dual-phase photocatalytic activity, which can effectively reduce and oxidize the CO 2 and NO 2 sources in an aqueous solution and simultaneously performed the oxidation of olefin (C C) in an organic state. This momentous dual state activity is concerned with the lipophilicity elevation from the convolution of oxazole (DHO) monomer within the shell of CN semiconductor. This modulation demonstrates the probability of hydrophobic olefin molecules, escorted in the bulk of CN and associated with the oxidation of hydroxyl radicals (∗OH) caused by photogenerated electrons/holes. In this approach, the olefinic compound allusively consumes the photoinduced electrons/holes through elevated CN/DHO, thus stimulating the entire photocatalytic route. Recent research provides a novel strategy for the production of solar fuels upon organic synthesis via the oxidizing capacity of photoinduced holes within free semiconductors of amphiphilic metals. Likewise, the results of the NO 2 photocatalytic reaction demonstrated that molecular doping drastically reduces the oxidative capacity and improves its reducing propensity. More importantly, the CO 2 reduction process supervenes into an extreme aggregation of methane (CH 4) as well as carbon monoxide (CO) in the presence of co-catalyst Pt respectively. The photocatalytic results demonstrate that the copolymerized CN provide the greatest reduction/oxidation potential, which is due to its chemical oxidation phase that causes superior fluctuations in whole performance under solar irradiation. • Synthesis of oxazole (DHO) based carbon nitride (CN) through molecular engineering. • Samples were utilized for photocatalytic CO 2 reduction and NO 2 oxidation. • The momentous activity is concerned towards the convolution of DHO within CN. • Samples alter the probability for hydrophobic olefin molecules due to *OH radicals. • The reduction/oxidation process happen due to excess of electrons/holes in materials. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, the graphite based heterogeneous photocatalysts has attained tremendous research attention in various environmental applications. Among them, the graphitic carbon nitride (g-C 3 N 4) is categorized as a unique solar active particle with its outstanding intrinsic properties i.e., adequate band configuration, excellent light absorptivity and thermo-physical durability, which make it highly useful and reliable for revenue transformation and ecological concerns. Considering the intrinsic potential of g-C 3 N 4 in photocatalysis, so far, no report has been done in literature for its extraordinary configuration, morphological characteristics and perspective tuning for said applications. To overcome this research gap, our primary emphasis of this review regarding photocatalysis is to provide layout as well as the advancement of visible-light-fueled materials as highly stabilized and extremely effective ones for pragmatic implementation. Thus, this existing comprehensive assessment conducts a systematic survey over visible light driven non-metal novel g-C 3 N 4. The major advancement of this evaluation is the fabrication of well-designed nanosized g-C 3 N 4 photocatalysts with unique configurable frameworks and compositions. Furthermore, alternative techniques in order to customize the analogue band configuration and noticeable cultivation such as metal (cation), nonmetal (anion) doping, worthy metal activating, and alloy initiation with certain semiconductors are discussed in detail. In addition to this, g-C 3 N 4 photocatalytic functionalities towards photocatalytic hydrogen evolution, CO 2 photoreduction, biological metal ions deterioration as well as bacterial sanitization are also presented and discussed in detail. Therefore, we believe that such a pivotal compact assessment can provide a roadmap in several perspectives on the currently underway obstacles in the innovation of effective g-C 3 N 4 catalytic design processes. Moreover, this critical assessment will ultimately serve as a useful supplement in the research area of g-C 3 N 4 nanosized photocatalysts and for the researchers working on its key aspects in diverse range of natural, chemistry, engineering and environmental applications. • Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C 3 N 4) is a metal-free sustainable photocatalyst with a band gap of 2.7 eV. • G-C 3 N 4 has improved light absorption performance as well as electronic features. • Multiple synthetic approaches are being used with g-C 3 N 4 to improve its photocatalytic capabilities. • Metals/nonmetals doping, activation, and alloy formation are employed for g-C 3 N 4 nanocomposites. • Our review includes the latest current g-C 3 N 4 nanocomposites and their photocatalytic implications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, the graphite based heterogeneous photocatalysts has attained tremendous research attention in various environmental applications. Among them, the graphitic carbon nitride (g-C 3 N 4) is categorized as a unique solar active particle with its outstanding intrinsic properties i.e., adequate band configuration, excellent light absorptivity and thermo-physical durability, which make it highly useful and reliable for revenue transformation and ecological concerns. Considering the intrinsic potential of g-C 3 N 4 in photocatalysis, so far, no report has been done in literature for its extraordinary configuration, morphological characteristics and perspective tuning for said applications. To overcome this research gap, our primary emphasis of this review regarding photocatalysis is to provide layout as well as the advancement of visible-light-fueled materials as highly stabilized and extremely effective ones for pragmatic implementation. Thus, this existing comprehensive assessment conducts a systematic survey over visible light driven non-metal novel g-C 3 N 4. The major advancement of this evaluation is the fabrication of well-designed nanosized g-C 3 N 4 photocatalysts with unique configurable frameworks and compositions. Furthermore, alternative techniques in order to customize the analogue band configuration and noticeable cultivation such as metal (cation), nonmetal (anion) doping, worthy metal activating, and alloy initiation with certain semiconductors are discussed in detail. In addition to this, g-C 3 N 4 photocatalytic functionalities towards photocatalytic hydrogen evolution, CO 2 photoreduction, biological metal ions deterioration as well as bacterial sanitization are also presented and discussed in detail. Therefore, we believe that such a pivotal compact assessment can provide a roadmap in several perspectives on the currently underway obstacles in the innovation of effective g-C 3 N 4 catalytic design processes. Moreover, this critical assessment will ultimately serve as a useful supplement in the research area of g-C 3 N 4 nanosized photocatalysts and for the researchers working on its key aspects in diverse range of natural, chemistry, engineering and environmental applications. • Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C 3 N 4) is a metal-free sustainable photocatalyst with a band gap of 2.7 eV. • G-C 3 N 4 has improved light absorption performance as well as electronic features. • Multiple synthetic approaches are being used with g-C 3 N 4 to improve its photocatalytic capabilities. • Metals/nonmetals doping, activation, and alloy formation are employed for g-C 3 N 4 nanocomposites. • Our review includes the latest current g-C 3 N 4 nanocomposites and their photocatalytic implications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Conjugated monomer 2,6‐dimethylindole (DMI) was integrated into the triazine framework of polymeric carbon nitride (PCN) via molecular engineering. As‐prepared samples were utilized for photocatalytic evolution of hydrogen (H2) through water splitting and photodegradation of RhB dye under visible light. The integration of this monomer DMI has been dominated within the internal framework of PCN and operated as a substitution reaction membrane, retarding an appropriate control and promote the charge density in π‐electron conjugated system. It also promotes the charge transferring and separation to elevate the photocatalytic activity of PCN under visible light. The HER for pure PCN was found as 77.9 μmol/h, while for PCN‐DMI18.0 was predicted at 701.2 μmol/h, which is exclusively output approximately nine times higher than that of pure PCN respectively. Besides, the pseudo‐order kinetic constant of PCN‐DMI18.0 degradation of RhB was multiple times higher when contrasted to pristine PCN. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the future uses of solar energy in different areas, such as the oxidation of fossil fuel-based contaminants, the reduction of carbon dioxide, heterogeneous photocatalysis, and the generation of inexhaustible and renewable hydrogen gas exploits semiconductors. As a metal free photocatalyst, graphitic carbon nitride (g-C 3 N 4) is classified to solve these energy hazards and ecological difficulties owing to its excellent electronic structure with band energy of about 2.7 eV, robust photochemical stability, and better light-harvesting efficiency. However, its photocatalytic performance is still insufficient due to a minor surface area and poor conductivity. Therefore, heterojunction formation by combining it with a giant band gap material is a potential approach to reestablish polarization in its distinctive band structure, increase its light absorption capacity and enhance its surface area. In this regard, various synthesis techniques have been applied so far to integrate g-C 3 N 4 and other materials for boosting its photocatalytic activity. So far, metal oxide, sulfides, and ferrites are three crucial groups of materials that have been identified and defined to be used to synthesize g-C 3 N 4 dependent nanocomposites. As a result, in this review, we have compiled a list of the most recent g-C 3 N 4 nanocomposites with their applications in solar energy adaptation and pollution control. This study concludes an overview about the next steps to study the nanomaterials based g-C 3 N 4 composites and a range of additional insights to solve the present problems. • This review addresses the properties and structures of g-C 3 N 4 photocatalyst structure. • Pros and cons of their synthesis techniques. • The types of the g-C 3 N 4 -based nanocomposite are emphasized. • Approaches to improve the photocatalytic activity of g-C 3 N 4. • The most up-to-date photocatalytic applications were thoroughly discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study's goal is to maximize the yield of pyrolysis oil utilizing lychee-based biomass for a quick pyrolysis process. Response surface methodology (RSM) and artificial neural network with generalized neural network (GNN) technique were used to optimize the maximum bio-oil yield while considering temperature, heating rate, retention time, and argon gas flow rate as independent variables and bio-oil production as the response. Typical neural networks have constraints such as a long training time, a large number of neurons, and a large number of hidden layers. A generalized neural network (GNN) has been constructed to address these limitations and build a non-linear controller for acquiring access to bio-oil production output. To anticipate bio-oil yield, a new prediction model is proposed that combines the benefits of an auto-adaptive management technique with the rapid reaction of a GNN. Three measures (MSE, RMSE, and R2) are explored in depth to assess the performance efficacy of the models. Based on the finding, 350 °C temperature, 125 min of retention time, 120 °C/min heating rate and 110 mL/min argon flow rate was used to produce the highest bio-oil production (38.43%). Based on techniques, both models used in the study produce equally acceptable outcomes for projecting bio-oil yield. The greatest R2 value for the bio-oil yield ranges from 0.94 to 0.99, and all outcomes are classified as "good" regarding RMSE (all RMSE values are close to one). When all indicators are combined, GNN provides superior accuracy in predicting bio-oil yield in this investigation, followed by ANN. [Display omitted] • Production of bio-oil from lychee-based biomass and maximization by statistical and soft computing techniques. • Temperature, heating rate, retention time and argon flow rate are independent variables and bio-oil production is the response. • 350 °C temperature, 125 min of retention time, 120 °C/min heating rate and 110 mL/min argon flow rate was the optimum condition. • Around 38.43% of bio-oil was produced with chemical compounds making it suitable for various industrial applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reference 1 Hayat A., Sohail M., Taha T.A., Alenad A.M., Uddin I., Hayat A., Ali T., Shah R., Irfan A., Khan W.U. A superficial intramolecular alignment of carbon nitride through conjugated monomer for optimized photocatalytic CO2 reduction. However, the morphology did not sustain after adding the TDP monomer (change from nanosheets to irregular, rough surface nanoparticles). A Superficial Intramolecular Alignment of Carbon Nitride through Conjugated Monomer for Optimized Photocatalytic CO 2 Reduction. [Extracted from the article]

Fig. Proposed mechanism of CN/BI 10.0. [Display omitted] • BI was incorporated within CN via molecular engineering (CN/BIx). • Endorsing charge transition dissociation and boosting the photocatalytic performance. • Superior sample CN/BI 10.0 demonstrate remarkable photocatalytic H 2 evolution and photoreduction of CO 2 respectively. • A dual synergetic mechanism of CN/BI 10.0 has been proposed. Due to a growing number of significant vitality and environmental issues, the standardized variation of carbon nitride (CN) for visible-light photocatalytic water splitting is an encouraging scientific topic. By revealing this, the functionalized monomer 2,6-dibromobenzimidazole (BI) was successfully embedded within the heptazine units of CN via a molecular engineering (Co-polymerization process) approach, and the as-synthesized product was named CN/BIx. Thereafter, as-synthesized materials were employed in the photocatalytic production of hydrogen (H 2) via water splitting and CO 2 reduction into CO under visible light irradiance (λ = 420 nm). Surprisingly, the substituent framework of CN, which was intimidated by the description of BI monomer, acted as a substitution reaction material and lubricated the electronic structure of CN by endorsing charge transition dissociation, which in turn boosted its photocatalytic performance under visible irradiation. The CN/BI 10.0 yields 62.8 mol of CO and 18.1 mol of H 2 for 4 h of the catalyzed reaction upon photooxidation under light irradiation, emphasizing the maximum photocatalytic performance with response to CO 2 +. Correspondingly, the H 2 evolution rate (HER) for bulk CN was estimated as 17.6 mol/h1, whereas it was approximated as 203.7 mol/h1 for CN/BI 10.0 , which is 10 times higher than that of CN. Such a phenomenon also predicts a substantial encroachment in the surface area, energy gap, and chemical properties, along with promotes the effective segregation of photoinduced charge separation from the valence band (VB) to the conduction band (CB) of CN, thereby, making it a good alternative for the photocatalytic water and CO 2 reduction reaction process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a tremendous increase in global warming due to the pollution enhanced by petroleum product utilization. Lubrication of the machinery parts is the main requirement for the industries, but conventional lubricants are having major problems related to their drainage. So, providing an eco-friendly oil and having better lubricity is a major task in recent research activities. This work performed tribological characteristics of epoxidized Madhuca indica oil while considering SiO 2 nanoparticles as additives. According to the evaluation, the Madhuca indica oil contains more unsaturated fatty acids by means of Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). The unsaturated fatty acid in the oil was chemically improved by the epoxidation technique to make it more acceptable, and varying quantities of silicon dioxide (SiO 2) were added. The thermo-physical properties of the material, such as kinematic viscosity, viscosity index, pour point, and flash point, as well as its tribological performance, were assessed. An optical microscope was utilized to examine the worn surfaces. The tribological characterization was carried out on a pin on disc wear testing machine. At 100 °C, nanoparticles addition to chemically treated oil results rise in kinematic viscosity of 1.2 wt percent. The addition of SiO 2 nanoparticles resulted in a flash point rise, but the pour point decreased. The presence of SiO 2 in the epoxidized oil improves the consistency of distribution. The addition of 0.8 wt%SiO 2 nanoparticles reduced the coefficient of friction & wear rate. The improved surface wear was observed up to 0.8 wt% concentration of nanoparticles and the same has been verified by worn surface images. • Friction and Wear characteristics of epoxidized oil with SiO 2 nanoparticles as additives. • The tribological analysis was performed on pin on disc machine at fixed operating conditions. • An increase in the viscosity index percentage was seen when the SiO 2 nanoparticles were mixed. • Improved frictional and anti-wear mechanism was observed at 0.4 wt% and 0.8 wt% of nanoparticles concentration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A carbon abundant 2‐D structure material 5,8-dibromoisoquinoline (BQ) has been integrated as an aromatic organic monomer within carbon nitride (CN) via molecular aggregation process. • The BQ copolymerized CN with distinguish characteristics leads to a significant increment in the applied application. • The copolymerized samples demonstrating narrowed band gap, high surface area, splendid morphology, and wide optical absorbance which enhanced electron transport ability. • The spinal material, i.e., 10BQ/CN exhibited a superior H 2 evolution of ten‐fold higher activity and also photodegradation of RhB under visible light driven. Graphitic carbon nitride, g-C 3 N 4 (CN) is regarded as an excellent metal-free semiconductor known for its potential solar fuel generation and pollutant degradation. In this study, a carbon richer substance, (5,8-dibromoisoquinoline (BQ)) was used to feed its catalytic function through conventional copolymerization (molecular doping) process at 550°C under a nitrogen atmosphere. The incorporation of BQ monomer in the triazine oligomers of CN in turn enhanced the specific surface area, thereby, improving the lifespan of photoexcited charge carriers, decreasing the charge recombination rate, energy bandgap, and altering the optoelectronic characteristics of CN. On average, the rate of hydrogen (H 2) production over-optimized 10BQ/CN was 710.1 µmol/h much superior and 10 times higher than that of pure CN (71.9 µmol/h). Particularly, the kinetics of the photocatalytic degradation of RhB over 10BQ/CN followed pseudo-order kinetics and the rate constant was three times larger than pure CN. Our results illustrate the crucial importance of conjugated monomers in improving photocatalysis process for future energy demand by providing key steps towards sustainable energy production. [Display omitted]. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Molecular engineering (copolymerization) strategies has been utilized by modulating aromatic heterocyclic monomer Uric Acid (UA) within carbon nitride (CN) copolymer (CN/UA). • Incorporation of Uric acid (UA) alter a significant fluctuation in the surface area, electronic structure, band gap, chemical composition of CN and boosting the process of photogenerated electrons/holes. • The modified samples demonstrating a momentous enhancement in the photocatalytic performance of water reduction (H 2 evolution) and pollutants degradation (RhB). • This novel integrity of UA co-monomer with in CN matrix remarkably improve the photocatalytic activity toward prosperity and as such the best photocatalyst CN/UA 10.0 accelerate an outstanding photocatalytic activity of water reduction as 8 times higher compared of pure CN respectively. An ideal solution to water or pollutant contamination and energy problem is to advance photocatalysts that are highly effective for both reducing contaminants and cleaning water. In this regard, carbon nitride (CN) has strong stability with prominent band structure and can be used to produce hydrogen through water splitting due to an easier fabrication process. Uric acid (UA) was integrated as a conjugated monomer in the urea based CN system using the molecular doping (copolymerization) process. The photocatalysis of water reduction (HER) by using a new growth technique of minimally priced effective monomer UA inside CN, which also optimized the photodegradation of Rhodamine B dye (RhB) under light illumination (λ = 420 nm). By increasing light transmittance, speeding up photogenerated electrons and holes, and changing the physicochemical properties of CN, modified samples dramatically improve photocatalytic efficiency. The ideal samples CNU-UA 10.0 showed a substantial increase in photocatalytic activity, with an HER 690.01 μmol/h higher than CNU (82.89 μmol/h), based on the implications of different configurations on the reaction mechanism. Moreover, an extraordinary apparent quantum yield (AQY) of about 57.43% at 420 nm has been observed for CNU-UA 10.0. Under the same conditions and illuminations, H 2 performance versus RhB dye degradation was compared. CNU-UA, on the other hand, had a three-fold higher pseudo-order kinetic constant for photodegradation of RhB than CN. The results demonstrate a major step toward in the direction of custom-designed photocatalysts with efficient water reduction and pollutants degradation capability for future demand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The carbon nitride (CN) has good stability, a comprehensive band structure, and a more straightforward fabrication process that makes them a top candidate for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER). So far, scientists have been involved broadly in utilizing smaller carbon-based molecules to modify the CN framework for better-quality solar to fuel energy conversion. Still, the modification of material with a natural macromolecule has been explored insufficiently. In this regard, we firstly a copolymerized carbon nitride (CNP x) by conjugating a novel monomer 2,6-dibenzolumazine with CN through molecular integration (CNP x). The copolymerized catalysts demonstrated noteworthy improvement in photocatalytic activities as compared to pristine CN. Following this, we further combine our superior sample (CNP 5.0) with the underlying biomass-based lignin molecules forming CNP-L x. The biomass-modified CNP-L x obtained through this process has an increased HER and OER under visible light (λ=420 nm). Findings demonstrate the catalytic performance seven times higher for CNP-L x and three times enhanced for CNP x sample than CN catalyst. These improvements can be attributed to the ultrathin nanostructure and efficient visible light absorption of the CN, well-balanced exciton states of the organic monomer, and the synergetic effect of lignin synergetic effect on its surface. Lignin-activated CNP 5.0 photocatalysts produced through this method can prove cost-effective and efficient alternatives for solar overall water splitting. A proposed graphical scheme on conduction band (CB) and valence band (VB) utilizing lignin modified copolymerized CNP for overall water splitting under visible light illumination. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The carbon nitride (CN) has good stability, a comprehensive band structure, and a more straightforward fabrication process that makes them a top candidate for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER). So far, scientists have been involved broadly in utilizing smaller carbon-based molecules to modify the CN framework for better-quality solar to fuel energy conversion. Still, the modification of material with a natural macromolecule has been explored insufficiently. In this regard, we firstly a copolymerized carbon nitride (CNP x) by conjugating a novel monomer 2,6-dibenzolumazine with CN through molecular integration (CNP x). The copolymerized catalysts demonstrated noteworthy improvement in photocatalytic activities as compared to pristine CN. Following this, we further combine our superior sample (CNP 5.0) with the underlying biomass-based lignin molecules forming CNP-L x. The biomass-modified CNP-L x obtained through this process has an increased HER and OER under visible light (λ=420 nm). Findings demonstrate the catalytic performance seven times higher for CNP-L x and three times enhanced for CNP x sample than CN catalyst. These improvements can be attributed to the ultrathin nanostructure and efficient visible light absorption of the CN, well-balanced exciton states of the organic monomer, and the synergetic effect of lignin synergetic effect on its surface. Lignin-activated CNP 5.0 photocatalysts produced through this method can prove cost-effective and efficient alternatives for solar overall water splitting. A proposed graphical scheme on conduction band (CB) and valence band (VB) utilizing lignin modified copolymerized CNP for overall water splitting under visible light illumination. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Light-driven heterogeneous photocatalysis has gained great significance for generating solar fuel; the challenging charge separation process and sluggish surface catalytic reactions significantly restrict the progress of solar energy conversion using a semiconductor photocatalyst. Herein, we propose a novel and feasible strategy to incorporate dihydroxy benzene (DHB) as a conjugated monomer within the framework of urea containing CN (CNU-DHBx) to tune the electronic conductivity and charge separation due to the aromaticity of the benzene ring, which acts as an electron-donating species. Systematic characterizations such as SPV, PL, XPS, DRS, and TRPL demonstrated that the incorporation of the DHB monomer greatly enhanced the photocatalytic CO2 reduction of CN due to the enhanced charge separation and modulation of the ionic mobility. The significantly enhanced photocatalytic activity of CNU–DHB15.0 in comparison with parental CN was 85 µmol/h for CO and 19.92 µmol/h of the H2 source. It can be attributed to the electron–hole pair separation and enhance the optical adsorption due to the presence of DHB. Furthermore, this remarkable modification affected the chemical composition, bandgap, and surface area, encouraging the controlled detachment of light-produced photons and making it the ideal choice for CO2 photoreduction. Our research findings potentially offer a solution for tuning complex charge separation and catalytic reactions in photocatalysis that could practically lead to the generation of artificial photocatalysts for efficient solar energy into chemical energy conversion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the most frequent ways to widen the adsorption range of carbon nitride (CN) is to add a well-known photosensitizer into its basic structure. So far, such attachments have been accomplished by using weak van der Waals forces. However, using strong covalent bonding to attach such photosensitizer with CN is yet to be determined. Here, for the first time, we covalently bonded porphyrin (5,10,15,20-tetrakis(4-(2,4-diamino-1,3,5-triazinyl) phenyl)-Porphyrin (TDP)), a renowned photosensitizer, effectively with CN by thermally balanced molecular strategy. A photoreaction system was set up for the deoxygenated conversion of CO2 to CO under visible light, where cobalt acted as a redox controller to speed up the charge transportation, while CN-TDP worked as a CO2 activating photocatalyst. The subsequent photocatalyst has a broader absorbance range, a greater specific surface area, and intramolecular organic connections that help to decrease the electron-hole pairs' recombination rate. Furthermore, the average weight ratio between urea and TDP was well-tuned, resulting in a fantastic CO2 photoconversion for CN-TDP7.0 compared to the blank sample. This substantial increase in photocatalytic activity predicts a significant shift in CN's specific surface area, band gap, chemical composition, and structure, as well as the efficient separation of photogenerated charge carriers from the ground state (HOMO) to the excited state (LUMO), making it a top candidate for CO2 photoreduction. At the same time, this approach paves the path for the bottom-up fabrication of carbon nitride nanosheets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An electrochemical quercetin (Q.R.) sensor based on carbon nitride (CN) copolymerized with 2,6-diaminoantandantquinone (DAQ) was assembled. The product has a humongous texture and excellent processability. The as-synthesized samples with uniform surface distribution were characterized by UV-Vis-spectroscopy, PL, XPS NMR, EPR, XRD, FT-IR, BET, and SEM. Furthermore, samples were electrochemically pickled in 0.1 MPBS solution via cyclic voltammetry (CV) for Q.R. electrochemical response, interference research, electrochemical active surface determination, stability, photocurrent and EIS. It was found that current response surges in a linear way with increasing Q.R. concentration from 0.015 µM to 260 µM with less than 2 s of response time and a recognition limit of 0.0025 µM. To assess this sample's feasibility to be used as a sensor, Q.R. content was determined in different real samples comprising green drink, fresh apple, lamella, and reasonable results were achieved. The current study proposed a new approach for identifying Q.R. as well as a novel breed of electrochemical detecting material. • We synthesized highly active and structurally uniform electrometric polymeric carbon nitride (PCN). • 2,6-diaminoantandantquinone (DAQ) was integrated into PCN to enhance its photocatalytic properties. • As-synthesized samples were characterized by UV-Vis-spectroscopy, PL, XPS, NMR, EPR, XRD, FT-IR, BET, and SEM. • Copolymerized samples demonstrate superior performances towards electrocatalytic oxidation of quercetin (QR). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the quantitative and qualitative attributes of liquid product and biochar obtained from pyrolysis of woody biomass (rubberwood sawdust (RWS)) and non-woody biomasses (oil palm trunk (OPT) and oil palm fronds (OPF)). The prepared biomass was pyrolyzed at temperatures of 500 °C, 550 °C, and 600 °C by using an agitated bed pyrolysis reactor, and then the yields and characteristics of liquid product and biochar were determined. The results showed that liquid product and biochar yields were in the respective ranges of 35.94–54.40% and 23.46–25.98% (wt.). Pyrolysis of RWS at 550 °C provided the highest liquid yield. The energy content of the water free liquid product was in the range 12.19–22.32 MJ/kg. The liquid product had a low pH and it mainly contained phenol groups as indicated by GC-MS. The biochars had high carbon contents (75.07–82.02%), while their oxygen contents were low (14.22–22%). The higher heating value (HHV) of biochar was in the range 26.42–29.33 MJ/kg. XRF analysis revealed that inorganic elements had higher contents in biochar than in the original biomass. The slagging and fouling indexes of biochar were also different from those of the biomass. High carbon content of the biochar confirms potential for its use in carbon sequestration. The specific surface of biochar was lower than that of biomass, while the average pore diameter of biochar was larger than for raw biomass as revealed by BET and SEM. These results on liquid product and biochar obtained from RWS, OPT, and OPF demonstrate that they are promising feedstocks for biofuels and other value-added products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]